Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet

{{Short description|Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet and politician (1772–1853)}} {{redirect|George Cockburn}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = Admiral of the Fleet The Right Honourable | name = Sir George Cockburn | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|Bt|FRS}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1772|04|22|df=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1853|8|19|1772|4|22}} | image = File:Rear-Admiral George Cockburn (1772-1853), by John James Halls.jpg | caption = ''Portrait of George Cockburn'' by John James Halls, 1817 | birth_place = London, England | death_place = Leamington Spa, England | burial_place = Kensal Green Cemetery, London | allegiance = Great Britain United Kingdom | branch = Royal Navy | service_years = 1786–1846 | battles = French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars War of 1812 | rank = Admiral of the Fleet | commands = HMS ''Speedy'' HMS ''Inconstant'' HMS ''Minerve'' HMS ''Meleager'' HMS ''Phaeton'' HMS ''Captain'' HMS ''Pompée'' HMS ''Implacable'' Cape of Good Hope Station North American Station | awards = Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath | relations = }}

Admiral of the Fleet '''Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|PC|FRS}} (22 April 1772 – 19 August 1853) was a Royal Navy officer and politician. As a captain, he was present at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in February 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars. He commanded the naval support at the invasion of Martinique in February 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars.

He also directed the capture and Burning of Washington on 24 August 1814 as an advisor to Major General Robert Ross during the War of 1812. He went on to be First Naval Lord and in that capacity sought to improve the standards of gunnery in the fleet, forming a gunnery school at Portsmouth; later he ensured that the Navy had the latest steam and screw technology and put emphasis on the ability to manage seamen without the need to resort to physical punishment.

==Naval career== [[File:Vice-Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772-1853 RMG BHC2618.tiff|thumb|''Portrait of George Cockburn'' an 1820 portrait of Cockburn by William Beechey]] Cockburn was born the second son of Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet and his second wife, Augusta Anne Ayscough.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was educated at the Royal Navigational School and joined the Royal Navy in March 1781 as a Captain's servant in the sixth-rate HMS ''Resource''.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB| first1=J. K. | last1=Laughton | author-link = John Knox Laughton | title=Cockburn, Sir George, eighth baronet (1772–1853) | first2=Roger |last2=Morriss | id=5770}}</ref> He joined the sloop HMS ''Termagant'' in 1787, transferred to the sloop HMS ''Ariel'' under the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies in 1788, and then became midshipman in the fifth-rate HMS ''Hebe'' in the Channel Squadron in 1791.<ref name=heath47>Heathcote, p. 47</ref> He joined the fourth-rate HMS ''Romney'' in the Mediterranean Fleet later in 1791 and then became acting lieutenant in the fifth-rate HMS ''Pearl'' in 1792.<ref name=heath47/> He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 2 January 1793, and became lieutenant on the brig-sloop HMS ''Orestes'' later that month before transferring to the first-rate HMS ''Britannia'' in the Mediterranean Fleet in February 1793 and then to the first-rate HMS ''Victory'', Flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet, in June 1793.<ref name=heath47/> He became the sloop commander HMS ''Speedy'' in October 1793 and acting captain of the fifth-rate HMS ''Inconstant'' in January 1794.<ref name=heath48>Heathcote, p. 48</ref>

Cockburn was promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 10 February 1794 and given command of the fifth-rate HMS ''Meleager'' in the Mediterranean Fleet later that month.<ref name=heath48/> He took part in the blockade of Livorno in March 1795 and was given command of the frigate HMS ''Minerve'' in August 1796, having been mentioned in despatches in May 1796.<ref name=heath48/> He fought a gallant action with the Spanish frigate ''Santa Sabina'' in January 1797 and was present at the battle of Cape St Vincent in February 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars.<ref name=heath48/>

In company with those of the frigate {{HMS|Lively|1794|6}}, ''Minerve''{{'}}s boats' crews successfully cut out the French ship ''Mutine'' at Santa Cruz, Tenerife in May 1797.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ralfe |first=James |title=The Naval Biography of Great Britain |publisher=Whitmore & Fenn |date=1828 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6R_nAAAAMAAJ/page/n286 267] |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6R_nAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Cockburn commanded the fifth-rate HMS ''Phaeton'' on the East Indies Station in July 1803, the third-rate HMS ''Captain'' in July 1806, and the third-rate HMS ''Pompée'' in March 1808.<ref name=heath49>Heathcote, p. 49</ref> He commanded the naval support at the reduction of Martinique in February 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars, for which he received the thanks of Parliament.<ref name=heath49/>

Cockburn commanded a squadron of warships for the landings in Walcheren in July 1809 during the Walcheren Campaign.<ref name=heath49/> He took command of the third-rate HMS ''Implacable'' off the coast of Spain in January 1810 and sailed to Quiberon Bay with a small squadron whose mission was to arrange the escape of the King of Spain, whom the French had imprisoned at the Château de Valençay. The mission failed when Ferdinand refused to have anything to do with the British.<ref>''Literary Chronicle'' (1823), p.550.</ref> Cockburn was promoted to commodore, hoisting his broad pennant in the fourth-rate HMS ''Grampus'' in November 1811.<ref name=heath49/>

===War of 1812=== Cockburn was promoted to rear admiral on 12 August 1812,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16632|date=11 August 1812|page=1585}}</ref> and hoisted his flag in the third-rate HMS ''Marlborough'' as commander of a squadron of ships off Cádiz. He was reassigned in November 1812 to the North American Station, where he played a major role in the War of 1812 as second-in-command to Admiral Sir John Warren until the end of March 1814, and then to Warren's successor, Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, for the rest of the war.<ref name=heath49/>

He led forces cruising up and down the Chesapeake Bay and other parts of the Atlantic coast in 1813 and 1814, seizing American merchant shipping, disrupting U.S. commerce, and raiding local ports.<ref name=heath49/> Warren "had been waging a pretty tepid campaign on the Atlantic seaboard, and the Admiralty decided he could use an aggressive subordinate." Cockburn's prior military experience made him a suitable candidate for the role in the eyes of the Admiralty. Historian Steve Vogel compared Cockburn's raids on U.S. interests along the Eastern Seaboard to Sherman's March to the Sea during the American Civil War.<ref name=Vogel>{{cite interview |url=https://www.historynet.com/interview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm |title=Interview With War of 1812 Author Steve Vogel |date=3 July 2013 |work=History Net |access-date=17 January 2021 |last=Vogel |first=Steve |interviewer=David Lauterborn}}</ref> The most important of Cockburn's involvements during the War was his role in the capture and burning of Washington on 24 August 1814, undertaken as an advisor to Major General Robert Ross.<ref>Gresham, p.17</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pitch|first=Anthony|url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_04.pdf|title=The Burning of Washington|publisher=The White House Historical Association|access-date=10 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125071140/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_04.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> The plan to attack Washington had been formulated by Cockburn, who accurately predicted that "within a short period, with enough force, we could easily have at our mercy the capital."<ref name=Vogel/> A CBC News article described General Ross as less optimistic than Cockburn, having "never dreamt for one minute that an army of 3,500 men with 1,000 marines reinforcement, with no cavalry, hardly any artillery, could march 50 miles inland and capture an enemy capital."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/trump-blames-canada-for-torching-white-house-meet-the-reluctant-arsonist-1.4697058 |title=Trump blames Canada for torching White House. Meet the 'reluctant arsonist' |date=18 June 2018 |work=CBC News |access-date=16 January 2021 }}</ref>

Cockburn had reached Benedict, Maryland, via the Patuxent River with his warships; the troops then disembarked and marched to Washington to mount the attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.history.com/news/the-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago|title=The British Burn Washington, D.C., 200 Years Ago|date=29 August 2018|work=History.com|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> The 4,500 troops, commanded by Ross, successfully captured the capital on 24 August 1814. Cockburn accompanied Ross and recommended burning the entire city. Ross decided instead to put only public buildings to the torch, including the White House and the United States Capitol, while sparing nearly all privately owned properties.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/01/06/british-burned-capitol-1814/ |title=In 1814, British forces burned the U.S. Capitol |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=16 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://time.com/3154591/burning-of-washington-200th-anniversary/ |title=Why Americans Celebrate the Burning of Washington |work=TIME magazine |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=16 January 2021 |quote=Cockburn, who accompanied Ross into the capital, reportedly wanted to burn the entire city in retaliation for American depredations in Canada. But it was an army operation and Ross' call, and he would have none of it.}}</ref>

Following the battle, Cockburn oversaw the destruction of the National Intelligencer newspaper's offices and printing house by his soldiers; he famously stated: "Be sure that all the C's are destroyed, so that the rascals cannot any longer abuse my name."<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/22/unfortunate-events|title=Unfortunate Events|last=Crain|first=Caleb|date=22 October 2012|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=16972|date= 4 January 1815|page=19}}</ref>

===Subsequent years=== In August 1815, Cockburn was given the job of conveying Napoleon I in the third-rate HMS ''Northumberland'' to Saint Helena. Cockburn remained there for months as governor of the island and Commander-in-Chief of the Cape of Good Hope Station.<ref name=heath50>Heathcote, p. 50</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hiscocks|first1=Richard|title=Cape Commander-in-Chief 1795-1852|url=http://morethannelson.com/commander-chief-cape/|website=morethannelson.com|date=17 January 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 20 February 1818,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17334|date= 21 February 1818|page=352}}</ref> and promoted to vice-admiral on 12 August 1819.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17505|date= 12 August 1819|page=1446}}</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 21 December 1820.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27cockburn%27%29|title =Library and Archive catalogue|publisher =Royal Society|access-date =10 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Political career== [[File:Admiralty House Halifax.jpg|thumb|The Admiralty House in Halifax, Nova Scotia, was Cockburn's residence while Commander-in-Chief, North American Station]] Entering politics, Cockburn was elected Tory Member of Parliament for Portsmouth at the 1818 general election<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17375|date= 4 July 1818|page=1191}}</ref> and was appointed a Junior Naval Lord in the Liverpool ministry in April 1818.<ref name=sainty>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16652|title='Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660-1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660-1870 |first=J C |last =Sainty|year=1975|pages=18–31|access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> He became Tory Member of Parliament for Weobly at the 1820 general election and, having become Major-General of the Royal Marine Forces on 5 April 1821<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 17698|date= 17 April 1821|page=870}}</ref> and a member of the Privy Council on 30 April 1827,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=18357|date= 1 May 1827|page=961}}</ref> he was elected Tory Member of Parliament for Plymouth at a by-election in June 1828.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 18478|date= 13 June 1828|page=1141}}</ref> While serving as a Junior Naval Lord, he forced the resignation of the Duke of Clarence as Lord High Admiral in September 1828 for acting without the authority of the Board of the Admiralty.<ref name=heath50/> Cockburn was elevated to First Naval Lord in the Wellington ministry in September 1828 and in that capacity sought to improve the standards of gunnery in the fleet, forming a gunnery school at Portsmouth.<ref name=heath50/> He resigned when the Government fell from power in November 1830,<ref name=sainty/> but remained active in Parliamentary affairs, including leading the opposition to the abolition of the Navy Board in 1832.<ref name=Bonner>{{cite journal|last=Bonner-Smith|first=D.|title=The Abolition of the Navy Board|journal=The Mariner's Mirror|volume=31|issue=3|year=1945|pages=154–159|doi=10.1080/00253359.1945.10658919}}</ref> After losing his seat in Parliament at the 1832 general election, he returned to sea and became Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station, hoisting his flag in the fourth-rate HMS ''Vernon'', in December 1832.<ref name=heath50/>

Cockburn became First Naval Lord briefly again in the First Peel ministry in December 1834 but resigned when the Government fell from power in April 1835.<ref name=sainty/> He returned to his old post as Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station.<ref name=heath50/> Promoted to full admiral on 10 January 1837,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 19456|date= 10 January 1837|page=69}}</ref> he was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Ripon at a by-election in September 1841<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 20023|date=1 October 1841|page=2421}}</ref> and became First Naval Lord again in the Second Peel ministry later that month.<ref name=sainty/> As First Sea Lord he ensured that the Navy had latest steam and screw technology and put emphasis of the ability to manage seamen without the need to resort to physical punishment.<ref name=odnb/> He resigned when the Government fell from power in July 1846, became Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom on 10 August 1847<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 20764|date= 13 August 1847|page=2950}}</ref> and was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 1 July 1851.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 21225|date= 8 July 1851|page=1769}}</ref> He inherited the family baronetcy from his elder brother in February 1852 and died at Leamington Spa on 19 August 1853.<ref name=heath51>Heathcote, p. 51</ref> He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.<ref name=odnb/>

[[File:HMS Implacable 3606949046 9af56ee142 o.jpg|thumb|right|The Stern of the third-rate HMS ''Implacable'', which Cockburn commanded during the Walcheren Campaign]] Cockburn Sound in Western Australia was named after him by Captain James Stirling in 1827.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cockburn.wa.gov.au/About_Cockburn/History/ |title=About Cockburn|publisher=City of Cockburn|access-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, the City of Cockburn also adopted the name.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naming Cockburn|url=https://www.cockburn.wa.gov.au/Naming-Cockburn|work=City of Cockburn|date=| first=|last=}}</ref> At the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, Cockburn Island was named for him by Sir James Clark Ross during his Antarctic expedition between 1839 and 1843.<ref>{{gnis|2925|Cockburn Island|type=antarid}}</ref> Cape Cockburn and Cockburn Bay on Nelson Island on the west coast of Canada were named after him.<ref>Andrew Scott, The Encyclopedia of Raincoast Place Names Harbour Publishing 2009</ref>

==Family== In 1809, Cockburn married his cousin Mary Cockburn. The couple had one surviving daughter, Augusta Harriot Mary Cockburn (d. 1869), who married Captain John Cochrane Hoseason.<ref name=odnb/>

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources== * {{cite book|last=Gresham|first=John D |title= Military Heritage, February 2002, Volume 3, No. 4}} * {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 - 1995 |publisher=Pen & Sword Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=0-85052-835-6}} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cockburn, Sir George|volume=6|page=624}} *{{cite DNB|wstitle=Cockburn, George (1772-1853)|first=John Knox|last=Laughton|volume=11}}

==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Morriss |first=Roger |year=1997 |title=Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853 |location=Columbia, South Carolina |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=1-57003-253-X}} * {{cite wikisource |first=William Richard |last=O'Byrne |chapter=Cockburn, George |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary |year=1849 |publisher=John Murray}} * {{cite book|last=Pack |first=James |title=The Man Who Burned The White House: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772-1853 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780870214202}}

== External links == {{Commons category|George Cockburn}} * {{Hansard-contribs | sir-george-cockburn | George Cockburn }} * {{UK National Archives ID}}

{{s-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{s-bef | before = John Markham John Bonham-Carter }} {{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for Portsmouth | years = 1818–1820 | with = John Bonham-Carter }} {{s-aft | after = John Markham John Bonham-Carter }}

{{s-bef | before = Viscount Weymouth Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck }} {{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for Weobley | years = 1820–1828 | with = Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck to 1824 | with2 = Lord Henry Thynne 1824–26 | with3 = Lord William Thynne 1826–31 }} {{s-aft | after = Lord Henry Thynne Lord William Thynne }}

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{{s-bef | before = Sir Edward Sugden Thomas Pemberton }} {{s-ttl | title = Member of Parliament for Ripon | years = 1841–1847 | with = Thomas Pemberton 1835–43 | with2 = Thomas Cusack-Smith 1843–46 | with3 = Edwin Lascelles 1846–57 }} {{s-aft | after = Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet Edwin Lascelles }} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef | before=Charles Tyler}} {{s-ttl | title=Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station | years=1815–1816}} {{s-aft | after=Robert Plampin}} |- {{succession box|title=First Naval Lord|before=The Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (Lord High Admiral)|after=Sir Thomas Hardy|years=1828–1830}} |- {{s-bef|before=Sir Edward Colpoys}} {{s-ttl |title=Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station |years=1832 – December 1834 }} {{s-vac|next =himself}} |- {{s-bef |before=Sir Charles Adam}} {{s-ttl |title=First Naval Lord |years=December 1834 – April 1835 }} {{s-aft|after=Sir Charles Adam}} |- {{s-vac|last =himself}} {{s-ttl |title=Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station |years=April 1835 – 1836 }} {{s-aft |after=Sir Peter Halkett }} |- {{succession box|title=First Naval Lord|before=Sir Charles Adam|after=Sir William Parker|years=1841–1846}} {{s-hon}} {{succession box | before=Sir Thomas Byam Martin | title=Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom | years=1847–1853 | after=Sir William Hall Gage}} {{s-reg|sct-bt}} {{succession box|title=Baronet (of Langton)|before=James Cockburn|after=William Cockburn|years=1852–1853}} {{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cockburn, George}} Category:1772 births Category:1853 deaths Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:Military personnel from London Category:First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff Category:Lords of the Admiralty Category:Royal Navy admirals of the fleet Category:British naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars Category:Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812 Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Cockburn, George, 10th Baronet Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:UK MPs 1818–1820 Category:UK MPs 1820–1826 Category:UK MPs 1826–1830 Category:UK MPs 1830–1831 Category:UK MPs 1831–1832 Category:UK MPs 1841–1847 George Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Plymouth Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Portsmouth Category:Tory MPs (pre-1834)