Genna

{{short description|Period of Japanese history (1615–1624)}} {{for multi|the crime family|Genna crime family|Ethiopian and Eritrean Christmas|Ethiopian Christmas}} {{History of Japan |image=Shoso-in.jpg |caption=Shōsōin}}

thumb | right | alt=Painting on silk of the Emperor Go-Mizunoo wearing formal robes and sitting on a mat | Portrait of Emperor Go Mizunoo, 18th Century

{{nihongo|'''Genna'''|元和}} was a {{nihongo|Japanese era name|年号|''nengō''|"year name"}} coming after ''Keichō'' and before ''Kan'ei.'' This period spanned the years from July 1615 to February 1624.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Genna''" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA239&dq= ''Japan encyclopedia'', p. 239]; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> The reigning emperor was {{nihongo|Go-Mizunoo''-tennō''|後水尾天皇}}.<ref>Tittsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA410,M1 ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', pp. 410]–411.</ref> It is also known as ''Genwa''.

==Change of era== * '''1615''' {{nihongo|''Genna gannen''|元和元年}}: The era name was changed to mark the enthronement of Go-Mizunuoo and because of disasters such as the {{nihongo|siege of Osaka|大坂の役,|''Ōsaka-no-eki''}}, or more commonly, {{nihongo|siege of Osaka|大坂の陣,|''Ōsaka-no-jin''}}. The old era ended and a new one commenced in ''Keichō'' 20.

The siege of Osaka was a series of battles undertaken by the Tokugawa shogunate against the Toyotomi clan, ending in that clan's destruction. Divided into two stages (the "Winter Campaign" and the "Summer Campaign"), and lasting from 1614 through 1615, the siege put an end to the last major armed opposition to the establishment of an enduring Tokugawa shogunate. The end of this period of fighting is also sometimes called the {{nihongo|Genna armistice|元和偃武,|''Genna-enbu''}} because the era name was changed from ''Keichō'' to ''Genna'' immediately following its ultimate resolution.

By order of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the era name of Emperor Xianzong of Tang China was adopted.

==Events of the ''Genna'' era== * '''1615''' (''Genna 1''): Tokugawa Ieyasu and his son, Shōgun Hidetada, marched again to Osaka Castle, which was captured and burned. * '''September 1, 1615''' (''Genna 1, 9th day of the 7th month''): Ieyasu pulled down Hōkoku-jinja.<ref name="p317">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869'', p. 317.</ref> * '''September 20, 1615''' (''Genna 1, 28th day of the 7th month''): Ieyasu promulgated the ''Genna-rei'' in 17 clauses.<ref name="p317"/> * '''June 1, 1616''' (''Genna 2, 17th day of the 4th month''): Ieyasu died at Suruga.<ref name="t410">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA410,M1 p. 410.]</ref> * '''September 25, 1617''' (''Genna 3, 26th day of the 8th month''): Former-Emperor Go-Yōzei died. He is buried at Nikkō.<ref name="t410"/> * '''1618''' (''Genna 4, 8th month''): A comet appeared in the sky.<ref name="t410"/> * '''July 5, 1620''' (''Genna 6, 6th day of the 6th month''): The emperor was married to Tokugawa Kazuko, the daughter of Shōgun Hidetada; and also in that year.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 317; Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA410,M1 p. 410.]</ref> * '''1620''' (''Genna 6''): There were severe fires in Mikayo on the 30th day of the 2nd month and on the 4th day of the 3rd month.<ref name="t410"/> * '''September 10, 1622''' (''Genna 8, 5th day of the 8th month''): the Great Genna Martyrdom — 55 foreign and Japanese Catholics are executed in Nagasaki, part of the persecution of Christians in Japan by Tokugawa Hidetada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Succi |first=Massimo |date=20 September 2022 |title=Japan: 400 years since the Great Genna Martyrdom, a 'testimony of love' |url=https://www.agensir.it/mondo/2022/09/20/japan-400-years-since-the-great-genna-martyrdom-a-testimony-of-love/ |website=Servizio Informazione Religiosa}}</ref> * '''September 6, 1623''' (''Genna 9, 12th day of the 8th month''): the ''bakufu'' raised the Imperial maintenance allowance by 10,000 ''koku''.<ref name="p317"/> * '''1623''' (''Genna 9''): Tokugawa Iemitsu, son of Hidetada, came to the court of the emperor where he was made Shōgun.<ref name="t410"/>

==Notes== {{reflist}}

==References== * Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301] * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). ''Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869''. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|182637732}} * Screech, Timon. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC&dq= ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.''] London: RoutledgeCurzon. {{ISBN|978-0-203-09985-8}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65177072 OCLC 65177072] * Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Nihon Ōdai Ichiran''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon'']. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691].

==External links== * National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]

{{s-start}} {{succession box | before = {{nihongo|Keichō|慶長}} | title = Era or ''nengō''<br>{{nihongo|Genna|元和}} | years = 1615–1624 | after = {{nihongo|Kan'ei|寛永}} }} {{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Genna}} Category:Japanese eras Category:1610s in Japan Category:1620s in Japan Category:17th-century neologisms