{{Short description|Russian/Soviet engineer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}} [[File:Genrikh Graftio.jpg|thumb|Genrikh Graftio]] [[File:Волховская ГЭС, левый берег.jpg|right|thumb|The dam of the Volkhov Hydroelectric Station, built under the direction of Graftio.]] [[File:Дом Г.О. Графтио.jpg|right|thumb|Graftio's house in Volkhov.]] '''Genrikh Osipovich Graftio''' ({{langx|ru|Генрих Осипович Графтио}}; 26 December 1869 in [[Daugavpils|Dünaburg]] – 30 April 1949 in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]) was a [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] engineer credited as a pioneer of the [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric station]] construction, as one of the founders of the [[GOELRO plan]], and notable for the construction of the first hydroelectric stations in the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Volkhov Hydroelectric Station]] in [[Volkhov]] and the [[Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station]] in [[Svirstroy]].<ref name="GSE">{{cite web|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/160215/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE|script-title=ru:Графтио|publisher=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]|language=Russian|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="vmuz">{{cite web|url=http://energomuseum.ru/persons/graftio_genrikh_osipovich/|script-title=ru:Графтио Генрих Осипович|year=2012|publisher=Виртуальный музей истории энергетики Северо-Запада|language=Russian|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="prlib">{{cite web |url=http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/history/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=759 |title=Anniversary of the grand opening of the V. I. Lenin Volkhov hydroelectric plant |year=2012 |publisher=Presidential Library of the Russian Federation |accessdate=19 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031724/http://www.prlib.ru/en-us/history/Pages/Item.aspx?itemid=759 |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
Genrikh Graftio graduated from the [[Odessa University|Imperial Novorossiya University]] in Odessa in 1892 and the [[St. Petersburg State Transport University|Petersburg Institute of Transport Engineers]] in 1896, where he was teaching since 1907. In 1921, he was appointed a professor at this university.<ref name="GSE"/> Between 1896 and 1900 he was intern in Europe and USA, studying the power equipment.<ref name="funeral"/>
In 1900, Graftio created the first project of the electrified railway in Russia, which was never realized. In 1906, he was charged with developing an electric tram network in [[Saint Petersburg]], then the capital of the [[Russian Empire]], which was opened in 1907.<ref name="vmuz"/> Since 1905, he was involved in project design of hydroelectric stations. In 1905, he designed a project of a power plant on the [[Vuoksi|Vuoksi River]] (never realized), and in 1910–1911 Graftio designed the power plant on the [[Volkhov River]], which was only realized in 1927.<ref name="GSE"/>
Between 1918 and 1920 Graftio was the first deputy of the chief construction engineer of the Volkhov Hydroelectric Station, the first hydroelectric station to be built according to the plan.
==GOELRO== He was one of the eight experts appointed to lead the 200 scientists gathered in February 1920 into the "State Commission for Electrification of Russia" ([[GOELRO]])<ref name="Coopersmith 1992">{{cite book |last1=Coopersmith |first1=Jonathan |title=The Electrification of Russia, 1880 - 1926 |date=1992 |publisher=Cornell Univ. Press |location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978-0-8014-2723-7}}</ref> This was the program which aimed to provide sufficient electric power needed for future industrialization of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] and, eventually, the [[Soviet Union]]. In the committee, he was responsible for the sections dealing with transportation and with the electrification of the [[Caucasus]] areas. The plan was drafted in December 1920
==Later construction work== Since early 1921, he was the chief construction engineer until the construction was completed in 1927. <ref name="GSE"/> On 21 March 1921 he was arrested on the charges of counterrevolutionary activity, but was freed after several months due to intervention of [[Gleb Krzhizhanovsky]], who needed Graftio to continue working on the construction.<ref name="funeral"/> After 1927, he was the chief engineer of the construction of the [[Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station|Svir Hydroelectric Station]], opened in 1933. Between 1938 and 1945 Graftio was the Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Energy, tasked with the power plant construction. In particular, he was responsible for the program of the restoration of the stations destroyed during [[World War II]]. He died in 1949 in Leningrad.<ref name="GSE"/>
Besides Russian, Graftio was fluent in English, French, German, Italian and Swedish. In 1932, he was elected a member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|USSR Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="GSE"/> He dedicated all his works to his wife Antonina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150414002644/http://www.energomuseum.ru/persons/graftio_genrikh_osipovich/ Графтио Генрих Осипович]. energomuseum.ru</ref>
==Honours== * He was awarded the [[Order of Lenin]]<ref name="funeral">{{cite web|url=http://funeral-spb.narod.ru/necropols/bolsheohtinskoe/tombs/graftio/graftio.html|script-title=ru:ГРАФТИО Генрих Осипович (1869–1949)|publisher=Общество Некрополистов|language=Russian|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref> * He was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] * He was made a full member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences]] without going through all the intermediate steps<ref name="GSE"/> * The Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station was named after Graftio<ref name="GSE"/> * The tomb of Graftio in [[Bolsheokhtinskoye Cemetery]] in Saint Petersburg is protected by the government at the local level as a historical monument<ref name="funeral"/> * The monument to Graftio in [[Volkhov]] and the house where he lived during the construction of the power plant are both protected as historical monuments at the federal level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kulturnoe-nasledie.ru/|script-title=ru:Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации|publisher=Russian Ministry of Culture|language=Russian|accessdate=20 December 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819160043/http://kulturnoe-nasledie.ru/|archivedate=19 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Graftio, Genrikh}} [[Category:1869 births]] [[Category:1949 deaths]] [[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] [[Category:19th-century engineers from the Russian Empire]] [[Category:Soviet engineers]]