Genitoplasty

{{Short description|Plastic surgery performed on the genitals}} {{Infobox interventions | Name = Genitoplasty | Image = | Caption = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|70.64}}, {{ICD9proc|70.62}}, {{ICD9proc|70.64}}, {{ICD9proc|70.94}}, {{ICD9proc|70.6}}, {{ICD9proc|70.95}} | MeshID = D013509 | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = | HCPCSlevel2 = }}  '''Genitoplasty''' is [[plastic surgery]] to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from [[cancer treatment]], or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ruth A. Hannon|title=Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states|date=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781605477817|page=128|edition=1st Canadian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128}}</ref> __TOC__

==Medical uses== Genitoplasty surgery includes the following: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Vaginoplasty]] * Correction of congenital conditions ** [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]<ref name="Baggish 2016">{{cite book | last = Baggish | first = Michael | title = Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 9780323225526 }}</ref><ref name = Gundeti2012>{{cite book | last = Gundeti | first = Mohan | title = Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = City | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781444335538 |postscript=; Access provided by the [[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref><ref name="HorbachBouman2015">{{cite journal|last1=Horbach|first1=Sophie E.R.|last2=Bouman|first2=Mark-Bram|last3=Smit|first3=Jan Maerten|last4=Özer|first4=Müjde|last5=Buncamper|first5=Marlon E.|last6=Mullender|first6=Margriet G.|title=Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=12|issue=6|year=2015|pages=1499–1512|issn=1743-6095|doi=10.1111/jsm.12868|pmid=25817066}}</ref> ** [[Micropenis|microphallus repair]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128|title=Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States|last=Pooler|first=Charlotte|date=2009-10-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781605477817|language=en}}</ref> ** [[hypospadias]] repair<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypospadias Entry "hypospadias"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref><ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989 as {{IPA|/hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/}}~{{IPA|/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/}}</ref> ** [[pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias]] repair<ref name="NieschlagBehre2009">{{cite book|author1=Eberhard Nieschlag|author2=Hermann M. Behre|author3=Susan Nieschlag|title=Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA328|date=July 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-78354-1|pages=328–}}</ref> ** [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] repair ** repair of a urethra that is short<ref name=Hiort2014>{{cite book | last = Hiort | first = O | title = Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD | publisher = Karger | location = Basel | year = 2014 | isbn = 9783318025590 }}</ref> * [[labiaplasty]] * vaginal construction<ref name=icd100UQGOZZ>{{cite web | title = 2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach | url = http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10PCS/Codes/0/U/Q/G/0UQG0ZZ |publisher=ICD10Data.com | access-date = 2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref name=Hoffman2012>{{cite book | last = Hoffman | first = Barbara | title = Williams gynecology | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780071716727 }}</ref> * vaginal [[Plastic surgery|reconstruction]]<ref name=icd100UQGOZZ/><ref name=Hoffman2012/> * repair of vaginal vault [[prolapse]]<ref name= Baggish2016>{{cite book | last = Baggish | first = Michael | title = Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 9780323225526|postscript=; Access provided by the [[University of Pittsburgh]] }}</ref> * vaginal suspension and fixation<ref name=icd100UQGOZZ/><ref name=Hoffman2012/> * operations on [[Recto-uterine pouch|cul-de-sac]]<ref name=icd100UQGOZZ/><ref name=Hoffman2012/> * repair of [[cystocele]]<ref name=icd100UQGOZZ/><ref name=Hoffman2012/> * repair of rectocele<ref name=icd100UQGOZZ/><ref name=Hoffman2012/> * [[Female genital prolapse|genital prolapse]] * [[retropubic paravaginal repair]]<ref name="Baggish2016"/> * [[hymenorrhaphy]]

The grafts used in genitalplasty can be an [[allogenic]], an [[autograft]], a [[xenograft]], or an [[autologous]] material.<ref>{{cite web | title = Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes | url = http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=Vaginal+reconstruction&Submit=Search&action=search |publisher=World Health Organization | access-date = 2016-03-06 }}</ref> {{div col end}}

Genital reconstruction surgery can correct [[urinary bladder prolapse|prolapse]] of the [[urinary bladder]] into the vagina and protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.<ref name="Baggish 2016"/> Female infants born with a [[46,XX]] genotype but have genitalia affected by [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] may undergo the surgical creation of a vagina.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Vaginoplasty is commonly used to treat women with the congenital absence of the vagina.<ref name="Gundeti2012" /> Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma. Reconstructive and corrective vaginal surgery restores or creates the vagina.<ref name="Hoffman2012"/>

[[Intersex medical interventions|Surgeries to modify the cosmetic appearance of infants' and children's genitals]] are controversial due to their [[Intersex human rights|human rights implications]]. There is no clinical consensus about necessity, timing, indications or evaluation.<ref name="2016dsd">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1159/000442975| pmid = 26820577| issn = 1663-2818| volume = 85| issue = 3| last1 = Lee| first1 = Peter A.| last2 = Nordenström| first2 = Anna| last3 = Houk| first3 = Christopher P.| last4 = Ahmed| first4 = S. Faisal| last5 = Auchus| first5 = Richard| last6 = Baratz| first6 = Arlene| last7 = Baratz Dalke| first7 = Katharine| last8 = Liao| first8 = Lih-Mei| last9 = Lin-Su| first9 = Karen| last10 = Looijenga| first10 = Leendert H.J.| last11 = Mazur| first11 = Tom| last12 = Meyer-Bahlburg| first12 = Heino F.L.| last13 = Mouriquand| first13 = Pierre| last14 = Quigley| first14 = Charmian A.| last15 = Sandberg| first15 = David E.| last16 = Vilain| first16 = Eric| last17 = Witchel| first17 = Selma| last18 = and the Global DSD Update Consortium| author12-link = Heino Meyer-Bahlburg | title = Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care| journal = Hormone Research in Paediatrics| date = 2016-01-28| pages=158–180| doi-access = free}}</ref>

==See also== * [[Intersex medical interventions]]

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

{{Urogenital surgical and other procedures}} {{Medicine}} {{Reproductive health}} {{Wound healing}} {{chromo|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gynecological surgery]] [[Category:Surgical oncology]] [[Category:Surgical removal procedures]] [[Category:Gynaecology]] [[Category:Reproductive system]] [[Category:Female genital modification]] [[Category:Plastic surgery]] [[Category:Vagina]] [[Category:Surgical procedures and techniques]] [[Category:Congenital disorders]]