{{Short description|Crucial force of production, according to Karl Marx}} {{Distinguish|g factor (psychometrics){{!}}General intelligence (g factor)}}
'''General intellect''', according to Karl Marx in the ''Grundrisse'', is capable of becoming a structural force of production. The concept designates a combination of technological expertise and social intellect, or general social knowledge (increasing importance of machinery in social organization). The "general intellect" passage in the ''Fragment on machines'', says that, while the development of machinery led to the oppression of workers under capitalism, it also offers a prospect for future liberation.<ref>Paolo Virno, ‘Citazioni di fronte al pericolo’, ''Luogo comune'', n. 1 (November 1990), Rome; translated by Cesare Casarino as ‘Notes on the general intellect’, in: ''Marxism beyond Marxism,'' eds. Saree Makdisi et al. (New York: Routledge, 1996), 265–272. </ref>
==Overview== {{Quote|text=Nature builds no machines, no locomotives, railways, electric telegraphs, self-acting mules etc. These are products of human industry; natural material transformed into organs of the human will over nature, or of human participation in nature. They are organs of the human brain, created by the human hand; the power of knowledge, objectified. The development of fixed capital indicates to what degree general social knowledge has become a direct force of production, and to what degree, hence, the conditions of the process of social life itself have come under the control of the ''general intellect'' and been transformed in accordance with it; to what degree the powers of social production have been produced, not only in the form of knowledge, but also as immediate organs of social practice, of the real life process.|sign=Karl Marx|source=''The Grundrisse'', 1858.<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch14.htm ''The Grundrisse''. Notebook VII. Fixed capital and circulating capital as two particular kinds of capital. Fixed capital and continuity of the production process. – Machinery and living labour. (Business of inventing)]</ref>}}
According to Marx, the development of the general intellect manifests in a capitalist society, in the control of the social life process.<blockquote>Thus, for Dyer-Witheford, the vision laid out in the ''Fragment'' “is eminently recognizable as a portrait of what is now commonly termed an ‘information society’ or ‘knowledge economy’” (1999, 221). […] In Virno’s view the ''Fragment'' argues that “abstract knowledge (primarily but not only scientific knowledge) is in the process of becoming nothing less than the main force of production and will soon relegate the repetitious and segmented assembly of the production-line to a residual position” (2007, 3).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spence |first=Martin |date=2019-12-18 |title=Marx against Marx: A Critical Reading of the "Fragment on Machines" |url=https://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/1146/1306 |journal=tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society |language=en-US |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=327–339 |doi=10.31269/triplec.v17i2.1146 |issn=1726-670X|doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>In other words, with the idea of the general intellect, Marx designates a radical change of the subsumption of labour to capital and indicates a third stage of the division of labour.<ref>Carlo Vercellone. [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/26/36/61/PDF/historicalpubliepdf.pdf From Formal Subsumption to General Intellect: Elements for a Marxist Reading of the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism]. ''Historical Materialism'' 15 (2007) 13–36</ref> Paolo Virno maintained that "general intellect" is not exclusive to communism, and applies generally to late capitalism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=In Marx's Laboratory: Critical Interpretations of the Grundrisse|last=Bellofiore|first=Riccardo|last2=Starosta|first2=Guido|last3=Thomas|first3=Peter|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|isbn=9789004236769|location=Leiden|pages=9}}</ref>
==Etymology==
According to Matteo Pasquinelli, Marx took the expression 'general intellect' from William Thompson's book ''An Inquiry Into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth'' (1824), an early text written on mental labour. According to Pasquinelli, the concept disappears in the transition between the ''Grundrisse'' and ''Capital'' as it is replaced by the notion of collective worker or ''Gesamtarbeiter''. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pasquinelli|first=Matteo|date=11 December 2019|title=On the Origins of Marx's General Intellect|url=https://www.academia.edu/39905170|journal=Radical Philosophy|volume=2|issue=6}}</ref>
== See also == * Cognitive-cultural economy
== References == {{reflist}}
==External links == * Paolo Virno, [http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpvirno10.htm "General Intellect"] in ''Lessico Postfordista'', Milano: Feltrinelli, 2001. * Matteo Pasquinelli, [http://matteopasquinelli.com/operaismo-information-machine/ "Italian Operaismo and the Information Machine"]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Theory, Culture & Society'', first published on February 2, 2014. * Matteo Pasquinelli, "[https://www.academia.edu/39905170 On the Origins of Marx's General Intellect"]. ''Radical Philosophy,'' 2.06, winter 2019. * Tony Smith. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130505085053/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tonys/10%20The%20General%20Intellect.pdf The "General Intellect" in the ''Grundrisse'' and beyond].
Category:Marxist theory
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