'''Gene stacking''' is the combination of more than one gene for plant disease resistance, or crop productivity, or other horticultural traits.<ref group="T" name="definition" /> In plant breeding traditionally that means breeding those genes in, but increasingly also can mean genetic engineering.<ref group="T" name="definition" /> This can be achieved a few different ways, and gene pyramiding is one of those methods.<ref group="T" name="pyramiding-definition" /> Stacking of transgenes is yet more difficult than stacking natural genes, but especially in the case of pest resistance genes which require a significant financial investment to insert, is advantageous over other methods.<ref name="Halpin-2005" /> Pathosystems with rapid evolution in the pathogen have long been considered good targets of stacking, to broaden and prolong resistance.<ref name="Luo-et-al-2021-Ayliffe-commentary">{{cite web | last=Luo | first=Ming | last2=Xie | first2=Liqiong | last3=Chakraborty | first3=Soma | last4=Wang | first4=Aihua | last5=Matny | first5=Oadi | last6=Jugovich | first6=Michelle | last7=Kolmer | first7=James A. | last8=Richardson | first8=Terese | last9=Bhatt | first9=Dhara | last10=Hoque | first10=Mohammad | last11=Patpour | first11=Mehran | last12=Sørensen | first12=Chris | last13=Ortiz | first13=Diana | last14=Dodds | first14=Peter | last15=Steuernagel | first15=Burkhard | last16=Wulff | first16=Brande B. H. | last17=Upadhyaya | first17=Narayana M. | last18=Mago | first18=Rohit | last19=Periyannan | first19=Sambasivam | last20=Lagudah | first20=Evans | last21=Freedman | first21=Roger | author21-link=Roger Freedman | last22=Lynne Reuber | first22=T. | last23=Steffenson | first23=Brian J. | last24=Ayliffe | first24=Michael | title=A five-transgene cassette confers broad-spectrum resistance to a fungal rust pathogen in wheat | website=Nature Portfolio Bioengineering Community | date=2020-12-09 | url=http://bioengineeringcommunity.nature.com/posts/a-five-transgene-cassette-confers-broad-spectrum-resistance-to-a-fungal-rust-pathogen-in-wheat | access-date=2021-07-02}}</ref><ref name="Luo-et-al-2021-John-Innes">{{cite web | title=Innovative gene stacks enhance wheat rust resistance | website=John Innes Centre | date=2021-01-14 | url=http://www.jic.ac.uk/news/innovative-gene-stacks-enhance-wheat-rust-resistance/ | access-date=2021-07-02 | last=Luo | first=Ming | last2=Xie | first2=Liqiong | last3=Chakraborty | first3=Soma | last4=Wang | first4=Aihua | last5=Matny | first5=Oadi | last6=Jugovich | first6=Michelle | last7=Kolmer | first7=James A. | last8=Richardson | first8=Terese | last9=Bhatt | first9=Dhara | last10=Hoque | first10=Mohammad | last11=Patpour | first11=Mehran | last12=Sørensen | first12=Chris | last13=Ortiz | first13=Diana | last14=Dodds | first14=Peter | last15=Steuernagel | first15=Burkhard | last16=Wulff | first16=Brande B. H. | last17=Upadhyaya | first17=Narayana M. | last18=Mago | first18=Rohit | last19=Periyannan | first19=Sambasivam | last20=Lagudah | first20=Evans | last21=Freedman | first21=Roger | author21-link=Roger Freedman | last22=Lynne Reuber | first22=T. | last23=Steffenson | first23=Brian J. | last24=Ayliffe | first24=Michael}}</ref>
Assaying for successful insertion of R genes is much more difficult than for one at a time.<ref name="Zhu-et-al-2011" /> A simple challenge assay will only tell between complete failure/some unknown degree of success.<ref name="Zhu-et-al-2011" /> Building a new technique specifically for the multiple genes you are attempting to insert may be necessary.<ref name="Zhu-et-al-2011" />
==References== <references>
<ref name="Halpin-2005">{{cite journal | last=Halpin | first=Claire | title=Gene stacking in transgenic plants - the challenge for 21st century plant biotechnology | journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal | publisher=Wiley Publishing | volume=3 | issue=2 | date=2005-02-03 | issn=1467-7644 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00113.x | pages=141–155| pmid=17173615 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Zhu-et-al-2011">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Suxian | last2=Li | first2=Ying | last3=Vossen | first3=Jack H. | last4=Visser | first4=Richard G. F. | last5=Jacobsen | first5=Evert | title=Functional stacking of three resistance genes against ''Phytophthora infestans'' in potato | journal=Transgenic Research | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=21 | issue=1 | date=2011-04-10 | issn=0962-8819 | doi=10.1007/s11248-011-9510-1 | pages=89–99| pmid=21479829 | pmc=3264857 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
</references>
* {{cite journal | last1=Taverniers | first1=Isabel | last2=Papazova | first2=Nina | last3=Bertheau | first3=Yves | last4=De Loose | first4=Marc | last5=Holst-Jensen | first5=Arne | title=Gene stacking in transgenic plants: towards compliance between definitions, terminology, and detection within the EU regulatory framework | journal=Environmental Biosafety Research | publisher=EDP Sciences | volume=7 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=1635-7922 | doi=10.1051/ebr:2008018 | pages=197–218| pmid=19081008 | doi-access=free }} {{reflist|group="T"|refs=
<ref name="pyramiding-definition"> p.{{nbs}}197, "The term gene pyramiding is used in agricultural research to describe a breeding approach to achieve pest control and higher crop yield. It is essentially a way of identifying and introducing multiple genes, which each impart resistance to an independent insect/microbial pest/weed etc., or impart resistance to a single pest through independent host pathways." </ref> <ref name="definition"> p.{{nbs}}199, "Independent of modern biotechnology, “stacking” traditionally refers to the natural addition of different plant properties by genetic crossing. Modern biotechnology has broadened the options for stacking to include more taxonomically diverse sources, a wider selection of genes and regulatory elements, and consequently of traits." </ref>
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Category:Plant diseases Category:Horticulture