{{Short description|American architect (1935–2023)}} {{Infobox architect | name = Gene Aubry | image = | caption = | birth_name = Eugene Edwards Aubry | birth_date = {{birth date|1935|11|15}} | birth_place = Galveston, Texas, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2023|12|9|1935|11|15}} | death_place = Palmetto, Texas, U.S. | alma_mater = University of Houston | awards = | significant_buildings = Rothko Chapel, Art Barn (Houston) }} [[File:RichlandCountyPublicLibraryfacade.JPG|thumb|Richland Library in Richland County, South Carolina]]
'''Eugene Edwards Aubry''' (November 15, 1935 – December 9, 2023) was an American architect, based primarily in Houston, Texas and later in Orlando, Florida.<ref name="Fox">Stephen Fox and Eugene Aubry, [https://www.amazon.com/Born-Island-Galveston-Remember-Humanities/dp/1603447962 ''Born on the Island: The Galveston We Remember''], Texas A&M University Press, 2012. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref><ref name="Shine">Jacqui Shine, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/23/magazine/the-rothko-chapel.html "The Rothko Chapel,"] ''The New York Times'', August 23, 2017. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obituaries - 12-13-2023 |url=https://www.islander.org/2023/12/obituaries-12-13-2023/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |agency=The Anna Maria Islander |date=2023-12-13}}</ref> He was best known for the public buildings and houses he designed and co-designed in Houston, notably the Rice Museum (known locally as the "Art Barn") at Rice University<ref name="Lamster2">Mark Lamster, [http://res.dallasnews.com/interactives/2014_March/endangered/ "Modernism under threat in Texas and beyond,"] ''The Dallas Morning News'', Archives, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> and the Alfred C. Glassell School of Art at the Museum of Fine Art Houston<ref name="MFAH">[https://www.mfah.org/about/mfah-architectural-history/ "The MFAH: An Architectural History,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415110135/https://www.mfah.org/about/mfah-architectural-history/ |date=2019-04-15 }} Museum of Fine Arts Houston, About MFAH. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> (both no longer standing), the Rothko Chapel, and Wortham Center.<ref name="HA">[http://www.houstonarchitecture.com/Architecture/6/2023/Morris-Aubry-Architects/Architect.php Buildings by Morris Aubry Architects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423202452/http://www.houstonarchitecture.com/Architecture/6/2023/Morris-Aubry-Architects/Architect.php |date=2019-04-23 }}, Houston Architecture. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref><ref name="Lamster">Mark Lamster, [https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/glassell-school-of-art_o "Glassell School of Art,"] ''Architect Magazine'', August 8, 2018. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> Architecture writers credit the Art Barn's industrial aesthetic with inspiring Houston's so-called "Tin House" movement, as well adaptations by Frank Gehry.<ref name="Glentzer">Molly Glentzer and Heather Alexander, "Rice University to demolish historic art 'Barn,'" ''Houston Chronicle'', March 5, 2014.</ref><ref name="Lamster2"/><ref name="Koush">Ben Koush, [https://magazine.texasarchitects.org/2019/01/08/housey-house/ "Housey-House,"] ''Texas Architect'', January/February 2019. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> Aubry was partners with two other well-known Houston architects, Howard Barnstone and S.I. Morris, and worked on projects with Philip Johnson before starting his own firm, Aubry Architects in Sarasota, Florida in 1986.<ref name="Cowen">Diane Cowen, [https://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/home/design/article/Houston-launched-career-of-complicated-architect-13485146.php "Houston Launched Career-of Complicated Architect,"] ''Houston Chronicle'', December 21, 2018. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref><ref name="Frank">Peter H. Frank, [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/05/business/texas-architects-hurt-by-oil.html "Texas Architects Hurt by Oil,"] ''The New York Times'', July 5, 1986. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> He completed the Rothko Chapel after artist Mark Rothko clashed with Johnson, who was the original architect.<ref name="Lopez">Oscar Lopez, [https://www.archdaily.com/160388/ad-classics-rothko-chapel-philip-johnson-howard-barnstone-eugene-aubry-and-mark-rothko "Rothko Chapel / Philip Johnson, Howard Barnstone, Eugene Aubry,"] Arch Daily, AD Classics, September 14, 2011. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref><ref name="Shine" />
==Life== Aubry was born Eugene Edwards Aubry in Galveston, Texas on November 15, 1935, to Frank J. and Christine C. (Anderson) Aubry.<ref name="Fox" /> He originally intended to study music, but was dissuaded by his father and pursued architecture at the University of Houston.<ref name="Fox" /> He studied there with Howard Barnstone, then a partner in the firm Bolton & Barnstone and one of Houston's most publicized modern architects.<ref name="Appelbome">Peter Applebome, [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/02/obituaries/howard-barnstone-64-dies-texas-architect-and-author.html " "Howard Barnstone 64 Dies, Texas Architect and Author,"] ''The New York Times'', February 5, 1987. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> Aubry worked in Houston within and as a partner in several firms until 1985, when he moved to Anna Maria, Florida, where he continued as an architect and also served as a city commissioner.<ref name="Fox" /><ref name="Paice">Ryan Paice, [https://www.islander.org/2019/01/former-am-commissioner-aims-criticism-at-city-pier-project/ "Former AM commissioner aims criticism at city pier project,"] ''The Islander'', January 29, 2019. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> Aubry died in Palmetto, Texas on December 9, 2023, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eugene ‘Gene’ Edwards Aubry |url=https://www.islander.org/2023/12/obituaries-12-13-2023/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=The Anna Maria Islander |date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
==Career== Aubry worked part-time at Bolton & Barnstone in 1959, before joining full-time after completing his studies in 1960; he was a partner at the renamed Barnstone and Aubry from 1966-1970.<ref name="Fox2">Stephen Fox, "Howard Barnstone 1923–1987," ''Cite'', Fall 1987, pp. 18–21.</ref><ref name="TSHA">Stephen Fox, [https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbael Barnstone, Howard], Texas State Historical Association, Articles. Accessed April 17, 2019.</ref> Aubry worked with Barnstone on public buildings and houses, largely in Houston and Galveston.<ref name="Fox" /><ref name="TSHA" /> Their public buildings include the Art Barn and Rice Media Center at Rice University (1969–1970) and Guinan Hall (1971, part of Phillip Johnson's modernist campus design for the University of St. Thomas) in Houston,<ref name="HM3">[http://houstonmod.net/bldg_detail.asp?id=25&by=type&seled=Institutional "Rice Museum and Media Center,"]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Houston Mod, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref><ref name="HM1">[http://houstonmod.net/bldg_detail.asp?id=83&by=type&seled=Institutional "University of St. Thomas,"]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Houston Mod, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> as well as the San Luis Hotel and Condominium on Seawall Boulevard and Galveston News Building (1965) in Galveston.<ref name="Fox" /><ref name="TSHA" />
Aubry worked with S.I. Morris, as a partner in Wilson, Morris, Crain & Anderson (1970-1980) and Morris/Aubry Architects (1980-1986).<ref name="Frank" /><ref name="HA" /> The firm designed several well-known buildings in Houston, including: the 49-story First City Tower (1981), the 1301 Fannin building (1984),<ref name="Emporis5">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150513043940/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/117737/1301-fannin-houston-tx-usa 1301 Fannin]}}, Emporis, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> the Alley Theatre Center (1984),<ref name="Emporis4">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423210130/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/135686/alley-theatre-center-houston-tx-usa Alley Theater Center]}}, Emporis, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> the 52-story Continental Center I (1984), and Wortham Center (1987).<ref name="HA" /><ref name="Emporis3">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423210137/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/293686/gus-s-wortham-theater-center-houston-tx-usa Gus S. Wortham Theater Center]}}, Emporis, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> The firm also designed the postmodern, tiered Bank of America Center (1987) skyscraper and duPont Centre in Orlando.<ref name="Emporis2">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150511190631/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/123101/bank-of-america-center-orlando-fl-usa "Bank of America Center,"]}} Emporis, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref><ref name="Brown">Steven Brown, [https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1987/11/05/houston-tips-hat-to-the-arts-with-a-king-sized-complex/ "Houston Tips Hat to the Arts with a King-Sized Complex,"] ''Orlando Sentinel'', November 5, 1987. Accessed April 23, 2019</ref>
In the 1980s, an economic slump hit the oil industry, severely curtailing Houston construction projects.<ref name="Frank" /> The Morris/Aubry staff ultimately shrunk to 100 from 300, and Aubry left the partnership and Houston, starting a smaller firm, Aubry Architects, in Sarasota in 1986, which later merged with PGAL Architects.<ref name="Frank" /><ref name="Emporis1">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423210903/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/178882/the-remington-naples-fl-usa The Remington]}}, Emporis, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> His projects there include Frances Pew Hayes Hall in Naples, Florida (1989), the Richland Library in Richland County, South Carolina (1993), The Remington, a concrete high-rise in Naples, Florida (1996), the Selby Public Library in Sarasota, Florida (1998), and The Baker Museum in Naples, Florida (2000).<ref name="Emporis1" /><ref name="Ambrogi" />
== Notable projects == Aubry worked on notable projects throughout his career, independently, and with Johnson, Barnstone, and Morris.<ref name="HM1" /><ref name="Fox" /><ref name="Lamster" />
=== Barnstone and Aubry projects === Aubry's work with Barnstone in the 1960s moved away from the latter's Mies van der Rohe-influenced, precisionist approach toward more complex design schemes that admitted historical, vernacular and "New Brutalism" influences (e.g., the Galveston News Building, 1965); architectural historian Stephen Fox noted the work for its sense of "delight, spontaneity, and anti-pretentious expediency."<ref name="Fox2" /><ref name="TSHA" /><ref name="Appelbome" /> Writers identify their houses—including the Maher (1964),<ref name="HM4" /> Bell (1969), Kempner (1969) houses and Vassar Place Apartments (1965, featured in ''Architectural Record'')<ref name="HM2">[http://houstonmod.net/bldg_detail.asp?id=66&by=arch&seled=Barnstone%20and%20Aubry "Vassar Place Apartments,"]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Houston Mod, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> in Houston and the Levin House in Galveston (1969)—as among their most notable structures.<ref name="TSHA" /><ref name="HA" /> They describe them as "architecturally introverted" designs that incorporated intimacy, anonymity and solemnity, with self-effacing exteriors that open "internally with high ceilings, simple planar walls, and dramatic expanses of glass."<ref name="TSHA" /><ref name="HA" /><ref name="Fox2" /> The Maher House was featured in ''Architectural Record'' in 1965 and later included in book, ''25 Years of Record Houses''.<ref name="HM4">[http://houstonmod.net/bldg_detail.asp?id=154&by=type&seled=Single-Family%20Residential "The Maher House]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}," Houston Mod, Buildings. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref><ref name="Smith">Herbert L. Smith, Jr. [https://www.amazon.com/Years-Record-Houses-Herbert-Smith/dp/0070023573 ''25 Years of Record Houses''], New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. Accessed April 17, 2019.</ref> Stephen Fox described the house's dramatic steel and glass living-dining room, which some suggest seemed to float among the trees, as possibly the "most awe-inspiring architectural feat for a private residence" in 1960s Houston.<ref name="HM4" />
The Art Barn at Rice University, a corrugated-iron, tension-cable-supported structure was built in 1969;<ref name="HM3" /> its adjacent companion, the more abstract Rice Media Center, was built a year later.<ref name="Lamster2" /><ref name="Glentzer" /><ref name="swamplot">[http://swamplot.com/rice-university-to-demolish-former-menil-museum-godfather-of-the-tin-house-movement-real-soon/2014-02-24/ "Rice University to Demolish Former Menil Museum Godfather of the Tin House Movement Real Soon,"] swamplot, February 24, 2014. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> Area architecture writers suggest the buildings played an instrumental role in the development of Houston's arts community and its architectural history, inspiring the “Tin House” aesthetic that some consider Houston's only self-created architectural statement for the 20th century.<ref name="Koush" /><ref name="Glentzer" /><ref name="Lamster2" /><ref name="swamplot" /> They were commissioned by art collectors, Dominique and John De Menil, as an urgent, temporary solution to their need for a building to house a large art show coming from New York's Museum of Modern Art, “The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age.”<ref name="Koush" /><ref name="Glentzer" /> According to Aubry, "We literally sketched it on a pad—there were never any plans. It was built in 10 weeks."<ref name="Glentzer" /> The building opened just in time for the March 1969 exhibit, which was attended by thirty-thousand viewers; it remained in use for over 40 years.<ref name="Glentzer" /><ref name="HM3" /> Critics suggest that the de Menils' support for its style provided a cultural legitimacy that paved the way for emulation by Tin House architects, who embraced its industrial aesthetic and exterior cladding, jutting angles and asymmetrical composition, and elegantly simple rectangular plan and proportions, which recalled a style of vernacular Gulf Coast house.<ref name="Koush" /><ref name="Glentzer" />
=== Rothko Chapel === Aubry took over the design of the nondenominational Rothko Chapel after Philip Johnson and Rothko clashed over their distinctive ideas for the building.<ref name="Glentzer2">Molly Glentzer, [https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/home-and-garden/why-youll-be-seeing-the-rothko-chapel-in-a-new-light/ar-BBVUFUY "48-year conundrum may finally be solved at Rothko Chapel,"] ''Houston Chronicle'', April 10, 2019 Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref><ref name="Lopez" /> Rothko believed the monumentality of Johnson's plan distracted from the artwork.<ref name="Cowen" /><ref name="Lopez" /> It went through several revisions, first with Howard Barnstone, until he became ill, and then with Aubry, who completed the project in 1971.<ref name="Glentzer2" /> The windowless, brick-octagon, skylit final design was intended to create an unadorned place of contemplation, centered on Rothko's 14 minimal, abstract expressionist canvasses.<ref name="Appelbome" /><ref name="Shine" /> Unfortunately, Rothko did not live to see the chapel's completion due to his suicide in 1970.<ref name="Lopez" /><ref name="Shine" />
=== Morris/Aubry Architects projects === Morris/Aubry Architects, based in Houston, designed projects there and throughout the United States, including in Austin, Denver, Oklahoma City, Nashville, New Orleans, and Galveston.<ref name="Emporis6">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190423210157/https://www.emporis.com/companies/101101/morris-aubry-architects-houston-tx-usa Morris-Aubry Architects]}}, Emporis, Companies. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref> Two of their most well-known buildings in Houston are the Wortham Center and the Alfred C. Glassell School of Art.<ref name="DH">[https://www.downtownhouston.org/guidedetail/event-venues/wortham-theater-center/ Wortham Theater Center], Downtown Houston, Event Venues. Accessed April 16, 2019.</ref><ref name="Mallonee">Laura C. Mallonee, [https://hyperallergic.com/175902/houston-museum-expansion-wipes-out-local-architects-legacy/ "Houston Museum Expansion Wipes Out Local Architect's Legacy,"] Hyperallergic, January 21, 2015. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> The dark-red granite Wortham Center serves as a performing arts venue and community center housing two theaters and is home to the Houston Ballet and Houston Grand Opera.<ref name="DH" /><ref name="Emporis3" /> The two-story, concrete-and-glass-block Glassell School of Art was commissioned by the Museum of Fine Art Houston (following a donation by trustee Alfred C. Glassell Jr.) to serve as the new (and first) home for its school of art in order to accommodate a growing student body.<ref name="MFAH" /><ref name="Mallonee" /> The 42,000-square-foot building's modernist plan was drawn up by Aubry and R. Nolen Willis.<ref name="MFAH" /> The rectangular, practical design emulated a warehouse, with exterior materials that reduced heat and filtered sunlight.<ref name="Lamster" /><ref name="Mallonee" /> Mark Lamster called it "a tour-de-force of reflective glass block."<ref name="Lamster" /> The Glassell School of Art opened to the public on January 13, 1979. It was replaced by a new building, designed by Steven Holl Architects in 2014.<ref name="MFAH" />
== Legacy == Writers suggest that Aubry's greatest legacy is the influence that the Art Barn has had on Houston's Tin House movement and the role his buildings (e.g., the Glassell School of Art) have played in the history of Houston's arts community.<ref name="Koush" /><ref name="Glentzer" /> In 2014, however, both buildings were demolished by officials citing expanding needs or high renovation costs; both events generated public outcry from the local architecture, arts, and historical preservationist communities.<ref name="Lamster" /><ref name="Mallonee" /><ref name="Glentzer" /><ref name="swamplot" /> Regarding the Glassell building's replacement, Stephen Fox observed, “For the museum to sacrifice its own architectural heritage bespeaks an institutional tendency, prevalent in Houston, to discount existing architecture and sweep it away.”<ref name="Lamster" />
Aubry himself sought to preserve the area's architectural legacy with his work on the book, ''Born on the Island: The Galveston We Remember'', commissioned by the Galveston Historical Foundation<ref name="TAMUPress">[https://www.tamupress.com/book/9781603447966/ ''Born on the Island: The Galveston We Remember,''] Texas A&M University Press, Books. Accessed April 12, 2019.</ref> Aubry contributed sixty-seven watercolors and drawings (with text by Stephen Fox), intended to capture and enhance the visual and historical record of the buildings and the unique local architectural style of the Texas gulf city where he was born.<ref name="TAMUPress" /><ref name="Ambrogi">Sandy Ambrogi, [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00074389/01375 "Celebrating Selby: Library imagined by local architect turns 20,"] ''The Islander'', August 29, 2018. Accessed April 23, 2019.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aubry, Gene}} Category:1935 births Category:2023 deaths Category:20th-century American architects