{{short description|Chinese-American author and screenwriter (born 1958)}} {{family name hatnote|[[Yan (surname)|Yan]]|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Yan Geling | image = File:严歌苓 (2023) 02.png | caption = Yan in 2023 | birth_name = 严歌苓 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Shanghai]], China | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | occupation = Novelist, screenwriter | residence = | notableworks = ''[[A Woman's Epic]]'' | spouse = Li Kewei<br />(?-1990s)<br />Lawrence Walker<br />(1992-) | children =1 | alma_mater = [[Wuhan University]]<br />[[Columbia College Chicago]] }} '''Geling Yan''' ({{zh|t=嚴歌苓|s=严歌苓|p=Yán Gēlíng}}; born January 27, 1959<ref>{{Cite web |title=环球人物 |url=https://paper.people.com.cn/hqrw/html/2008-12/01/content_176849.htm |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=paper.people.com.cn}}</ref>) is a Chinese-American author and screenwriter,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cd7dbfa0-427f-11e1-93ea-00144feab49a |title=Novelist threatens Apple with US lawsuit |last=Hille |first=Kathrin |date=January 19, 2012 |access-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meiners |first=William |title=Geling Yan MFA ’99 |url=https://www.colum.edu/academics/alumni/geling-yan |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.colum.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> known for her collaborations with major Chinese directors such as [[Zhang Yimou]], [[Chen Kaige]], and [[Feng Xiaogang]]. Since 2022, Yan has been blacklisted in China following her criticism of Chinese leader [[Xi Jinping]].
==Early life==
Yan was born in [[Shanghai]], China in 1959 into a family of scholars and writers. She is the second child of Yan Dunxun and Jia Lin. She has an elder brother Yan Geping (严歌平).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-09 |title=严歌苓：翻手苍凉 覆手繁华_中国作家网 |url=https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/2014/2014-09-09/217282.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.chinawriter.com.cn}}</ref> Her father is an alumnus of the College of Architecture and Urban Planning of [[Tongji University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-22 |title=“家”系列之严歌苓：母亲像小女孩一样爱着父亲 |url=http://phtv.ifeng.com/a/20150522/41089133_0.shtml |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=phtv.ifeng.com}}</ref>
[[Cultural Revolution|The Cultural Revolution]] broke out when Yan was seven. She witnessed the brutality of the movement first-hand, which became a "life time obsession" and a recurring theme in her works.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-22 |title=Consolations of History: A Q&A with Yan Geling |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/short-takes/chinablog/consolations-history-qa-yan-geling |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref>
At the age of 12, Yan joined the [[People's Liberation Army]] as a ballet dancer in [[Chengdu]], and travelled with the dance troupe around China including in Tibet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Karen |date=2025-05-01 |title=Yan Geling: Crossing the Red Line |url=https://chinabooksreview.com/2025/05/01/yan-geling/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=China Books Review |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1979, she volunteered as a war correspondent in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]]. She was discharged from the PLA with a rank equivalent to lieutenant colonel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio of Author Geling Yan 作家严歌苓的英语简介 |url=https://www.yangeling.com/bio |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=yangeling |language=en}}</ref> She left China after the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|1989 Tiananmen Square massacre]] and has since lived in the United States and Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ng |first1=I-ching |title=Yan Geling |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/476179/yan-geling |access-date=17 May 2021 |work=South China Morning Post |date=October 31, 2004}}</ref>
Yan holds a bachelor's degree in literature from [[Wuhan University]], and a Master's in Fine Arts in Fiction Writing from [[Columbia College Chicago]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aguilo |first=Amanda |date=2023-03-10 |title=In Conversation with Yan Geling {{!}} East Asian Studies |url=https://eastasian.ucdavis.edu/events/conversation-yan-geling |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=eastasian.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref>
==Career== Yan published her first novel in 1985 during her military service at China. In the early 1990s, she went to the US and sharpened her writing skills at Columbia College, Chicago through a three year creative writing program.<ref name=":5" /> During and after her study, she continued to write in Chinese, publishing award-winning short stories, novellas, and novels in the U.S., Taiwan, and mainland China. She was considered by some scholars in mainland China and Taiwan as one of the most important Chinese-language authors in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jin |first=Wen |date=2006 |title=Transnational Criticism and Asian Immigrant Literature in the U.S.: Reading Yan Geling's Fusang and Its English Translation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489180 |journal=Contemporary Literature |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=570–600 |issn=0010-7484}}</ref>
As of 2023, Yan has published over 40 books and has won over 30 literary and film awards. Her works have been translated into twenty-one languages.<ref name=":1" />
Yan views writing as a disciplined profession, approaching her novels with meticulous craftsmanship. To ensure her stories and characters remain grounded in reality, she self-funded extensive field research: living among locals, consulting primary witnesses, and even embedding herself in the gambling dens of Macau to ensure every character felt authentic.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=《严歌苓论》：严歌苓的成功绝非偶然，背后秘密何在--访谈--中国作家网 |url=https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2018/0814/c405057-30227648.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.chinawriter.com.cn|date=2018-08-14|last=Liu|first=Yan}}</ref>
===Association=== She is a member of the [[Writers Guild of America, west|Hollywood Writers Guild of America]], the [[China Writers Association|Writer's Association of China]], and the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=":1" />
=== Reception === Yan is widely recognized for her fiction exploring the psychological legacy of the Cultural Revolution. Unlike earlier "[[scar literature]]" that focused on direct political protest, Yan's narratives emphasize individual trauma, gender dynamics, and the personal struggle for moral integrity. Her major works, such as the collection ''White Snake and Other Stories'' and the novel ''The Criminal Lu Yanshi'' (the basis for the film ''[[Coming Home (2014 film)|Coming Home]]''), illustrate how political repression can distort human relationships and identity.<ref name="Cai2015">{{cite journal |last=Cai |first=Shou |title=Scar Literature reconsidered: Yan Geling's novels The Criminal Lu Yanshi and A Woman's Epic |journal=Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=322–341 |year=2015 |doi=10.1080/10350330.2015.1021551}}</ref> By focusing on the lives of marginalized figures like women and intellectuals, Yan's writing serves as a "counter-narrative" to official state histories.<ref name="Jin">{{cite thesis |last=Jin |first=Huaifang |title=Trans-cultural Perspectives in Yan Geling's Fiction |type=PhD |publisher=Aberystwyth University |year=2024 |url=https://pure.aber.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/89094181/Jin_Huaifang.pdf}}</ref> While her work has gained international visibility through numerous film adaptations, critics often note that these cinematic versions tend to soften the sharper political critiques present in her original prose.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/07/07/writing-china-yan-geling-the-criminal-lu-yanshi/|title = Writing China: Yan Geling, 'The Criminal Lu Yanshi'|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = 7 July 2014}}</ref>
== Works ==
===Novels in English=== * ''The Lost Daughter of Happiness'' (tr. Cathy Silber, Chinese title ''Fusang'' 《扶桑》) * ''The Banquet Bug'' (written in English, published as ''The Uninvited'' in the UK)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/09/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=Review: The Uninvited by Geling Yan|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=9 December 2006}}</ref> * ''The Flowers of War'' (tr. [[Nicky Harman]], Chinese title ''Jinling shisan chai'' 《金陵十三钗》)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/nanjing-requiem-by-ha-jinthe-flowers-of-war-by-geling-yan-trans-nicky-harman-6291808.html|title = Nanjing Requiem, by Ha JinThe Flowers of War, by Geling Yan|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 19 January 2012}}</ref> * ''Little Aunt Crane'' (tr. [[Esther Tyldesley]], Chinese title ''Xiaoyi Duohe'' 《小姨多鶴》)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1=Geling |title=Xiao yi Duohe |date=2008 |publisher=Taibei Shi: San min shu ju gu fen you xian gong s |isbn=9571450707}}</ref> * ''The Secret Talker'' (tr. [[Jeremy Tiang]], Chinese title ''Miyu zhe'' 《密语者》)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-secret-talker-geling-yan?variant=32231859191842|title = The Secret Talker}}</ref> *''Criminal Lu Yanshi'' (tr. Lawrence A. Walker, Chinese title ''Lu fan Yanshi''《陆犯焉识》)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1=Ge ling |title=Lu fan Yan shi |date=2011 |publisher=Zuo jia chu ban she |location=Beijing |isbn=9787506360876 |edition=Di 1 ban}}</ref>
=== Novels in Chinese （Chronological order of publication） === * 绿血 * 一个女兵的悄悄话 (''Yi ge nü bing di qiao qiao hua)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Geling |title=Yi ge nü bing di qiao qiao hua |date=1987 |publisher=Jie fang jun wen yi chu ban she : Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing |isbn=978-7-5033-0034-9 |edition=Di 1 ban |series=Jun shi wen xue chang pian xin chao cong shu |location=Beijing}}</ref> * 雌性的草地<ref>{{Cite book |last=严歌苓 |title=雌性的草地: 长篇新潮丛书 |date=1989 |publisher=解放军文艺出版社 |isbn=978-7-5033-0079-0 |series=长篇新潮丛书 |location=北京}}</ref> * 草鞋权贵 (In 2009, the name was changed to Shuangjiang《霜降》)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Geling |title=Ren huan: Cao xie quan gui |last2=Yan |first2=Geling |last3=Yan |first3=Geling |date=1998 |publisher=Chun feng wen yi chu ban she : Liaoning sheng xin hua shu dian fa xing |isbn=978-7-5313-1952-8 |edition=Di 1 ban |series=Bu lao hu cong shu |location=Shenyang Shi}}</ref> * 扶桑 (''The Lost Daughter of Happiness'' )<ref>{{Cite book |last=严歌苓 |title=扶桑: 文瀚阁创作丛书 |date=1996 |publisher=中国华侨出版社 |isbn=978-7-80120-089-1 |series=文瀚阁创作丛书 第一辑 |location=北京}}</ref> * 人寰 (In 2009, the name was changed to ''Xinli Yisheng Zaima'' 《心理医生在吗》） * 无出路咖啡馆<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Geling |title=Wu chu lu ka fei guan: Wuchulukafeiguan |date=2001 |publisher=Bai hua wen yi chu ban she |isbn=978-7-5306-3127-0 |edition=Di 1 ban |location=Tianjin}}</ref> * 花儿与少年<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Ge ling |title=Hua er yu shao nian |date=2012 |publisher=Shan xi shi fan ta xue chu ban zong she you xian gong si |isbn=978-7-5613-5516-9 |edition=2ban |location=Xi an}}</ref> * ''[[第九个寡妇]]（The Ninth Widow）''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1=Geling |title=Di Jiu Ge Gua Fu |date=2008 |publisher=Shaanxi Normal University General Publishing House |isbn=9787561344231}}</ref> * 一个女人的史诗 * ''[[小姨多鹤]]（Auntie Duohe）''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1=Geling |title=Xiao yi Duohe |date=2008 |publisher=Taibei Shi: San min shu ju gu fen you xian gong si |isbn=9789571450704}}</ref> * 寄居者<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Geling |title=Ji ju zhe |date=2009 |publisher=Xin xing chu ban she |isbn=978-7-80225-614-9 |edition=Di 1 ban |location=Beijing Shi}}</ref> * 铁梨花<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xiao |first=Ma |title=Tie li hua =: Tielihua |last2=Yan |first2=Geling |date=2010 |publisher=Shanxi shi fan da xue chu ban she |isbn=978-7-5613-4770-6 |edition=Di 1 ban |location=Xi an}}</ref> * 陆犯焉识 (''he Criminal of Lu Yanshi, 2011'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Ge ling |title=Lu fan Yan shi |date=2011 |publisher=Zuo jia chu ban she |isbn=978-7-5063-6087-6 |edition=Di 1 ban |location=Beijing}}</ref> * ''[[金陵十三钗]]（The Flowers of War）''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1=Geling |title=Jinling shi san chai: Yan Geling zuo pin |date=2012 |publisher=Shanxi shi fan da xue chu ban she |location=Beijing Shi |isbn=9787550203570 |edition=Di 1 ban}}</ref> * 补玉山居 * ''[[妈阁是座城]]（A City Called Macau）''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1=Ge ling |title=Ma ge shi zuo cheng |date=2014 |publisher=Ren min wen xue chu ban she |location=Bei jing |isbn=9787020101825 |edition=Di 1 ban}}</ref> * 老师好美<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Ge ling |title=Lao shi hao mei |date=2014 |publisher=Tian jin ren min chu ban she |isbn=978-7-201-08724-5 |edition=Di yi ban |location=Tian jin}}</ref> * 床畔<ref>{{Cite book |last=yan ge ling |title=chuang pan |date=2015 |isbn=978-7-5354-7941-9 |location=wu han}}</ref> * 舞男<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Ge ling |title=Wu nan |date=2016 |publisher=shang hai wen yi chu ban she |isbn=978-7-5321-6017-4 |location=Shang hai}}</ref> * ''[[芳华]]（Youth）''– English title: ''You Touched Me'' – <ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Tu |first=Hang |title=Sentimental Republic: Chinese Intellectuals and the Maoist Past |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]] |year=2025 |isbn=9780674297579}}</ref>{{Rp|page=260}} (adapted into the [[Youth_(2017_film)|eponymous movie]]) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/movies/youth-review.html|title = Review: In 'Youth,' the People's Dance Troupe, in Love and War|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 14 December 2017|last1 = Kenny|first1 = Glenn}}</ref> * 666号 * 小站 * 蜃楼 * 米拉蒂 (Milati, 2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Milati |url=https://www.newsongmedia.de/milati |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=New Song Media |language=en}}</ref>
===Short stories in English=== * ''White Snake and Other Stories'' (tr. Lawrence A. Walker)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://store.auntlute.com/White-Snake-p228.html |title=White Snake |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-date=2015-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903020959/http://store.auntlute.com/White-Snake-p228.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Landlady'' (tr. Lawrence A. Walker)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://granta.com/the-landlady/|title = The Landlady|date = 21 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Disappointing Returns'' (tr. David Haysom)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paper-republic.org/pubs/read/disappointing-returns/|title = Read Paper Republic: Disappointing Returns}}</ref>
=== Screen adaptation === Several of Yan's works have been adapted for film, including ''[[Xiu Xiu: The Sent-Down Girl]]'', which was directed by [[Joan Chen]], and ''[[Siao Yu]]'', directed by [[Sylvia Chang]] and screenplay co-written by [[Ang Lee]].
[[Zhang Yimou]], the Chinese director of ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' and ''[[Raise the Red Lantern]]'' adapted her novella ''13 Flowers of Nanjing'' to the screen as ''[[The Flowers of War]].'' His 2014 movie ''[[Coming Home (2014 film)|Coming Home]]'' and 2020 movie [[One Second (film)|''One Second'']] were based on Yan's novel ''The Criminal Lu Yanshi''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
Yan’s semi-autobiographical novel, ''You Touched Me'', was adapted into the 2017 film ''[[Youth (2017 film)|Youth]]''; the film was directed by [[Feng Xiaogang]] and scripted by Yan herself.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=260}}
Yan has worked on other movie scripts including ''[[Forever Enthralled]],'' a biographical film of Peking opera star [[Mei Lanfang]] directed by [[Chen Kaige]].
== Censorship in China == {{See also|Xuzhou chained woman incident|Internet censorship in China}} Yan's friction with Beijing likely started after the 2014 film ''Coming Home'' boosted sale for her book ''The Criminal of Lu Yanshi,'' a story depicting the tragic fate of intellectuals during the political campaigns in post-1949 China''.''<ref name=":0" /> In late 2020, when [[COVID-19|Covid 19]] broke out in Wuhan, Yan published an article titled "Hide, Hide, Hide" criticizing Beijing's cover-up that cost lives of many, including whistleblower Dr. [[Li Wenliang]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=专访严歌苓:“我不愿捏着鼻子 再做任何妥协” |url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%93%E8%AE%BF%E4%B8%A5%E6%AD%8C%E8%8B%93%E6%88%91%E4%B8%8D%E7%9B%B8%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E7%9B%B4%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E5%9D%8F%E4%B8%8B%E5%8E%BB/a-62506061 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=dw.com |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=特輯：借唐婉三字：瞞、瞞、瞞（嚴歌苓） - 明報月刊 |url=https://mingpaomonthly.com/article/details/%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%EF%BC%8E%E7%89%B9%E8%BC%AF/2020-04/1590997446457/%E7%89%B9%E8%BC%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%80%9F%E5%94%90%E5%A9%89%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%97%EF%BC%9A%E7%9E%9E%E3%80%81%E7%9E%9E%E3%80%81%E7%9E%9E%EF%BC%88%E5%9A%B4%E6%AD%8C%E8%8B%93%EF%BC%89, |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=mingpaomonthly.com}}</ref>
In February 2022, Yan was blacklisted in China after appearing on a YouTube chat hosted by Zhou Xiaozheng, a former associate professor of sociology at [[Renmin University of China|Renmin University]]. During the video chat, Yan criticized the Chinese government’s handling of the Xuzhou chained woman incident and echoed remarks by Zhou, who described Chinese leader Xi Jinping as a "human trafficker" for imposing large mandatory "donations" on foreign families adopting Chinese orphans.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Weibo censored a famous novelist who voiced her anger over China's inhumanity to women |url=https://qz.com/2127169/censors-delete-geling-yans-wechat-essay-on-chained-woman-in-china/ |website=QUARTZ |date=14 February 2022 |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2022 |title=China claims arrests of human traffickers in chained woman case |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-60344484 |access-date=11 February 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Baidu Baike]] deleted Yan's entry and the searches for her name on [[Sina Weibo]] became unavailable.<ref name=":2" /> [[Zhang Yimou]]’s film ''[[One Second (film)|One Second]]'', adapted from Yan's novel, was released with her name removed from the credits.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ives |first=Mike |date=2022-07-28 |title=严歌苓指控张艺谋《一秒钟》未为其署名，电影界沉默以对 |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20220725/zhang-yimou-movie/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=纽约时报中文网 |language=zh-cmn-hans}}</ref> Although the blacklisting cut off Yan from opportunities in screenwriting and publishing in mainland China, it also granted her "freedom" and "peace" in her literary creation. She switched to self-publication through New Song Media, a publishing house she set up with her husband in Berlin.<ref name=":0" />
==Personal life== Yan's ex-husband is Li Kewei; they divorced in the 1990s. In 1992, Yan married her second husband Lawrence Walker in [[San Bruno, California]]. Walker is a diplomat. They have no biological children together, but have adopted a Chinese girl, Yanyan.<ref>[http://mt.sohu.com/20161020/n470823489.shtml 严歌苓：做一个在美国畅销的中国作家] Retrieved 2017-01-14</ref>
Yan currently resides in Berlin, Germany with her husband Walker.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Chinese writer's information disappears from her homeland's internet |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-writer-s-information-disappears-from-her-homeland-s-internet/7650904.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== {{commons category|Yan Geling}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://lawrenceawalker.wix.com/yangeling Geling Yan's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410052300/http://lawrenceawalker.wix.com/yangeling |date=2016-04-10 }} * [http://www.peonyliteraryagency.com/authors_Yan_Geling.php Geling Yan at Peony Literary Agency] * [https://paper-republic.org/authors/yan-geling/ Geling Yan profile] at [http://paper-republic.org/ Paper Republic] * {{IMDb name|id=0945802|name=Geling Yan}} * [http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/index.cfm?author_number=588 Book Browse] Biography * https://web.archive.org/web/20080121031733/http://www.redroom.com/author/geling-yan * [http://www.makers.com/china/yan-geling Yan Geling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623034007/http://www.makers.com/china/yan-geling |date=2017-06-23 }} Video produced by ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06r8t1z Geling Yan on BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour, 19 November 2015 (07:18 to 15:55)]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yan, Geling}} [[Category:Chinese women short story writers]] [[Category:Chinese dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:Chinese women dramatists and playwrights]] [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Chinese women novelists]] [[Category:Chinese novelists]] [[Category:Short story writers from Shanghai]] [[Category:American writers of Chinese descent]] [[Category:People's Liberation Army officers]] [[Category:Chinese journalists]] [[Category:20th-century Chinese short story writers]] [[Category:Wuhan University alumni]] [[Category:Columbia College Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Chinese military personnel of the Sino-Vietnamese War]]