Gaza Seaport plans

'''Gaza Seaport''' is a planned seaport in the [[Gaza Strip]]. The establishment of a Gaza seaport was mentioned in the Oslo I Accord, as early as 1993. The 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum determined that the construction works could commence on 1 October 1999. The project started on 18 July 2000, but was stopped in an early stage due to obstruction of the supply of construction materials, and destruction by the [[Israeli army]] in September and October 2000 when the [[Second Intifada]] inflamed. The 2005 [[Agreement on Movement and Access]], following [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|Israel's withdrawal from Gaza]], re-announced the start of the works. Israel promised to assure donors that it will not interfere with operation of the port.<ref name=AMA-docs>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C9A5AA5245D910BB852570BB0051711C ''Agreed documents by Israel and Palestinians on Movement and Access from and to Gaza''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232023/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C9A5AA5245D910BB852570BB0051711C |date=4 October 2013 }}. "Agreement on Movement and Access" and "Agreed Principles for Rafah Crossing", 15 November 2005</ref> As of 2014, however, the construction has not been resumed.

== Seaport plans in the peace process ==

The 1993 [[Oslo I Accord]] announced a program for the establishment of a Gaza Sea Port Area.<ref>[https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/oslo_eng.htm ''Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements''] (DOP), Annex III, Art. 5. 13 September 1993. From the Knesset website</ref> Plans were re-announced in the 1994 [[Gaza–Jericho Agreement]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/Gaza-Jericho%20Agremeent%20Annex%20I.aspx ''Gaza-Jericho Agreement''], Annex I, Article XI</ref> The 1999 [[Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum]] determined that the construction works could commence on 1 October 1999, but construction did not start until July 2000. Israel committed itself to facilitate the works. The Memorandum also determined that the port would not be operated in any way before reaching a joint ''Sea Port Protocol''.<ref>[http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=919 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum], Art. 6. 4 September 1999</ref> Such a protocol, however, has never been signed.

== 1994/2000 PA plan ==

In 1994, the Dutch Government committed some NLG45 million (circa €23 million) to the Gaza Sea Port project; France committed additional US$20 million. The same year, the [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) and the Dutch-French ''European Gaza Development Group'' (EGDG) signed a contract for the project. It was difficult to reach consensus with Israel on issues regarding engineering, operations and security. Due to Israeli obstruction, the 1994 contract expired before the works could start.<ref name=IOB-1999>[http://www.iob-evaluatie.nl/sites/iob-evaluatie.nl/files/282%20Palestinian%20Territories.pdf ''Palestinian territories – Review of the Netherlands development programme for the Palestinian territories, 1994-1999''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031225817/http://www.iob-evaluatie.nl/sites/iob-evaluatie.nl/files/282%20Palestinian%20Territories.pdf |date=31 October 2022 }}, IOB-evaluation no. 282, pp. 32, 34, 37-38. Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, November 1999</ref>

On 20 April 2000, the parties signed a new contract. Phase one of the project started on 18 July.<ref name=PowerPoint>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euromedaviation.org/fileadmin/download/maincontract/ts2/ts2_portreform_palestine_day2.pdf |title=''Power Point Presentation of the project'' |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731231350/http://www.euromedaviation.org/fileadmin/download/maincontract/ts2/ts2_portreform_palestine_day2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The construction was halted, as Israel refused to facilitate the supply of needed construction materials.<ref>[http://imeu.net/news/article002563.shtml ''Freedom of movement a year after disengagement''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905095917/http://imeu.net/news/article002563.shtml |date=5 September 2022 }}. IMEU, 16 August 2006</ref> On 17 and 18 September 2000, Israeli tanks destroyed the project site.<ref>[http://www.planning.ugent.be/downloads/agenda/congres/Expert%20meeting.pdf ''Gaza Commercial Seaport''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103172704/https://www.planning.ugent.be/downloads/agenda/congres/Expert%20meeting.pdf |date=3 November 2022 }}. University Gent (Belgium), May 2013. Power Point</ref> In October, Israel bombed the building site in response to an incident in Ramallah. Following this, the Donor States ceased funding the project and the work on the port stopped.<ref name=OneBigPrison>[http://www.btselem.org/download/200503_gaza_prison_english.pdf ''One Big Prison—Freedom of Movement to and from theGaza Strip on the Eve of the Disengagement Plan''], p. 60. HaMoked and B’Tselem, March 2005. Summary on [https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C8B873B597E6484E85256FD30063F0D5 UNISPAL]</ref>

== 2011 Israeli plan ==

In March 2011, Israeli transport minister [[Yisrael Katz (politician born 1955)|Yisrael Katz]] revealed a plan to build an island off the coast of the Gaza Strip with sea and air ports, a tourist area and a desalination plant for sea water.<ref name=Guardian_island>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/30/israel-artificial-island-gaza-coast ''Israel may build artificial island off Gaza Strip coast'']. Conal Urquhart, The Guardian, 30 March 2011</ref><ref name=AFP_island>[https://archive.today/20140207160414/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/israel-planning-to-build-island-off-gaza-strip-for-port Israel planning to build island off Gaza Strip for port]. Agence France-Presse (The National), 31 March 2011</ref> The island might be managed by the Palestinian Authority and could be under international control for at least 100 years to ensure Israel's security. The project would cost US$5 billion to $10 billion and take six to 10 years to complete.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Katz said that the project would free Israel of responsibility for controlling commerce with Gaza and ''"aims at a total break with the Gaza Strip, while now Israel continues to be responsible for the trade of this area because we have not permitted the building of a port and airport"'' ... ''"would allow us to break all ties with Gaza while maintaining our control over maritime security through the blockade, which is critical in blocking arms traffic"'' [and the plan would allow Israel] ''"to take the initiative, gain international support and open a political horizon on the key question of Gaza, without having to rely on Hamas."''<ref name=AFP_island/>

Environmentalists and Palestinian officials described the venture as "fantasy" and "madness", and accused the minister of political opportunism. A PA spokesman said that there were many simpler measures to improve the lives of Palestinians. ''"If they want to help Palestinians, they must end the siege on Gaza, and allow the reintegration of the West Bank and Gaza and the establishment of a Palestinian state. Then they are welcome to make proposals."''<ref name=Guardian_island/>

== 2014 PA plan ==

In February 2014, Palestinian Transportation Minister [[Nabil Dmeidi]] revealed that the Palestinian Authority and Egypt have been working on plans for building two airports in the West Bank, as well as a seaport in the Gaza Strip and a railway line between the Gaza Strip and Cairo. The transport ministry has signed a protocol of cooperation with Egypt's civil aviation authority to benefit from Egyptian expertise. The plans included the building of an airport east of [[Jericho]] and a second, smaller one, somewhere in [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]].<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=672220 ''PA plans airport in West Bank, seaport and railway in Gaza''].Ma'an News, 10 February 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140211020347/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.573441 ''Palestinians plan airports in West Bank, seaport and railway in Gaza'']. Haaretz, 10 February 2014</ref>

In May 2014, the [[Euro-Mid Observer for Human Rights]] released a working paper about the possibilities to realize the Seaport plans as an answer to the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Port of Gaza City == {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}{{Main|Port of Gaza}}

Currently, Gaza only has a small port in Gaza City, the [[Port of Gaza]]. It is the home port of Palestinian fishing-boats and the Palestinian naval police.{{Update inline|date=April 2025|reason=The Port of Gaza was destroyed}} The Port of Gaza has been under [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip#Naval blockade|Israeli siege]] since 2007, when Israel imposed a strict blockade on Gaza. The blockade was put on Gaza after Hamas starts firing rockets into civilian areas in Israel. Egypt also responded with a blockade and bulldozed half of Raffa to create a buffer zone between Gaza and Egypt.

==2024 United States military plan== {{further|Gaza floating pier}} In 2024, in response to concerns over the risk of [[Gaza Strip famine|famine]] as a result of the [[Gaza war]], President [[Joe Biden]] announced a plan for the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] to construct a temporary port on the Gaza Coast, in order to allow for increased humanitarian aid. The plan involves a maritime corridor connecting Gaza with [[Cyprus]], and that the military was not planning for "an operation that would require U.S. boots on the ground."<ref name="Ward 2024 i718">{{cite web | last=Ward | first=Alexander | title=Biden to order US military to construct port in Gaza to increase aid flow | website=POLITICO | date=2024-03-07 | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/07/biden-building-port-in-gaza-to-deliver-aid-00145636 | access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref> The plan involves deploying a large floating modular unloading platform about three miles offshore, allowing supplies to be then transferred by [[Lighter (barge)|lighters]] to a modular causeway off the shore.<ref name=ap-20240308>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-03-07-24-5657eedc005040694a9ab935ce3e39e5 |title=Biden orders US military to set up temporary aid port for Gaza as famine threatens |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Sewell |first2=Abby |last3=Madhani |first3=Aamer |last4=Knickmeyer |first4=Ellen |publisher=Associated Press |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=bbc-20240313>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68534370 |title=How the US military plans to construct a pier and get food into Gaza |last=Debusmann |first=Bernd |work=BBC News |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

==References== {{References list|colwidth=30em}}

== External links == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070613/https://library.iugaza.edu.ps/thesis/73888.pdf ''Managerial Obstacles Facing the Gaza Seaport Project'']. Dissertation Mahmoud Zakaria Al-Madhoun, May 2007

[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Gaza Strip]] [[Category:Treaties of Palestine]] [[Category:Treaties of Israel]]