{{Short description|Ongoing genocide in the Gaza Strip}} {{About|the ongoing genocide by Israel in Gaza since 2023|the ongoing trial at the International Court of Justice regarding this matter|South Africa's genocide case against Israel|the ongoing procedure at the International Criminal Court|ICC arrest warrants for Israeli leaders|broader accusations of genocide against Palestinians by Israel|Palestinian genocide allegations|allegations of genocidal violence during the October 7 attacks|Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks}} {{Protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Use British English|date=December 2024}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Gaza genocide | image = {{#invoke:Multiple image| | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Images of war 23-25 from Gaza, by Jaber Badwen, IMG 6185.jpg | image2 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 36.jpg | image3 = Palestinian Red Crescent Personnel inspect a destroyed ambulance in Deir el-Balah , Gaza Strip.jpg | image4 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 18.jpg | image5 = Displaced Palestinians in Deir el-Balah line up to receive food provided by charitable organizations (cropped).jpg }} {{hidden|title=Photographs of the Gaza genocide:|content={{ubil|'''Top:''' Widespread destruction in the northern Gaza Strip due to the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|Israeli bombing campaign]] (February 2025)|'''Middle-left:''' A [[Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip|Palestinian child]] receiving medical treatment on the floor at the overcrowded emergency ward of [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] in [[Gaza City]] (October 2023)|'''Middle-right:''' A [[Killing of health workers in the Gaza war|bombed ambulance]] belonging to the [[Palestine Red Crescent Society]] (January 2024)|'''Bottom-left:''' A Palestinian man sitting among shrouded corpses in the [[Jabalia refugee camp]] (October 2023)|'''Bottom-right:''' Displaced Palestinian children in [[Deir el-Balah]] attempting to receive food donated by international charities amidst the [[Gaza Strip famine]] due to the [[Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|Israeli blockade]] (August 2024)}}}} | time = | partof = the [[Gaza war]] in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] | perpetrator = [[State of Israel]] | duration = | date = On or after [[October 7 attacks|{{Start date|2023|10|07|df=y}}]] – present{{#tag:ref|The [[Hamas]]-led October 7 attacks against Israel formally mark the beginning of the war, but sources disagree on the start date of the genocide within the war. See [[#Background|§ Background]].|name=genocidedate|group=lower-alpha}}{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=37}} | location = [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|Israeli-occupied]] [[Gaza Strip]] ([[State of Palestine]]) | target = [[Palestinian people]] | litigation = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted| * ''[[South Africa v. Israel]]'' * ''[[Nicaragua v. Germany]]'' }} | type = [[Palestinian genocide accusation|Genocide]], [[Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war|war crime]]s, [[crimes against humanity]], [[massacre]]s, [[Nakba|ethnic cleansing]], [[Gaza Strip evacuations|forced displacement]], [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|bombardment]], [[Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|blockade]], [[democide]], [[Targeted killing by Israel|targeted killing]]s, [[Gaza Strip famine|starvation]], [[Torture during the Gaza war|torture]], [[Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war|rape and sexual violence]], [[Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|attacks on healthcare]], [[#Attacks on healthcare and preventing births|birth prevention]],{{sfn|Independent International Commission of Inquiry|2025|pp=1, 37, 39}}<ref name="ohchr-2024-08">{{cite web |date=5 August 2024 |title=Israel's escalating use of torture against Palestinians in custody a preventable crime against humanity: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/israels-escalating-use-torture-against-palestinians-custody-preventable |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208181335/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/israels-escalating-use-torture-against-palestinians-custody-preventable |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ecocide#Gaza war|ecocide]],<ref name="Ahmed et al."/> [[Urbicide#Gaza war|urbicide]] | fatalities = *[[Casualties of the Gaza war|72,700 direct deaths]] (recorded figure, May 2026){{#tag:ref|Overall deaths since October 7th per the [[Gaza Health Ministry]],<ref name="snapshot">{{cite web |date=15 May 2026 |title=Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (13 May 2026) |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-22-april-2026 |work=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |access-date=17 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260515093053/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-13-may-2026 |archive-date=15 May 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> which has been deemed reliable by independent organisations{{sfn|Gómez-Ugarte|Chen|Acosta|Basellini|2025|p=2}}{{sfn|Maad|2024}}{{sfn|Prothero|2024}}<ref name="Debre">{{cite news |last=Debre |first=Isabel |date=6 November 2023 |title=What is Gaza's Ministry of Health and how does it calculate the war's death toll? |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-health-ministry-health-death-toll-59470820308b31f1faf73c703400b033 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007112947/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-health-ministry-health-death-toll-59470820308b31f1faf73c703400b033 |archive-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> and Israeli security officials.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Dan |date=29 January 2026 |title=Israeli media cite official accepting Hamas figure of 70,000 war dead |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgpd1x00exo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314010549/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgpd1x00exo |archive-date=14 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=29 January 2026 |title=IDF believes 70,000 Gazans killed in war, as claimed by Hamas; civilian-combatant ratio unclear |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-believes-70000-gazans-killed-in-war-as-claimed-by-hamas/ |work=[[Times of Israel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314010255/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-believes-70000-gazans-killed-in-war-as-claimed-by-hamas/ |archive-date=14 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=12 September 2025 |title='We took the gloves off': ex-IDF chief confirms Gaza casualties over 200,000 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/12/israeli-ex-commander-confirms-palestinian-casualties-are-more-than-200000 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314010823/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/12/israeli-ex-commander-confirms-palestinian-casualties-are-more-than-200000 |archive-date=14 March 2026}}</ref> The Ministry's public totals are aggregate and include both civilians and combatants.<ref name="Debre"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hofmann |first=Sarah Judith |date=3 July 2025 |title=Gaza: What is the actual death toll, and how can we be sure? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/gaza-what-is-the-actual-death-toll-and-how-can-we-be-sure/a-73136975 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=13 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314011050/https://www.dw.com/en/gaza-what-is-the-actual-death-toll-and-how-can-we-be-sure/a-73136975 |archive-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>|name="GHM"|group=lower-alpha}} *463 famine deaths (confirmed, November 2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Key statistics – November 13, 2025 |url=https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/key_statistics |website=Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip |publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]] |date=13 November 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219034437/https://gazahcsector.palestine-studies.org/en/key_statistics |archive-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza Health Ministry: 151 Martyrs in the Last 24 Hours |url=https://www.sadanews.ps/en/news/239319.html |website=Sada News Agency |date=11 October 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209180709/https://www.sadanews.ps/en/news/239319.html |archive-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> *10,000+ famine deaths (estimated)<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Waal |first=Alex |author-link=Alex de Waal |date=28 August 2025 |title=How Many People Have Died of Famine in Gaza? (Updated) |url=https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/how-many-people-have-died-of-famine-in-gaza-updated/ |website=[[World Peace Foundation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123170901/https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/how-many-people-have-died-of-famine-in-gaza-updated/ |archive-date=23 November 2025}}</ref> * 10,000 presumed buried under rubble<ref name="theguardian-70000" /> | injuries = At least 172,500<ref name="snapshot"/><ref name="Burke 2025"/> }} <!--Please refrain from making contested bold changes to the lead, as it reflects the outcome of an RfC, established consensus, and a lengthy, in-depth discussion.-->
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The '''Gaza genocide''' is the ongoing,<ref>{{bulleted list | {{cite web |date=27 November 2025 |title=Israel's genocide against Palestinians 'not over' despite ceasefire - new Amnesty briefing |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israels-genocide-against-palestinians-not-over-despite-ceasefire-new-amnesty |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128172416/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/israels-genocide-against-palestinians-not-over-despite-ceasefire-new-amnesty |archive-date=28 November 2025 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |url-status=live}} | {{cite news |date=28 November 2025 |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |author1-link=Raz Segal |title=The genocide in Gaza is far from over |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/nov/28/the-genocide-in-gaza-is-far-from-over |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128115413/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/nov/28/the-genocide-in-gaza-is-far-from-over |archive-date=28 November 2025 |url-status=live |ref=none}} | {{Cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=UN expert warns torture has become 'state doctrine' in Israel, making prisons instruments of genocide and torture |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/03/un-expert-warns-torture-has-become-state-doctrine-israel-making-prisons |access-date=17 May 2026 |website=[[OHCHR]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} | {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 April 2026 |title=Gaza Genocide: Children Maimed, Hunger Spreads, World Silent |url=https://easternherald.com/2026/04/08/gaza-genocide-children-hunger-global-silence/ |access-date=17 May 2026 |website=The Eastern Herald |language=en-US}} | {{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=This is not a ceasefire: Life in Gaza continues to be suffocated six months on |url=https://www.msf.org/not-ceasefire-life-gaza-continues-be-suffocated-six-months |access-date=17 May 2026 |website=[[Médecins sans frontières]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} | {{Cite web |date=11 May 2026 |title=Israel/OPT: Israel's systematic destruction of high-rise buildings must be investigated as war crimes of wanton destruction and collective punishment |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/05/israel-opt-israels-systematic-destruction-of-high-rise-buildings-must-be-investigated-as-war-crimes-of-wanton-destruction-and-collective-punishment/ |access-date=14 May 2026 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=Israel's unlawful and wanton destruction of civilian high-rise buildings continues to have devastating consequences for displaced Palestinian families in the occupied Gaza Strip, where reconstruction remains a distant dream amid ongoing genocide and air strikes despite the October 2025 so-called ceasefire, said Amnesty International today.}} }}</ref> [[Intent and incitement in the Gaza genocide|intentional]], and systematic destruction of the [[Palestinian people]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] carried out by [[Israel]] during the [[Gaza war]]. It encompasses [[mass killing]]s, deliberate [[Gaza Strip famine|starvation]], infliction of serious bodily and mental harm, and [[Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war#Attacks in the Gaza Strip|prevention of births]]. Other acts include [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockading]], [[Attacks on protected zones and civilians in Gaza|destroying civilian infrastructure]], destroying [[Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|healthcare facilities]], killing [[Killing of health workers in the Gaza war|healthcare workers]] and [[2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings|aid-seekers]], causing mass [[Gaza Strip evacuations|forced displacement]], committing [[Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war|sexual violence]], and destroying [[Attacks on schools during the Gaza war|educational]], [[Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza|religious]], and [[Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|cultural sites]].<ref name="UNCommissionGenocide">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2025 |title=Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip, UN Commission finds |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/israel-has-committed-genocide-gaza-strip-un-commission-finds |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925113927/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/israel-has-committed-genocide-gaza-strip-un-commission-finds |archive-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> The genocide has been recognised by [[Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People|a United Nations special committee]]<ref name="UNCommitteeHeadGenocide">{{cite speech |last=Pieris |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Peiris |date=19 November 2024 |title=A genocide is unfolding before our eyes: History will not forgive our inaction, UN Special Committee warns General Assembly 4th Committee report |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/11/genocide-unfolding-our-eyes-history-will-not-forgive-our-inaction |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |language=en-US |quote=Our findings conclude that Israel's methods of war align with the characteristics of genocide ... Our report leaves no room for ambiguity. A genocide is unfolding before our eyes. Failing to act now—failing to put an end to this atrocity crime—will tear apart the very foundation of the international rule of law we have collectively built to protect peace, security, and the well-being of all. Our inaction today is setting a perilous precedent for tomorrow. Think about it. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414205459/https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2024/11/genocide-unfolding-our-eyes-history-will-not-forgive-our-inaction |archive-date=14 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2025 UNHRC Commission of Inquiry report on Gaza genocide|commission of inquiry]],<ref name="UNCommissionGenocide" /> the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]],<ref name="IAGSReuters">{{cite news |last=van den Berg |first=Stephanie |date=1 September 2025 |title=Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, scholars' association says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-is-committing-genocide-gaza-scholars-association-says-2025-09-01/ |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250917195128/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-is-committing-genocide-gaza-scholars-association-says-2025-09-01/ |archive-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="IAGSResolution">{{cite web |date=31 August 2025 |title=IAGS Resolution on the Situation in Gaza |url=https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/IAGS-Resolution-on-Gaza-FINAL.pdf |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=[[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902042359/https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/IAGS-Resolution-on-Gaza-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> [[List of humanitarian and human rights groups accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza|multiple human rights groups]],{{#tag:ref| [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="Amnesty_International_Dec_2024">{{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=13}}: "This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide."</ref> [[Doctors Without Borders]],<ref>{{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2025}}: "Our decision to describe what's happening in Gaza as a 'genocide' is based on nearly two years of extensive, firsthand information from our teams, who are witnessing massive levels of death and destruction by Israeli forces, a campaign of ethnic cleansing and the almost total dismantling of the health care system."</ref> [[B'Tselem]],<ref>{{harvnb|B'Tselem|2025|p=86}}: "The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid—all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip."</ref> [[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel]],<ref name="Kottasová & Salman"/> [[International Federation for Human Rights]].<ref name="FIDH 2023" />|group=lower-alpha}} [[Gaza genocide recognition|state governments]], numerous [[genocide studies]] and [[international law]] scholars,<ref name="growing_agreement">{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Sultany|2024|p=4}} : "Although legal scholars and commentators were slow to recognize the severity and urgency of the situation, this article sought to show that there is an emerging consensus that Israel's actions in Gaza are not another instance of armed conflict but instead amount to genocide" | {{harvnb|Swart|2025|p=3}}: "South Africa's actions led to an ever-growing consensus in international legal circles that Israel is committing genocide" | {{harvnb|Lederman|2025|p=1}}: "Roughly since mid-2024, there seems to have emerged a broad agreement among genocide scholars—at least those who have expressed their views on the matter—that this is indeed the case ... What followed seems to be a similar broad agreement emerging among legal scholars that this is indeed a genocide, and even those who are still hesitating find the genocide charges much more convincing." | {{harvnb|Shaw|2025b|p=3}}: "By the end of 2024, when Amnesty International published a comprehensively evidenced and legally argued case,17 the consensus that Israel was committing genocide was becoming overwhelming" | {{harvnb|Gessen|2024}}: "Trachtenberg testified to a consensus opinion among historians of genocide that what is happening in Gaza can indeed be called a genocide, largely because the intent to cause death on a massive scale has been so clear in the statements of Israeli officials" | {{harvnb|Bouranova|2024}}: "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza." }}</ref><ref name="genocide_int_law_scholars">{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Mohyeldin|Hamdan|2024}} | {{harvnb|De Vogli|Montomoli|Abu-Sittah|Pappé|2025|pp=688–689}} | {{harvnb|van Laarhoven|Peek|Walters|2025}} | {{harvnb|Tharoor|2025}} | {{cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Genocide Emergency: Gaza 11 July 2025 |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-gaza-11-july-2025 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Genocide Watch]] |language=en |quote=Israel has engaged in all of the processes of genocide described in Genocide Watch's powerful model of the genocidal process, the Ten Stages of genocide: classification, symbolization, discrimination, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, persecution, extermination, and denial. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831192255/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-gaza-11-july-2025 |archive-date=31 August 2025}} | {{cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Statement on Why We Call the Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820155439/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |archive-date=20 August 2025}} }}</ref> and other experts.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Albanese|2024a|p=1}}: "By analysing the patterns of violence and Israeli policies in its onslaught on Gaza, the present report concludes that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating that Israel has committed genocide has been met" | {{harvnb|Burga|2023}} | {{harvnb|Corder|2024}} | {{harvnb|Dumper|Badran|2024|p=2}}: "In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine—the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza Strip." | {{harvnb|Gritten|2025}} | {{harvnb|International Federation for Human Rights|2024}}: "One year ago, the FIDH International Board, its governing body elected by all its member organisations, recognised, after extensive debate and examination, that Israel was carrying out genocide against the Palestinian people in Gaza" | {{cite web |date=31 October 2024 |title='It Is Important to Call a Genocide a Genocide,' Consider Suspending Israel's Credential as UN Member State, Experts Tell Palestinian Rights Committee |url=https://press.un.org/en/2024/gapal1473.doc.htm |website=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105122046/https://press.un.org/en/2024/gapal1473.doc.htm |archive-date=5 November 2024}} | {{harvnb|Lawless|2024}} | {{harvnb|Narea|2024}} | {{harvnb|Quigley|2024b}} | {{cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=Rights expert finds 'reasonable grounds' genocide is being committed in Gaza |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147976 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328063126/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147976 |archive-date=28 March 2025|url-status=live}} | {{harvnb|Speri|2024}} | {{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=UN Special Committee finds Israel's warfare methods in Gaza consistent with genocide, including use of starvation as weapon of war |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508073603/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |language=en |url-status=live}} }}</ref>
As of December 2025, at least 70,117 people in Gaza [[Casualties of the Gaza war|had been killed]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2025 |title=Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (3 December 2025) |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-3-december-2025 |work=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204205622/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-3-december-2025 |archive-date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="theguardian-70000">{{Cite news |title=Israel accepts health authorities' Gaza death toll is broadly accurate, saying 70,000 have died |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/30/israel-military-gaza-death-toll-broadly-accurate |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |issn=0261-3077 |language=en-GB |first=Emma |last=Graham-Harrison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304091317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/30/israel-military-gaza-death-toll-broadly-accurate |archive-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> The vast majority of the victims were civilians,{{sfn|Schwarz|2024}}{{sfn|Tantesh|Graham-Harrison|2024}} and around 50% were [[Women in the Gaza war|women]] and [[Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip|children]].<ref name="Spagat 2024a">{{cite web |last=Spagat |first=Mike |author-link=Michael Spagat |date=28 May 2024 |title=Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/gaza-ministry-of-health-releases-detailed-new-casualty-amidst-confusion-of-uns-death-numbers-in-gaza/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[Action On Armed Violence]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710190121/https://aoav.org.uk/2024/gaza-ministry-of-health-releases-detailed-new-casualty-amidst-confusion-of-uns-death-numbers-in-gaza/ |archive-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|2024a}} Compared to other recent global conflicts, the numbers of known [[Killing of journalists in the Gaza war|deaths of journalists]], humanitarian and [[Killing of health workers in the Gaza war|health workers]], and children are among the highest.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=16}} | {{harvnb|Buschek|Christoph|Kalisch|Kollig|2024}} | {{cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Gaza: At Least 3,100 Children Aged Under Five Killed With Others at Risk as Famine Looms |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-least-3100-children-aged-under-five-killed-others-risk-famine-looms |website=[[Save the Children]] |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104093600/https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-least-3100-children-aged-under-five-killed-others-risk-famine-looms |archive-date=4 November 2024}} | {{harvnb|Salzenstein|2024}} | {{harvnb|Fayyad|2024}} }}</ref> Thousands more uncounted bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.{{sfn|Tantesh|Graham-Harrison|2024}}{{sfn|Massoud|Fick|2023}} A study in the medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'' estimated that traumatic injury deaths were undercounted by June 2024, while noting an even larger potential death toll with indirect deaths included.<ref>{{harvnb|Jamaluddine|Abukmail|Aly|Campbell|2025}}: "We estimated 64,260 deaths (95% CI 55 298–78 525) due to traumatic injury during the study period, suggesting the Palestinian MoH under-reported mortality by 41%. ... Our findings underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."</ref> The number of injured is greater than 171,000.<ref name="snapshot" /><ref name="Burke 2025">{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |date=27 August 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/27/children-make-up-third-of-outpatients-in-msf-hospitals-in-gaza-statistics-show |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=A third of outpatients treated for wounds at MSF's Gaza hospitals in 2024 were children, figures show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915182357/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/27/children-make-up-third-of-outpatients-in-msf-hospitals-in-gaza-statistics-show |archive-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Gómez-Ugarte|Chen|Acosta|Basellini|2025|p=13}} Gaza has the most child [[amputees]] per capita in the world;<ref name="Amputee stats">{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Moor|2025}} | {{harvnb|Harghandiwal|2025|pp=1–20}} | {{harvnb|Abodahab|Elsergany|2025|pp=1705–1710}} | {{harvnb|Muthumani|2024|p=e000719}} | {{harvnb|Sherwani|Stewart|Samad|2025|pp=1840–1845}} | {{cite web |date=15 August 2025 |title=Percentage of Persons with Disabilities in Gaza Has Increased because of Excessive Use of Force by Israel, State of Palestine Tells Committee on Rights of Persons with Disabilities |website=[[United Nations]] |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/convention-personswithdisabilities-15aug25/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250919104851/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/convention-personswithdisabilities-15aug25/ |archive-date=19 September 2025 |url-status=live}} | {{cite web |date=9 July 2025 |title=Israel denying treatment to thousands of Gazans who lost limbs in Israeli attacks, almost 1,000 of them children |website=[[B'Tselem]] |url=https://www.btselem.org/20250709_israel_denying_thousands_of_amputees_in_gaza_including_children_proper_care |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813203918/https://www.btselem.org/20250709_israel_denying_thousands_of_amputees_in_gaza_including_children_proper_care |archive-date=13 August 2025 |url-status=live}} | {{harvnb|Shatali|Rashid|Lubbad|Potterton|2025|pp=219–225}} | {{harvnb|Aftab|Yaqoob|Khan|Javed|2025|pp=226–227}} }}</ref> the Gaza war caused more than 21,000 children to be [[Physical disability|disabled]].<ref name="Guardian_3_September_2025">{{cite news |date=3 September 2025 |title=Middle East crisis: at least 21,000 children disabled in Gaza during war, says UN committee – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/sep/03/gaza-graveyard-international-humanitarian-law-unrwa-israel-middle-east-crisis-latest-updates-news |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 September 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260418163432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/sep/03/gaza-graveyard-international-humanitarian-law-unrwa-israel-middle-east-crisis-latest-updates-news |archive-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>
An [[Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|Israeli blockade]] heavily contributed to [[Gaza Strip famine|starvation and confirmed famine]]. In August 2025, about 641,000 people experienced [[Integrated Food Security Phase Classification|catastrophic levels of food insecurity]].{{sfn|IPC Report August|2025|p=1}}<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2025 |first=Mary |last=Kekatos |title=Famine determined in parts of Gaza, 500,000 experiencing 'catastrophic' hunger: Report |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/famine-determined-parts-gaza-500000-experiencing-catastrophic-hunger/story?id=124843218 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=1 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218051839/https://abcnews.go.com/International/famine-determined-parts-gaza-500000-experiencing-catastrophic-hunger/story?id=124843218 |archive-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Early in the conflict, Israel cut off Gaza's water and electricity. It later partially restored the water.<ref>{{cite web |first=Barak |last=Ravid |title=Israel resumes water supply to southern Gaza after U.S. pressure |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/15/israel-resumes-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-after-us-pressure |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=18 September 2025 |date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915020309/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/15/israel-resumes-water-supply-to-southern-gaza-after-us-pressure |archive-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> As of May 2024, 84% of Gaza's health centres have been [[Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war|destroyed or damaged]].{{sfn|Neuman|Baba|Wood|2024}} Israel also [[Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|destroyed numerous cultural heritage sites]], including all 12 of Gaza's universities, and 80% of its schools.<ref name="scholasticide">{{cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |publisher=[[United Nations]] |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418145510/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Stack|Shbair|2024}} | {{cite news |title=In Gaza, Palestinians hold Ramadan prayers by ruins of mosque |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-palestinians-hold-ramadan-prayers-by-ruins-mosque-2024-03-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240818091417/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-palestinians-hold-ramadan-prayers-by-ruins-mosque-2024-03-15/ |archive-date=18 August 2024}} | {{harvnb|Kansara|Nour|2024}} | {{harvnb|Saber|2024}} | {{harvnb|El Chamaa|2023}} | {{harvnb|Moutafa|2023}} }}</ref> Over 1.9 million Palestinians—85% of Gaza's population—were forcibly displaced.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN: Gaza 'catastrophe' threatens to raise record global displacement |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/13/un-refugee-chief-says-gaza-war-leading-to-catastrophic-displacement |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=10 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110010942/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/13/un-refugee-chief-says-gaza-war-leading-to-catastrophic-displacement |archive-date=10 November 2025}}</ref> Israel's bombing also caused [[Environmental impact of the Gaza war|severe environmental devastation]] across the territory.<ref name="Ahmed et al.">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Kaamil |last2=Gayle |first2=Damien |last3=Mousa |first3=Aseel |date=29 March 2024 |title='Ecocide in Gaza': does scale of environmental destruction amount to a war crime? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/gaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe |access-date=11 October 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101104242/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/gaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe |archive-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>
In December 2023, the government of [[South Africa]] instituted proceedings, ''[[South Africa v. Israel]]'', against Israel at the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ), alleging a violation of the [[Genocide Convention]].<ref name="ICJ-2023-12-29"/> In January 2024, the court ordered Israel to take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of acts of genocide, to prevent and punish [[incitement to genocide]], and to allow basic [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian service, aid and supplies]] into Gaza.<ref name="ICJruling">[[#ICJ-order-2024-01-26|Order, ''S. Afr.'', No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024)]].</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Scott |last2=Peralta |first2=Eyder |date=27 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/27/1227397107/icj-finds-genocide-case-against-israel-plausible-orders-it-to-stop-violations#:~:text=Live%20Sessions-,ICJ%20finds%20genocide%20case%20against%20Israel%20%27plausible%27%2C%20orders%20it,Africa%20has%20brought%20against%20Israel. |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128232512/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/27/1227397107/icj-finds-genocide-case-against-israel-plausible-orders-it-to-stop-violations |archive-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Casciani|2024a}} The court later ordered Israel to increase humanitarian aid into Gaza and to halt its [[Rafah offensive]].{{sfn|Casciani|2024b}}{{sfn|Marsi|Siddiqui|Motamedi|2024}} Israel did not fully comply with the court's orders.<ref name="Amnesty International Blockade">{{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel defying ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by failing to allow adequate humanitarian aid to reach Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002014945/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |archive-date=2 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch Blockade">{{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel Not Complying with World Court Order in Genocide Case |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/israel-not-complying-world-court-order-genocide-case |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929174451/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/israel-not-complying-world-court-order-genocide-case |archive-date=29 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kuttab |first1=Jonathan |date=20 March 2024 |title=Israeli Non-Compliance with ICJ Provisional Orders |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/israeli-non-compliance-with-icj-provisional-orders/ |website=[[Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies|Arab Center Washington DC]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810015533/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/israeli-non-compliance-with-icj-provisional-orders/ |archive-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>
Palestinians have emphasized the relationship between the Gaza genocide and [[Zionism]] and its [[Zionist political violence|political violence]], describing it as a continuation of the [[Nakba]] and its [[Ongoing Nakba|ongoing effects]]. Israel and its supporters maintain that its actions [[Gaza genocide denial|do not constitute genocide]],{{sfn|Casciani|2024a}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deutsch |first1=Anthony |last2=Sterling |first2=Toby |last3=Berg |first3=Stephanie van den |date=12 January 2024 |title=Israel rejects genocide charges, tells World Court it must defend itself |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-counter-genocide-accusations-world-court-2024-01-12/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260414002021/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-counter-genocide-accusations-world-court-2024-01-12/ |archive-date=14 April 2026 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref> that they are a response to the [[October 7 attacks]], and that Israel's aim has been to destroy [[Hamas]] and free [[Israeli hostages]].<ref name="UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 64" />{{sfn|Casciani|2024a}}<ref name="TOI3-11-23">{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldiers-fend-off-nighttime-hamas-ambush-as-battalion-commander-killed-in-gaza/ |title=IDF soldiers fend off nighttime Hamas ambush, as battalion commander killed in Gaza |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=3 November 2023 |first1=Emanuel |last1=Fabian |first2=Michael |last2=Bachner |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102185204/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldiers-fend-off-nighttime-hamas-ambush-as-battalion-commander-killed-in-gaza/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There is increasing consensus among genocide and [[Academic and legal responses to the Gaza genocide|international legal scholars on the genocide assessment]],<ref name="growing_agreement" /> although some academics [[South_Africa%27s genocide case against Israel#In opposition|and countries]] challenge it.{{sfn|Moses|2025|pp=1; 10–13}}<ref name="Ayad 2025" /><ref name="ICJ_2026_6" />
== Background == {{Further|Background to the Gaza war|4=Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}[[File:OCHA OpT September 2023 map of the Gaza Strip.pdf|thumb|A September 2023 [[United Nations]] map of Gaza, showing its [[Gaza–Israel barrier|border barrier]] and checkpoints into Israel and Egypt and Israel's [[Maritime Exclusion Zone]], illustrating the geographic scope of the preexisting blockade and the physical constraints on movement and access.]] Israel's [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|occupation of the Gaza Strip]] began in the [[1967 Arab–Israeli War]]. In 2005, Israel [[Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip|withdrew its ground forces]] in the context of the [[Oslo Accords]] and the [[Second Intifada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stern-Weiner |first=Jamie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U9V0AEACAAJ |title=Deluge: Gaza and Israel from Crisis to Cataclysm |date=2024 |publisher=OR Books |isbn=978-1-68219-619-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2026}} The [[International Court of Justice]] subsequently issued an [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|advisory opinion]] that despite the withdrawal, Israel was still illegally [[Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip|occupying the Gaza Strip]] due to [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|its blockade of the territory]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berg |first1=Raffi |date=19 July 2024 |title=UN top court says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo |access-date=3 October 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922204607/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjerjzxlpvdo |archive-date=22 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 2007, the [[Gaza Strip]] has been governed by [[Hamas]], an [[Islamist]] militant group, while the [[West Bank]] remained under the control of the [[Palestinian Authority]]. After Hamas took over, Israel intensified its [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], citing security concerns;<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Perry|McDowall|2023}} | {{harvnb|Kane|Cohen|Shamir|Scher|2023}} | {{harvnb|Salam|2023a}} }}</ref><ref name="Meakem">{{Cite news |last=Meakem |first=Allison |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015213033/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> international rights groups have called the blockade a form of [[collective punishment]].<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Nebehay|2011}}: "A panel of five independent U.N. rights experts [said] the blockade had subjected Gazans to collective punishment in 'flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law.{{'"}} | {{Cite book |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |title=Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World's Human Rights |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-86210-502-0 |location=[[London]] |pages=206–211 |chapter=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=This compounded the impact of a 15-year ongoing Israeli blockade that amounts to illegal collective punishment |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016210727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |url-status=live}} | {{Cite news |date=13 January 2009 |title=Deprived and Endangered: Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/13/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=The blockade is a form of collective punishment in violation of international law. |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041422/http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |url-status=live}} | {{Cite news |date=13 February 2017 |title=Hamas hardliner Yahya Sinwar elected as Gaza leader |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade around Gaza aimed at preventing attacks by militants there, though the measure has been condemned by rights groups as a form of collective punishment. |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022080210/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38955499 |url-status=live}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ackerman |first=Seth |date=4 January 2024 |title=There was an Iron Wall in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/IRON-WALL-GAZA-ISRAEL-DEFENSE-FORCES-REALPOLITIK-PALESTINE-HISTORY?MC_CID=3B53D49205&MC_EID=B7EDF81030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105010623/https://jacobin.com/2024/01/IRON-WALL-GAZA-ISRAEL-DEFENSE-FORCES-REALPOLITIK-PALESTINE-HISTORY?MC_CID=3B53D49205&MC_EID=B7EDF81030 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |quote=The unemployment rate soared to "probably the highest in the world", four-fifths of the population were forced to rely on humanitarian assistance, three-quarters became dependent on food aid, more than half faced "acute food insecurity", one in ten children were stunted by malnutrition, and over 96 percent of potable water became unsafe for human consumption.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053734/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[UNRWA]] reported that, due to the blockade, 81% of Gazans were living below the poverty level in 2023, with 63% food insecure and dependent on international assistance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel–Gaza crossfire as death toll rises |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 2022 |title=The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=[[UNICEF]] |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115160019/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2007, Israel and Hamas (and other Palestinian militias in Gaza) have engaged in conflict,<ref name="Meakem"/>{{sfn|Kane|Cohen|Shamir|Scher|2023}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |title=Why did Hamas invade Israel?|url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007185123/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/7/23907323/israel-war-hamas-attack-explained-southern-israel-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> including four wars in [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|2008–2009]], [[2012 Gaza War|2012]], [[2014 Gaza War|2014]], and [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|2021]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Courty |first=Audrey |date=19 November 2023 |title=These six charts show the scale of human loss in the Israel–Gaza war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-20/six-charts-that-show-the-scale-of-human-loss-in-israel-gaza-war/103074196 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202135746/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-20/six-charts-that-show-the-scale-of-human-loss-in-israel-gaza-war/103074196 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tan |first=Joanna |date=12 November 2023 |title=Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213622/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>
On 7 October 2023 Hamas led [[October 7 attacks|an attack into Israel]] from Gaza,<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem' |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387276/middle-east |agency=[[Associated Press]] and [[Reuters]] |work=Arab News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018143356/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387276/middle-east |archive-date=18 October 2023 |quote=The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds dead as war erupts after surprise Hamas attack catches Israel off guard |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-israel-rockets-attack-hamas-1.6990209 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[CBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110155357/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-israel-rockets-attack-hamas-1.6990209 |archive-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Shaw|2024|p=1}} killing at least 1,139{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024a|p=1}}{{sfn|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024}}{{#tag:ref|A small number of these deaths (it is unclear exactly how many) were a result of [[friendly fire]], including civilians killed by Israeli military fire while attempting to prevent their abduction by armed Palestinians and combatants killed as a result of the [[Hannibal Directive]].{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=5}}<ref name="Ynet240111">{{cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |author-link=Ronen Bergman |last2=Zitun |first2=Yoav |date=10 January 2024 |script-title=he:ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים |title=hahor'a: lemanoa mimchavlim lechzor le'eza tavivkel mechir, gam am yesh itam hatofim |trans-title=The instructions: prevent terrorists from returning to Gaza "at all costs" even if there are hostages with them |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[Ynet]] |language=he |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |script-quote=he:ההערכות הן כי בשטח שבין יישובי העוטף לרצועה נהרגו כאלף מחבלים ומסתננים. לא ברור בשלב זה כמה מהחטופים נהרגו בשל הפעלת הפקודה הזו. |quote=haha'arkot hen ki beshtach shvin yishuvi ha'otef lirtzu'a nehargu ke'elef mechavlim vemistananim. le brur beshlav ze kma mehachatofim nehargu beshel hifalet hapkuda hazu. |trans-quote=It is estimated that about a thousand terrorists and infiltrators were killed in the area between the settlements of the encirclement and the Strip. It is not clear at this stage how many of the hostages were killed as a result of the operation of this order.}}</ref><ref name="YA240112">{{cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |author1-link=Ronen Bergman |last2=Zitun |first2=Yoav |date=12 January 2024 |script-title=he:השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה |title=hashe'ot ha'roshonot shel hashevet hischura |trans-title=The first hours of Black Saturday |url=https://w.ynet.co.il/yediot/7-days/time-of-darkness |access-date=19 January 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118162157/https://w.ynet.co.il/yediot/7-days/time-of-darkness |archive-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[Yedioth Ahronoth]] |language=he |script-quote=he:הוראות לפתוח באש על רכבי מחבלים שדהרו לעזה, גם אם יש חשש שיש בהם חטופים—מעין גרסה מחודשת ל"נוהל חניבעל" |quote=hora'ot lefetuch bash al rakvi mechavlim shadheru le'eza, gam am yesh hashesh shish behem hatofim—me'in garsa mechodshet le "nohel haniva'al" |trans-quote=orders to open fire on terrorist vehicles that were racing to Gaza, even if there were concerns that they contained hostages—a kind of renewed version of the "Hannibal Procedure"}}</ref> There are up to 15 known civilian deaths from these causes: up to 13 in Be'eri, one from helicopter gunfire on a vehicle carrying a hostage,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/coi-report-a-hrc-56-26-27may24/ |title=Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel – Advance unedited version (A/HRC/56/26) |website=[[United Nations]] |date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613074028/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/coi-report-a-hrc-56-26-27may24/ |archive-date=13 June 2024}}</ref> and one in Kibbutz Alumim.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Breiner |first1=Josh |last2=Peleg |first2=Bar |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/nova-partygoer-was-misidentified-as-hamas-terrorist-on-oct-7-killed-by-israeli-forces/0000018d-d14f-df79-a5cd-f17f934d0000 |title=Israeli Nova partygoer was misidentified as Hamas terrorist on October 7 and killed by Israel forces |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240225062637/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-02-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/nova-partygoer-was-misidentified-as-hamas-terrorist-on-oct-7-killed-by-israeli-forces/0000018d-d14f-df79-a5cd-f17f934d0000 |archive-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> According to [[Ynet]], there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents on the part of IDF during the 7 October attack, accounting for a fifth of the 105 military deaths then recorded.<ref name="YnetFF">{{cite news |last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=12 December 2023 |title=One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports |language=en |work=[[Ynet]] |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |access-date=15 December 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214212217/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |archive-date=14 December 2023 |quote=Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} people, most of them [[Nova music festival massacre|civilians]].<ref name=F24231215>{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304185753/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |archive-date=4 March 2024}}</ref> The attack included grave acts of violence, including [[Sexual and gender-based violence in the October 7 attacks|sexual violence]].{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=5}} During the attack, Palestinian militant groups [[Gaza war hostage crisis|abducted 251 people from Israel]] to the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Sherwood|2023}} | {{Cite magazine |date=9 October 2023 |title=Images of the Mass Kidnapping of Israelis by Hamas |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/ |access-date=10 October 2023 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010012057/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/kidnappings-israel-hamas-photographs/675593/ |url-status=live}} | {{harvnb|Vinograd|Kershner|2023}} | {{harvnb|Kellman|2023}} | {{harvnb|Jones|Fidler|2023}} }}</ref> [[Israeli government response to the October 7 attacks|Israel responded]] with a highly destructive<ref>{{cite news |last=Dyer |first=Evan |date=30 December 2023 |title=Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/israel-gaza-bombing-hamas-civilian-casualties-1.7068647 |work=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630222241/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/israel-gaza-bombing-hamas-civilian-casualties-1.7068647 |archive-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|bombing campaign]] followed by an [[invasion of the Gaza Strip]] on 27 October.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}}
Hamas officials said the attack was a response to [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation of the West Bank]], desecration of the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of Gaza]], [[Israeli settler violence]] against Palestinians, and the [[Palestinians in Israeli custody|detention of thousands of Palestinians]], whom Hamas sought to release by taking Israeli hostages.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|McKernan|Michaelson|Graham-Harrison|Kierszenbaum|2023}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Luca |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |title=Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126123700/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |archive-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> Numerous commentators have identified Israeli occupation as a cause of the war.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Matar|2023}} | {{harvnb|Schenker|2023}} | {{harvnb|Barghouti|2023}} | {{harvnb|Federman|Adwan|2023}} }}</ref> Several human rights organisations, including [[Amnesty International]],{{sfn|Amnesty International|2022|pp=266–267}} [[B'Tselem]],<ref>{{harvnb|B'Tselem|2021}}: "A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive—all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met."</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |archive-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> have [[Israeli apartheid|likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid]]; Israel's supporters dispute this characterisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Israël: l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid" |language=fr |trans-title=Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime' |work=[[Le Figaro]] |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614002231/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |archive-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hutzler |first1=Alexandra |last2=Peller |first2=Lauren |date=19 July 2023 |title=House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state' |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030033122/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |archive-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> A July 2024 [[advisory opinion]] by the [[International Court of Justice]] [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|affirmed the occupation as illegal]] and said it violated the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=19 July 2024 |title=UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722174228/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Israeli government has said that the military actions it has undertaken are in response to the [[October 7 attacks]] and sought to destroy Hamas, overthrow its [[governance of the Gaza Strip]], and free Israeli hostages. It has denied that its military operations constitute genocide.<ref name="UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 64" />{{sfn|Casciani|2024a}}<ref name="TOI3-11-23" /> Multiple commentators argue that part of the motive is retaliation for the 7 October attacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Fassin|2024|pp=1–2}}; {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024a|pp=1, 3}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="Response">{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Mackenzie|Lubell|2023}}: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis ... Abbas ... said, 'Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.{{'"}} | {{harvnb|Antonio|2023}}: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted ... their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were 'taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. 'We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities,' ... Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians." | {{harvnb|Chacar|2023}} | {{harvnb|Smith|McCarthy|Londoño|Jordan|2023}} | {{harvnb|Nichols|2023}} | {{harvnb|Bishara|2023}} }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abraham|2024}}: {{'"}}There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations—so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. ... A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.'</ref> [[Nimer Sultany]] argues that [[anti-Palestinianism]] is also a motive.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=2–3}}
== Definitions of genocide and legal challenges == {{main|Genocide definitions}}
The 1948 United Nations [[Genocide Convention]] defines genocide as "''any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the [[Genocide by attrition|group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction]]''".{{sfn|United Nations|2014}}<ref name="Genocide Prevention">{{cite web |title=United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect |url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201103920/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=[[United Nations]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]] has never held a state liable for genocide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=11 January 2024 |title=ICJ case against Israel could finally empower the genocide convention |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/11/icj-case-against-israel-could-finally-empower-the-genocide-convention |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |quote=In 2007, the court [ICJ] ruled that Serbia had failed to prevent the 1995 genocide at Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a case of a victim taking an alleged perpetrator to court, but it has never yet held a state responsible for the commission of genocide.}}</ref><ref name="RSIL2024"/> The legal threshold for genocidal intent remains a major barrier to prosecution.<ref name="RSIL2024">{{cite web |last=Gehani |first=Brishna |date=16 February 2024 |title=Is the ICJ's standard of proof for genocide unattainable? |url=https://rsilpak.org/2024/is-the-icjs-standard-of-proof-for-genocide-unattainable/ |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Research Society of International Law |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219161802/https://rsilpak.org/2024/is-the-icjs-standard-of-proof-for-genocide-unattainable/ |url-status=live |archive-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
Scholars have developed broader sociological and cultural definitions that are distinct from the legal definition under the Genocide Convention.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lakin |first=Samantha |date=10 October 2024 |title=The Global Challenges of Defining Genocide: Responses to Renewed Debates |url=https://www.un.org/en/un-chronicle/global-challenges-defining-genocide-responses-renewed-debates |website=[[UN Chronicle]] |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=Definitions like [Helen] Fein's are broader in nature and can be considered as more applicable to contemporary and complex violent conflicts. Sociological definitions provide new ways of understanding genocide. They do not replace the legal definition; rather, each definition serves a different purpose.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Novic|2016|p=8}}: "Doctrinal opinions can be split into two categories: those who advocate for a broader understanding of the crime, as Larry May does, and those who consider, on the basis of the 1948 Genocide Convention, that genocide should be thought of exclusively in physical and biological terms while cultural genocide should rather be addressed as a human rights issue, per William A. Schabas."</ref> The public perception of what genocide means is also broader than the legal definition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bellinger |first1=John |last2=Haines |first2=Avril |date=17 April 2019 |title=By Any Other Name: Thoughts on U.S. Genocide Determinations |url=https://www.cfr.org/articles/any-other-name-thoughts-us-genocide-determinations |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=Although the 1948 Genocide Convention contains a legal definition of genocide, it is narrower than the public perception of what "genocide" means.}}</ref> As to the legal definition, there has been scholarly advocacy for expanding or adjusting it, while others seek to adhere to the original intent under the Genocide Convention.<ref>{{harvnb|Grigor|2025|p=}}: "recent debates show that scholars still differ in their perspectives on this topic, with some advocating for a narrow interpretation of the term, limiting its use to its original intent of referring solely to the Shoah, while others are in favor of expanding and softening this concept"</ref>{{pn|date=May 2026}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Stahn |first=Carsten |date=2019 |title=A Critical Introduction to International Criminal Law |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Critical_Introduction_to_International/1FN-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=genocide+%22legal+definition%22+narrower&pg=PA51 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=50–51 |quote=The trend to expand genocide remains contested. The new 'law on genocide' seeks to reinforce the prohibition of genocide....}}</ref>
The original definition coined by [[Raphael Lemkin]] was broader than that used by the Genocide Convention and included [[Cultural genocide|cultural and social destruction]]. In contrast, orthodox scholarly definitions emphasise actions targeting a group's physical survival.{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024b|p=14}}{{sfn|McDoom|2024|p=3}} No minimum number of victims<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal concepts and questions |url=https://iimm.un.org/legal-concepts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808100717/https://iimm.un.org/legal-concepts/ |url-status=live |archive-date=8 August 2024 |website=Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar |quote=There is no minimum number of victims, but the part of the group targeted must be significant enough that its destruction would impact the group as a whole.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Large number of victims |website=ICTR/ICTY/IRMCT Case Law Database |url=https://cld.irmct.org/notions/show/508/large-number-of-victims# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825165026/https://cld.irmct.org/notions/show/508/large-number-of-victims |archive-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals]] |quote=The Appeals Chamber found...As to the conviction for genocide, there need not be a large number of victims to enter a genocide conviction.}}</ref>{{sfn|UNHR|2024|pp=24–25}} or intended victims<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Stanton |first1=Gregory H |author-link=Gregory Stanton |date=25 May 2025 |title=Israel's Twelve Tactics of Denial |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/israel-s-twelve-tactics-of-denial |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=[[Genocide Watch]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=Many who have not read the Genocide Convention think genocide can only be proven if the intent is to destroy a whole people. But the Convention clearly states that intent to destroy part of a people is enough to prove genocide.}}</ref> is required to establish the crime, nor is complete destruction of the group.{{sfn|Ohlin|2009|p=}}{{pn|date=May 2026}} In the [[Rohingya genocide case]], several states contended that the ICJ should "adopt a balanced approach that recognizes the special gravity of the crime of genocide, without rendering the threshold for inferring [[genocidal intent]] so difficult to meet so as to make findings of genocide near-impossible."{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024a|p=13}}
== Genocidal intent and incitement == {{Main|Intent and incitement in the Gaza genocide}}
[[File:Palestinians under the rubble after Israeli airstrike of homes in the Gaza Strip.jpg|thumb|Palestinians under the rubble after [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip]]]] Experts affirm that statements by Israeli political and military leaders{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2}}<ref name="Asem2025">{{cite news |last=Asem |first=Sondos |date=14 August 2025 |title=Israel's war on Gaza: Why do legal experts say it's genocide? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-gaza-why-experts-say-genocide-international-law |url-status=live |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819152628/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-gaza-why-experts-say-genocide-international-law |archive-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>—coupled with [[eliminationist]] media rhetoric and Israel's conduct in Gaza—indicate [[genocidal intent]] and [[Incitement to genocide|incitement]] against the [[Palestinian people]] in Gaza.<ref name="Asem2025" /> Israeli officials and journalists{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Kulkarni|2023}}{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=67}} have made verbal statements that [[Palestinians as animals in Israeli discourse|dehumanise Palestinians]] and [[Incitement to genocide|incite]], [[Genocide justification|justify]], or praise atrocities against them as a group.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|UN Commission of Inquiry report|2025|p=54}}: "The Commission finds that many statements made by Israeli officials contain dehumanising sentiments that encourage hatred toward Palestinians and violence against Palestinians and are consistent with the pattern of conduct...that point to an intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a group. The Commission considers that these statements by Israeli officials are reasonably interpreted as statements expressing an intent to destroy the Palestinian group in Gaza and they have been acted on as such by Israeli security forces in the Gaza Strip. They are direct evidence of dolus specialis." | {{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=|pp=26–35}}: "Bearing in mind that...the othering and dehumanization of the protected group and that the use of derogatory language...can provide evidence of genocidal intent, Amnesty International examined Israeli officials' use of dehumanizing, racist and derogatory rhetoric against Palestinians.... It reviewed 102 statements made by Israeli government officials, high-ranking military officers and members of the Knesset made between 7 October 2023 and 30 June 2024 which dehumanized Palestinians, or called for, or justified, genocidal acts or other crimes under international law against them." | {{harvnb|Kulkarni|2023}}: "Army's spokesperson Daniel Hagari, who bragged of dropping 'thousands of tons of munitions'...had no qualms admitting that 'we're focused on what causes maximum damage', rather than 'accuracy'. Referring to Palestinians as 'human animals', Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, who prided in having 'released all the restraints' on the military, had said in the early days of the war that 'we will eliminate everything' in Gaza...Legitimizing the mass killing of civilians in Gaza, Israeli President Isaac Herzog had declared that 'an entire nation out there is responsible' for the October 7 attack on Israel by Hamas, arguing that the 'rhetoric' about innocent civilians is 'absolutely not true.'... 'This practice of casting an entire population as enemies, as legitimate military targets, is a common genocidal mechanism,' Raz Segal, a prominent Jewish Israeli scholar of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, said in his remarks at the panel discussion." }}</ref>{{sfn|Gessen|2024}} Genocidal intent is also evidenced by the [[Casualties of the Gaza war|scale]] and systematic nature of actions that exceed any legitimate military objective<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Al-Waheidi|2025}}: "Fyfe, the Washington and Lee University legal scholar, said, 'Genocide can occur within or outside of war. But it is never permissible, even if the war itself is. So war is not a defense...If a military leader intends to gain land and removing a group is the only way to do it, that's not necessarily genocide. But if the only reasonable inference from a siege or campaign is that the group itself is being destroyed as such, then that is genocidal intent...I do not think it is reasonable to claim that the siege is a military objective, given that Hamas is already crippled."{{px2}}" | {{harvnb|Gurmendi Dunkelberg|2025|p=21}} | {{harvnb|Jamshidi|2024b}} }}</ref><ref name="Asem2025" />—including the [[Intent and incitement in the Gaza genocide#Extensive targeting of children|extensive targeting of children]],<ref name="UN Commission of Inquiry report 2025 64">{{harvnb|UN Commission of Inquiry report|2025|p=64}}: "The extensive and deliberate targeting of Palestinian children shows that the military operations were not conducted solely to defeat Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups, nor can they legitimately contribute to the other stated goals of defending the state of Israel and securing the release of Israeli hostages."</ref><ref name="Asem2025" /><ref name="IAGSResolution"/> widespread sexual violence,<ref>{{harvnb|UN Commission of Inquiry report|2025|p=25}}: "Whether targeting women, men, boys or girls, sexual violence was conducted not just to degrade and humiliate profoundly the direct victims but to punish the Palestinian group as a whole."</ref> [[Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|destruction of cultural heritage]],<ref>{{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=32}}:</ref><ref name="whywecall" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Widescale destruction of cultural heritage in Gaza |url=https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2024/01/widescale-destruction-of-cultural-heritage-in-gaza/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=[[Museums Association]] |language=en-US |quote=The destruction of cultural heritage, which Palestinians have accused Israel of targeting deliberately, was cited as evidence in South Africa's case to the UN International Court of Justice that the state is committing acts of genocide in Gaza. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818185206/https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2024/01/widescale-destruction-of-cultural-heritage-in-gaza/ |archive-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> and imposition of [[Gaza humanitarian crisis|life-destroying conditions]]<ref>{{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=213}}: "The nature of the conditions of life that Israel imposed on Palestinians in Gaza following 7 October 2023 indicates that the destruction of the group, as such, was their intended outcome. The Israeli authorities decided to impose a total siege on Gaza on 9 October 2023...fully aware that this would necessarily cause and exacerbate malnutrition, hunger, the outbreak of multiple diseases and, ultimately, bring Gaza to the brink of famine. Indeed, Israel must have been aware of the 'objective probability' that these conditions of life would lead to the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, a factor identified as probative of intent."</ref>{{sfn|Quigley|2024a}}—together with the persistence of these practices despite awareness of their catastrophic effects.<ref>{{harvnb|UN Commission of Inquiry report|2025|p=62}}: "The Commission finds that the Israeli authorities were aware that, by destroying the healthcare system throughout Gaza, their actions would lead to the destruction of Palestinians as a group... the systematic and complete destruction of the healthcare system in Gaza, the siege-induced deprivation of medical necessities... were part of the intent to destroy Palestinians in Gaza by preventing their capacity and possibility to heal, recover and live"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lederman|2025|p=2}}: "The case of Gaza...shows us again why the meaning of intent in the Genocide Convention should be reinterpreted...to include the foreseeable consequences of a given policy when its meaning is the genocidal destruction of a group or a severe harm to it as a group—a knowledge-based rather than purpose-based concept of genocide. Such a concept points to...moving away from the focus on obscure mental states of individual perpetrators to the collective process that leads to genocide."</ref>
{{Quote box|"I have ordered a complete siege on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals, and we are acting accordingly."{{#tag:ref|[[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]]: {{lang|he|״הוריתי להטיל מצור מוחלט על רצועת עזה. לא יהיה חשמל, לא יהיה מזון, לא יהיה דלק הכל סגור. אנחנו נלחמים בחיות אדם ואנחנו נוהגים בהתאם״|rtl=y}}|group=lower-alpha}} | author = – [[Yoav Gallant]], Minister of Defense of Israel, on 9 October 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |script-title=he:מדיניות נקמה יצאה לדרך; ישראל מבצעת פשעי מלחמה בעזה |title=mediniot nikma yetza'a lidrach; yisral mivtza'at pashe'i milchama be'eza |trans-title=A policy of revenge is underway; Israel is committing war crimes in Gaza |url=https://www.btselem.org/hebrew/press_releases/20231010_revenge_policy_in_motion_israel_committing_war_crimes_in_gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119111743/https://www.btselem.org/hebrew/press_releases/20231010_revenge_policy_in_motion_israel_committing_war_crimes_in_gaza |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=[[B'Tselem]] |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Gaza/Palestine: States have a Duty to Prevent Genocide |url=https://www.icj.org/resource/gaza-occupied-palestinian-territory-states-have-a-duty-to-prevent-genocide/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924011619/https://www.icj.org/resource/gaza-occupied-palestinian-territory-states-have-a-duty-to-prevent-genocide/ |archive-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/2475688039283347/ |script-title=he:הוריתי להטיל מצור מוחלט על עזה. אנחנו נלחמים בחיות אדם, ונוהגים בהתאם. |title=horiti lehatil metzur muchlat al aza. anachanu nilchmim bechayot adam, venohagim behitam |trans-title=I have ordered a complete blockade of Gaza. We are fighting human beings, and we are acting accordingly. |date=9 October 2023 |first=Yoav |last=Gallant |author-link=Yoav Gallant |language=he |access-date=30 September 2025 |via=www.facebook.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123173104/https://www.facebook.com/reel/2475688039283347/ |archive-date=23 November 2025}}</ref> | align = right | width = 250px }}
Both a [[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory|United Nations commission of inquiry]] and [[Amnesty International]] documented a "pattern of conduct" by Israeli authorities, concluding that genocidal intent is the "only reasonable inference" that can be drawn from the evidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=35}}: "The evidence presented in the report clearly shows that the destruction of Palestinians in Gaza, as such, was Israel's intent—either in addition to or as a means to achieve its military aims. There is only one reasonable inference that can be drawn from the evidence presented: genocidal intent has been part and parcel of Israel's conduct in Gaza since 7 October 2023, including its military campaign."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|UN Commission of Inquiry report|2025|p=64}}: "On the basis of fully conclusive evidence, the Commission finds that statements made by Israeli authorities are direct evidence of genocidal intent. Additionally, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, the Commission finds that genocidal intent was the only reasonable inference that could be drawn, based on the pattern of conduct of the Israeli authorities. Thus, the Commission concludes that the Israeli authorities and Israeli security forces have the genocidal intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip."</ref> Other organisations that have attributed genocidal intent to the actions or statements of Israeli officials include a [[Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People|United Nations panel]]{{sfn|Kulkarni|2023}}{{sfn|Condon|Condon|2024}} and [[Genocide Watch]].<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Stanton|2025b}} | {{harvnb|Condon|Condon|2024}} | {{harvnb|Kulkarni|2023}} }}</ref><ref name="twailr">{{harvnb|"Public Statement: Scholars Warn"|2023}}</ref> As part of ''[[Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden]]'', the historian [[Barry Trachtenberg]] said that the rhetoric used by Israeli officials underlies the consensus among genocide historians that the situation in Gaza constitutes genocide.{{sfn|Gessen|2024}} [[Navi Pillay]], the chair of the UN commission of inquiry, compared the statements of Israeli politicians to the genocidal incitement during the [[Rwandan genocide]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |date=3 November 2025 |title=World must fight Israel's genocide in Gaza like it did apartheid, pioneering South African judge says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/04/world-must-fight-israel-genocide-gaza-like-aparthied-navi-pillay |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105173449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/04/world-must-fight-israel-genocide-gaza-like-aparthied-navi-pillay |archive-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>
In September 2025, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, president [[Isaac Herzog]], and former defence minister [[Yoav Gallant]] were found by a United Nations commission of inquiry to have engaged in "direct and public [[incitement to commit genocide]]".{{sfn|UN Commission of Inquiry report|2025|pp=64–67}} Israeli leaders' [[Intent and incitement in the Gaza genocide#Amalek|repeated references]] to [[Amalek]]—the biblical enemy of Israelites whose annihilation is commanded by God—have been considered evidence of genocidal intent by many critics,<ref>{{harvnb|Bartov|2023}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2024}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Coghill|2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted||{{harvnb|Marin|West|2024}}|{{harvnb|Bybelezer|2023}}|{{harvnb|Jones|2024}}|{{harvnb|Netanyahu|2023}}}}</ref> including South Africa.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Goldenberg|2024}} | {{harvnb|Schmitz|2024}} | {{harvnb|Coghill|2024}} | {{harvnb|Bartov|2023}} }}</ref><ref name="McGreal 2023">{{cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |author-link=Chris McGreal |date=13 November 2023 |title=US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121091027/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |archive-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
== Onset == [[B'Tselem]], the [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|South African legal case against Israel]], and some scholars who argue Israel is committing genocide argument give 7 October as its start date.<ref>{{harvnb|Jamshidi|2024a|pp=1–4}}: "In its application to the ICJ, South Africa describes Israel's entire campaign inside Gaza since 7 October as genocidal."</ref>{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024a|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=82}} According to B'Tselem, "The genocidal assault on the residents of Gaza, and on all Palestinians as a group, cannot be understood without acknowledging the impact of the 7 October attack on Israeli society. The shock, fear and humiliation elicited by the attack, and the societal upheaval it triggered, served as a driving force for a shift in government policy toward the Palestinians—from oppression and control to destruction and annihilation."{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=5}}
During the first 48 hours of Israel's retaliatory attack, IDF chief [[Herzi Halevi]] reported that the IDF attacked 1,000 targets. According to his wife, he told her that "Gaza will be destroyed". Reportedly, Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] subsequently said he wanted 5,000 targets to be attacked, even though the IDF had not confirmed 5,000 enemy targets. Artificial intelligence was used to generate a list of targets, in many cases based on unconfirmed or outdated intelligence. About 10,000 Palestinians were killed in a month, including entire families. Shmuel Lederman called this "as criminal as it gets".{{sfn|Lederman|2025|p=7}} [[Martin Shaw (sociologist)|Martin Shaw]] and [[A. Dirk Moses]] argue that this "front-loaded violence" makes it harder to argue that the genocide began after the initial Israeli attack on Gaza.{{sfn|Shaw|2025b|p=3}}{{sfn|Moses|2025|p=12}}
On 13 October 2023, the historian [[Raz Segal]] said Israel was committing a "textbook case of genocide". He was one of the first scholars to do so.{{sfn|Klein|2025}} Others argue that the war was initially legitimate and the genocide started later, in 2024 or 2025.{{sfn|Shaw|2025b|p=3}}{{sfn|Moses|2025|p=12}} In September 2024, a UN [[Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People|Special Committee]] concluded, "the policies and practices of Israel during the reporting period [i.e. October 2023 to July 2024] are consistent with the characteristics of genocide."{{sfn|OHCHR|2024d|pp=1, 25–26}}
== Genocidal acts == {{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/1/2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = A newborn baby was killed as a result of the Israeli airstrike of Nuseirat camp, Gaza Strip.jpg | image2 = Palestinians injured by an Israeli airstrike in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip 2.jpg | image3 = An injured child receives treatment at Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital after Israeli airstrike of the Nuseirat refugee camp, Gaza Strip.jpg | image4 = Tasnim News Agency - Report from child casualties in Gaza.webm | footer_align = center | footer = '''Clockwise from top''': {{startflatlist}} * A [[newborn baby]] killed as a result of an Israeli airstrike * Palestinians injured by an Israeli airstrike in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip * Video interviews conducted with several survivors of October 2023 Israeli airstrikes * An injured child receives treatment at Al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital after [[December 2024 Nuseirat refugee camp attack|Israeli airstrike in the Nuseirat refugee camp]], Gaza Strip {{endflatlist}} }}
=== Mass killings and physical harm ===
==== Direct killings ==== {{see also|War crimes in the Gaza war#By Israel|Gaza humanitarian crisis|Casualties of the Gaza war}} UN experts and human rights organisations have characterised Israel's actions in Gaza as [[Extermination (crime)|extermination]],<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Murphy|2025}}: "U.N. experts said in a report on Tuesday that Israel committed the crime against humanity of 'extermination' by killing civilians sheltering in schools and religious sites in Gaza, part of a 'concerted campaign to obliterate Palestinian life.{{'"}} | {{Cite web |date=19 December 2024 |title=Israel's Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070734/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza |archive-date=18 September 2025}} | {{harvnb|Condon|Condon|2024}} | {{harvnb|Bayoumi|2025}}: "...today it is Israel's acts of extermination and genocide of Palestinians in Gaza, funded and enabled at every turn by a complicit west..." | {{harvnb|Nashed|2025}}: {{"'}}The fact that the claims made by the RSF in Sudan resemble the claims Israel is making in Gaza ... reveals the emergence of a template to commit mass extermination and even genocide,' said Luigi Daniele, a senior lecturer on IHL at Nottingham Law School." }}</ref> a [[crime against humanity]] that involves "the act of killing on a large scale". During the [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|first two months of bombing]], Israel dropped 25,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza Strip. Many of these were unguided bombs dropped in densely populated areas, obliterating entire neighbourhoods.{{sfn|Albanese|2024a|pp=6–7}} Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of extrajudicial killing of unarmed Palestinians<ref>{{cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |date=14 December 2023 |title=Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118123911/https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Frankel |first=Julia |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israeli military opens probe after videos show Israeli forces killing 2 Palestinians at close range |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-gaza-war-east-jerusalem-shooting-army-23338c903c08bdd3e5fade3e2a048ab1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124200810/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-gaza-war-east-jerusalem-shooting-army-23338c903c08bdd3e5fade3e2a048ab1 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> and healthcare personnel.<ref name="Salman & Khadder 2023">{{cite news |last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Khadder |first2=Kareem |date=23 December 2023 |title=Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at hospital Israel says was Hamas 'command center' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205231745/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Israeli soldiers have killed Palestinian civilians, with a December 2023 UN report stating that they allegedly shot them in front of their families.{{sfn|UNHR|2024|pp=37–38}} In January 2024, Israeli soldiers shot at civilians waving [[white flag]]s, killing one.{{sfn|UNHR|2024|pp=37–38}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=Video shows Gaza civilian shot and killed in group waving white flag |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/video-shows-gaza-civilian-shot-and-killed-in-group-waving-white-flag-202880581884 |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |quote=... video of a group of unarmed civilians waving a white flag in a designated Khan Younis "safe zone" being fired on, apparently by Israeli troops positioned nearby. One of the men was fatally wounded in the incident. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926124214/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/video-shows-gaza-civilian-shot-and-killed-in-group-waving-white-flag-202880581884 |archive-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> Doctors have identified numerous Palestinian children with single gunshot wounds to the head and chest, consistent with intentional targeting by Israeli forces.<ref name="volkskrant">{{cite news |last1=Effting |first1=Maud |date=13 September 2025 |last2=Feenstra |first2=Willem |title=What the Wounds Are Telling Us |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/kijkverder/v/2025/gunshot-palestine-children-israel-war~v1819649/ |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=[[De Volkskrant]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913185156/https://www.volkskrant.nl/kijkverder/v/2025/gunshot-palestine-children-israel-war~v1819649/ |url-status=live |archive-date=13 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
In April 2024, [[Gaza Strip mass graves|mass graves]] were found containing over 300 corpses,{{sfn|UNHR|2024|p=40}}<ref name="un-1148876">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2024 |title=Mass graves in Gaza show victims' hands were tied, says UN rights office |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148876 |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |quote=A total of 283 bodies were recovered at Nasser Hospital ... 'Among the deceased were allegedly older people, women and wounded, while others were found tied with their hands...tied and stripped of their clothes' ... 'Reports suggest that there were 30 Palestinian bodies buried in two graves in the courtyard of Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City ... There are reports that the hands of some of these bodies were also tied' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503081228/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148876 |archive-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> allegedly including older people, women and wounded,<ref name="un-1148876"/> and others with their hands tied.<ref name="un-1148876"/> The IDF said accusations that it caused the killings were "baseless and unfounded",<ref name="toi-mass-graves">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=23 April 2024 |title=IDF rejects 'baseless' claim it dug mass graves at Gaza hospital; analysts also doubt charge |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-rejects-baseless-claim-it-dug-mass-graves-at-gaza-hospital-analysts-also-doubt-charge/ |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423182223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-rejects-baseless-claim-it-dug-mass-graves-at-gaza-hospital-analysts-also-doubt-charge/}}</ref> and that during its operation "in the area of Nasser Hospital, in accordance to the effort to locate hostages and missing persons, corpses buried by Palestinians in the area of Nasser Hospital were examined."<ref name="cnn-mass-graves">{{cite news |first1=Abeer |last1=Salman |first2=Ibrahim |last2=Dahman |first3=Tim |last3=Lister |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/middleeast/khan-younis-nasser-hospital-mass-grave-intl/index.html |title=More than 300 bodies found in mass grave at Gaza hospital, says Gaza Civil Defense |date=22 April 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055513/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/middleeast/khan-younis-nasser-hospital-mass-grave-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It added, "Bodies examined, which did not belong to [[Israeli hostages]], were returned to their place."<ref name="cnn-mass-graves"/><ref name="nytimes-mass-graves">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/23/world/middleeast/gaza-mass-grave.html |title=U.N. Calls for Inquiry Into Mass Graves at 2 Gaza Hospitals |first1=Liam |last1=Stack |first2=Hiba |last2=Yazbek |first3=Nick |last3=Cumming-Bruce |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 April 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424003525/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/23/world/middleeast/gaza-mass-grave.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
At least 14,000 Palestinians had been killed in Gaza by December 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-authorities-identify-gaza-hostages-dead-captivity-2023-12-01/ |title=Israeli authorities identify Gaza hostages dead captivity |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=10 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110121934/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-authorities-identify-gaza-hostages-dead-captivity-2023-12-01/ |archive-date=10 November 2025}}</ref> In late 2024, a study limited only to those fatalities confirmed by at least three independent sources, and only from November 2023 to April 2024 (about 8,100 people), corroborated previous reports by the UN and news outlets that 70% of fatalities were women and children.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Faddoul|Shannon|Asghar|Boukari|2024|pp=25–26}} | {{harvnb|Saric|2024}} | {{harvnb|Thomas|2023}} | {{harvnb|Associated Press|2023a}} | {{harvnb|Sawafta|Fick|2023}} | {{cite web |title=Nearly 25,000 Palestinians killed during 70-day Israeli genocide in Gaza |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6035/Nearly-25,000-Palestinians-killed-during-70-day-Israeli-genocide-in-Gaza |publisher=[[Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor]] |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142411/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6035/Nearly-25,000-Palestinians-killed-during-70-day-Israeli-genocide-in-Gaza |url-status=live |archive-date=20 December 2023}} | {{harvnb|Burga|2023}} }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Per the [[Gaza Health Ministry]] and Government Information Office by 3 January 2024, over 22,300 people had been confirmed dead.<ref name="cas1tmp4">{{cite magazine |title=Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll Hits 22,313 |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news |access-date=3 January 2024 |magazine=[[Barron's]] |date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103101715/https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} As of 31 August 2024, data from the Ministry of Health (only for those of the dead who were fully identified, about 34,000 people at the time) showed that 60% of those killed were women, children, and the elderly.{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|2024b}} Eleven months later (31 July 2025) the number of those of the dead who were fully identified reached 60,199, 52.6% of whom were women, children, and the elderly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/ar/updates/killed-in-gaza-update-2025-08-17/ |title=Killed in Gaza |website=[[Tech for Palestine]] |date=17 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224002852/https://data.techforpalestine.org/ar/updates/killed-in-gaza-update-2025-08-17/ |archive-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-sitrep-184-15aug25/ |title=UNRWA Situation Report #184 |website=[[United Nations]] |date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817183430/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-sitrep-184-15aug25/ |archive-date=17 August 2025}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|47.4% were non-elderly men, 30.7% were children, 17.1% were non-elderly women, 3.0% were elderly men and 1.9% were elderly women.|group=lower-alpha}}
By 14 January 2024, over 23,900 Gazans had been confirmed killed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nashed |first1=Mat |last2=Cordall |first2=Simon Speakman |date=14 January 2024 |title=Israel's 100 days of relentless war on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2024/1/14/israels-100-days-of-relentless-war-on-gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229143219/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2024/1/14/israels-100-days-of-relentless-war-on-gaza |archive-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> By 10 May, deaths had topped 35,000, a third of them unidentified, with over 10,000 more estimated to be buried under the rubble.<ref name="KhatibMcKeeYusuf"/> Within the first three weeks, the Israeli assault killed more children in Gaza than were killed worldwide across all conflict zones in any year since 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Gaza: 3,195 Children Killed in Three Weeks Surpasses Annual Number of Children Killed in Conflict Zones Since 2019 |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-three-weeks-surpasses-annual-number-children-killed-conflict-zones |website=[[Save the Children]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103044022/https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-three-weeks-surpasses-annual-number-children-killed-conflict-zones |archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Qutami|2023|p=531}} Over 52,000 people had been wounded by December 2023,{{sfn|Thomas|2023}}{{sfn|Associated Press|2023a}} and by May 2024 this number had risen to over 77,700.{{sfn|United Nations in Palestine|2024}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adler |first1=Nils |last2=Uras |first2=Umut |date=5 May 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza live: Netanyahu accused of 'sabotaging' truce talks – Gaza death toll reaches 34,683 as Israeli offensive continues |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-neither-side-willing-to-budge-in-truce-talks?update=2880155 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505130049/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-neither-side-willing-to-budge-in-truce-talks?update=2880155 |archive-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> As of 10 October 2025, the Gaza Health Ministry reports that at least 67,194 Gazans were killed, which is between 3% and 4% of Gaza's total population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/18/gaza-tracker |title=Gaza tracker |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009155809/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/18/gaza-tracker |archive-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>
''[[+972 Magazine]]'' and ''Local Call'' reported that the IDF decided early in the war to authorise killing up to 15 to 20 civilians per low-ranking militant, while for a senior militant killing more than 100 civilians was authorised. According to six Israeli intelligence officers, a major factor in the high death toll is the military's practice of striking targets in their homes with their families present, chosen partly because automated intelligence systems make those residences easier to identify.<ref>{{harvnb|Abraham|2024}}: "the sources ['six Israeli intelligence officers, who have all served in the army during the current war on the Gaza Strip and had first-hand involvement with the use of AI to generate targets for assassination'] explained that a major reason for the unprecedented death toll from Israel's current bombardment is the fact that the army has systematically attacked targets in their private homes, alongside their families — in part because it was easier from an intelligence standpoint to mark family houses using automated systems."</ref> Another intelligence officer said that in targeting junior militants, Israel used only [[dumb bomb]]s, which can destroy entire buildings, to not "waste expensive bombs on unimportant people".{{sfn|Abraham|2024}}
In March 2024, ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that some Israeli commanders had set up "kill zones" in which soldiers were [[Rules of engagement|commanded to kill]] anyone on sight, even if they were unarmed.{{sfn|Kubovich|2024a}}{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=11}} According to an Israeli officer, "in practice, a terrorist is anyone the IDF has killed in the areas in which its forces operate."{{sfn|Kubovich|2024a}}{{#tag:ref|In the original Hebrew article the Haaretz reporter used the term "Extermination Zones" ({{lang|he|שטחי ההשמדה}}, {{lang|he-latn|Shtachei Hashmada}}){{sfn|Kubovich|2024b}} instead of the English version term "Kill Zone".|group=lower-alpha}} In June, the [[Associated Press]] found that Israel's campaign in Gaza was killing entire bloodlines of Palestinians to a "degree never seen before".<ref>{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sara |date=17 June 2024 |title=Investigation identifies entire Palestinian families killed by Israeli strikes in Gaza |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/investigation-identifies-entire-palestinian-families-killed-by-israeli-strikes-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619102152/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/investigation-identifies-entire-palestinian-families-killed-by-israeli-strikes-in-gaza |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[PBS News Hour]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> According to testimony given to the Israeli [[Knesset]], Israeli soldiers driving [[IDF Caterpillar D9|armoured bulldozers]] had been ordered to "run over terrorists, dead and alive, in the hundreds".<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Israeli soldiers returning from war struggle with trauma and suicide |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-825955 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241024174515/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-825955 |archive-date=24 October 2024}} | {{harvnb|Cook|2024}} | {{harvnb|Ebrahim|2024}} | {{Cite news |date=24 October 2024 |title=Not the Onion: CNN highlights 'suffering' of Israeli army bulldozer driver who ran over so many people in Gaza it made him turn vegetarian |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-soldier-can-no-longer-eat-meat-after-killing-gaza |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[The New Arab]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241102160153/https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-soldier-can-no-longer-eat-meat-after-killing-gaza |archive-date=2 November 2024}} }}</ref>[[File:Al-Tabieen school massacre 05.jpg|thumb|Bags of burned, dismembered limbs, called {{Lang|ar|[[ashlaa]]}} ({{Lang|ar|أشلاء}}) in Arabic,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaloub-Kevorkian |first=Nadera |date=2024-10-31 |title=Ashlaa' and the Genocide in Gaza: Livability against Fragmented Flesh |url=https://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/ashlaa-and-the-genocide-in-gaza |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Society for Cultural Anthropology |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu-Sittah |first=Ghassan |date=2024-10-31 |title=The Character of Settler-Colonial Violence |url=https://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/the-character-of-settler-colonial-violence |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Society for Cultural Anthropology |language=en}}</ref> from the 10 August 2024 [[Al-Tabaeen school attack|Israeli airstrike on the Al-Tabaeen School]], which was hosting [[Internally displaced person|displaced]] sheltering Palestinians.|286x286px]] The proportion of women and children among the dead is disputed,<ref name="Horton et al.">{{Cite news |last1=Horton |first1=Jake |last2=Sardarizadeh |first2=Shayan |last3=Durbin |first3=Adam |date=16 May 2024 |title=Gaza war: Why is the UN citing lower death toll for women and children? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711140750/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ioanes |first=Ellen |date=17 May 2024 |title=The controversy over Gaza's death toll, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2024/5/17/24159263/gaza-deaths-israel-hamas-hospital-ministry-health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625225820/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2024/5/17/24159263/gaza-deaths-israel-hamas-hospital-ministry-health |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> but the names, gender, and age of 60,000+ of the victims are known and published.<ref name="techforpalestine-kills">{{cite web |url=https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/ |title=Killed in Gaza |website=[[Tech for Palestine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231024151/https://data.techforpalestine.org/docs/killed-in-gaza/ |archive-date=31 December 2025}}</ref> On 7 May 2024, total deaths quoted by the UN were 34,735, of which 24,686 are fully identified: 52% women and children, 8% elderly of all genders, and 40% men.<ref name="Horton et al." /> In November 2024, the UN published an analysis covering 8,119 fatalities that were verified by at least three independent sources, between November 2023 and April 2024, with 70% of them women and children.{{sfn|Saric|2024}} As of 31 August 2024, per the Gaza Ministry of Health, the number of fatalities had risen to 40,691, 34,344 identified by name: 17,652 (51%) women and children, 2,955 (9%) elderly of all genders (defined as those aged 60 or older), and 13,737 (40%) men.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zerrouky |first=Madjid |date=21 September 2024 |title=Gaza's Health Ministry reveals names of several thousand dead, over 11,355 of them are minors |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/09/21/gaza-s-health-ministry-reveals-names-of-several-thousand-dead-over-11-355-of-them-are-minors_6726814_4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926222850/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/09/21/gaza-s-health-ministry-reveals-names-of-several-thousand-dead-over-11-355-of-them-are-minors_6726814_4.html |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|2024b}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Health official says polio vaccine campaign begins in war-torn Gaza |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240831-health-official-says-polio-vaccine-campaign-begins-in-war-torn-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923003419/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240831-health-official-says-polio-vaccine-campaign-begins-in-war-torn-gaza |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> A year later (31 July 2025), per the Gaza Ministry of Health, the number of fatalities identified by name reached 60,199: 28,728 (48%) were women and children, 2,928 (5%) were elderly of all genders (defined as those aged 65 or older), and 28,543 (47%) were men. A minimum of 18,457 children had been killed since October 2023.<ref name="techforpalestine-kills" /> In November 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that 1,410 Gazan families had been completely erased from the civil registry as a result of Israeli bombings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saab |first=Sheren Falah |title=Entire Families Were Crushed in Gaza by Israeli Airstrikes. Not Even Memories Remain |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-12-05/ty-article-magazine/.premium/entire-families-crushed-in-gaza-by-israeli-airstrikes-not-even-memories-remain/00000193-92bf-dfe8-a5db-fbff98170000 |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241206080712/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-12-05/ty-article-magazine/.premium/entire-families-crushed-in-gaza-by-israeli-airstrikes-not-even-memories-remain/00000193-92bf-dfe8-a5db-fbff98170000 |archive-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> Data collection has become increasingly difficult for the Gaza Health Ministry due to the destruction of infrastructure.<ref name="KhatibMcKeeYusuf" /> The ministry has had to supplement its usual reporting based on hospital dead with other sources of information,<ref name="KhatibMcKeeYusuf" /> including reports by the media and first responders as well as families and widows, who must formally register their husbands' deaths to qualify for government assistance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=van der Merwe |first=Ben |date=4 April 2024 |title=Israel-Hamas war: Gaza's morgue network has effectively collapsed – how are they recording their dead? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-health-system-collapse-in-gaza-leaves-authorities-struggling-to-count-the-dead-13107279 |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=[[Sky News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424190142/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-health-system-collapse-in-gaza-leaves-authorities-struggling-to-count-the-dead-13107279 |archive-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> Professor [[Michael Spagat]] found an urgent need for a transparent methodology to reconcile its top-line death numbers—34,535 as of 30 April 2024—with its detailed breakdowns, including only those of the dead who were fully identified, summing to 24,653 on the same date.<ref name="Spagat 2024a" /> By August 2025, this gap between the number of victims and the number of fully identified vicitms became smaller (about 62,000 vs. about 60,000), as more victims were identified.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/160545 | title=Gaza death toll surges to 62,192 as Israel continues the genocide | website=Wafa | date=21 August 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260414010023/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/160545 |archive-date= 14 April 2026|access-date=14 April 2026 }}</ref> The ministry's figures for the total number killed have been contested by Israeli authorities but accepted as accurate by Israeli intelligence services, the UN, and the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="KhatibMcKeeYusuf" /> More recently, ''The Guardian'' has reported that a classified IDF database registered 8,900 killed militants. This and GHM's data imply a civilian death rate of 83%, which exceeds that of any conflict since 1989 except the [[Rwandan genocide]], the [[Siege of Mariupol]], and the [[Siege of Srebrenica]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |last2=Abraham |first2=Yuval |date=21 August 2025 |title=Revealed: Israeli military's own data indicates civilian death rate of 83% in Gaza war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/aug/21/revealed-israeli-militarys-own-data-indicates-civilian-death-rate-of-83-in-gaza-war |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821135825/https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/aug/21/revealed-israeli-militarys-own-data-indicates-civilian-death-rate-of-83-in-gaza-war |archive-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> The IDF denied this, saying the figures were inaccurate and inconsistent with its data.<ref>{{cite news |title=IDF denies report claiming that its own database found that vast majority of Gaza dead were civilians |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-denies-report-claiming-that-its-own-database-found-that-vast-majority-of-gaza-dead-were-civilians/ |access-date=6 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008091647/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-denies-report-claiming-that-its-own-database-found-that-vast-majority-of-gaza-dead-were-civilians/ |archive-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> A 2025 paper on the Gaza war estimated 64,260 deaths from traumatic injury between October 2023 and 30 June 2024, and likely exceeding 70,000 by October 2024, with 59.1% being women, children and the elderly. It concluded that the GHM undercounted trauma-related deaths by 41% in its report, and also noted that its findings "underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."{{sfn|Jamaluddine|Abukmail|Aly|Campbell|2025}} A comparable estimate for traumatic injury deaths was around 80,000 for January 2025.{{sfn|Bloxham|2025|p=23}} A February study in ''[[The Lancet]]'' estimated that life expectancy in the Gaza Strip between October 2023 and September 2024 decreased by 34.9 years, excluding indirect deaths. The study also used census and registration data to assess the reliability of the Gaza Health Ministry's death count, and found no substantial errors.{{sfn|Guillot|Draidi|Cetorelli|Monteiro Da Silva|2025|pp=478–485}}
In May 2025, finance minister [[Bezalel Smotrich]] claimed that Israel was targeting Hamas's civilian workers, saying, "We're eliminating ministers, bureaucrats, money handlers—everyone who holds up Hamas's civilian rule."{{sfn|Shpigel|2025}} Killing civilian members of Hamas is in itself illegal.{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024b|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2025}} Starting in June 2025, IDF soldiers said they were ordered to [[2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings|shoot at]] crowds of Palestinians near [[Gaza Humanitarian Foundation]] aid sites,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hasson |first1=Nir |last2=Kubovich |first2=Yaniv |last3=Peleg |first3=Bar |date=27 June 2025 |title='It's a Killing Field': IDF Soldiers Ordered to Shoot Deliberately at Unarmed Gazans Waiting for Humanitarian Aid |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-06-27/ty-article-magazine/.premium/idf-soldiers-ordered-to-shoot-deliberately-at-unarmed-gazans-waiting-for-humanitarian-aid/00000197-ad8e-de01-a39f-ffbe33780000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250714035002/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-06-27/ty-article-magazine/.premium/idf-soldiers-ordered-to-shoot-deliberately-at-unarmed-gazans-waiting-for-humanitarian-aid/00000197-ad8e-de01-a39f-ffbe33780000 |archive-date=14 July 2025}}</ref> killing over 1,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 July 2025 |title=Israeli forces have killed over 1,000 aid-seekers in Gaza since May, the U.N. says |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/07/23/nx-s1-5477365/israel-gaza-aid-casualties |work=[[NPR]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729010824/https://www.npr.org/2025/07/23/nx-s1-5477365/israel-gaza-aid-casualties |archive-date=29 July 2025}}</ref> Amnesty International alleged Israel was trying to restrict aid to starve and inflict genocide upon the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2025 |title=Gaza: Evidence points to Israel's continued use of starvation to inflict genocide against Palestinians |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/07/gaza-evidence-points-to-israels-continued-use-of-starvation-to-inflict-genocide-against-palestinians/ |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704213128/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/07/gaza-evidence-points-to-israels-continued-use-of-starvation-to-inflict-genocide-against-palestinians/ |archive-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> In November 2025, a study by the [[Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research]] estimated that the total number of violent deaths in Gaza was between 100,000 and 126,000, of which 27% were children under 15 years old, and 24% women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=Gaza: study reveals unprecedented losses of life and life expectancy |url=https://www.mpg.de/25778228/1125-defo-gaza-study-reveals-unprecedented-losses-of-life-and-life-expectancy-154642-x |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=[[Max-Planck-Gesellschaft]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222030059/https://www.mpg.de/25778228/1125-defo-gaza-study-reveals-unprecedented-losses-of-life-and-life-expectancy-154642-x |archive-date=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Endt |first=Christian |date=24 November 2025 |title=Kriegstote im Gazastreifen: Mehr als 100.000 Tote im Gazakrieg |trans-title=War deaths in the Gaza Strip: More than 100,000 dead in the Gaza war |url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2025-11/kriegstote-gazastreifen-opferzahlen-schaetzung |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de-DE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212153644/https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2025-11/kriegstote-gazastreifen-opferzahlen-schaetzung |archive-date=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hauenstein |first=Hanno |date=1 December 2025 |title=Max-Planck-Institut zählt 126.000 Gaza-Tote: Was heißt das für den Genozid? |trans-title=Max Planck Institute counts 126,000 Gaza dead: What does that mean for the genocide? |url=https://www.freitag.de/autoren/hanno-hauenstein/max-planck-institut-zaehlt-126-000-gaza-tote-was-heisst-das-fuer-den-genozid |access-date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Der Freitag]] |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210014016/https://www.freitag.de/autoren/hanno-hauenstein/max-planck-institut-zaehlt-126-000-gaza-tote-was-heisst-das-fuer-den-genozid |archive-date=10 December 2025}}</ref> Amnesty International and B'Tselem asserted the genocide continued during the ceasefire, partly citing the continued killing of Palestinians.<ref name="Alj">{{cite news |title=Is genocide still happening in Gaza? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/inside-story/2026/2/12/is-genocide-still-happening-in-gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=24 February 2026 |date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414010917/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/inside-story/2026/2/12/is-genocide-still-happening-in-gaza |archive-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> Between the start of the ceasefire in October 2025 and February 2026, Israel killed 603 people,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza death toll exceeds 75,000 as independent data verify loss |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/18/gaza-death-toll-exceeds-75000-as-independent-data-verify-loss |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 February 2026 |date=18 February 2026 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260414011132/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/18/gaza-death-toll-exceeds-75000-as-independent-data-verify-loss |archive-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> including over 100 children.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=13 January 2026 |title=During Gaza's Ceasefire, Children Keep Being Killed |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/during-gazas-ceasefire-children-keep-being-killed |website=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=7 May 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
<!--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gaza_genocide#Removal_of_extraordinary_claims_regarding_%22evaporation%22_by_thermobaric_weapons-->An Al Jazeera Arabic investigation based on witness testimonies and expert analysis stated that Israeli forces have used US-supplied thermal and thermobaric munitions in Gaza, leaving nearly 3,000 Palestinians dead without recoverable remains.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mansour |first=Mohammad |title=Israel used weapons in Gaza that made thousands of Palestinians evaporate |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/10/israel-used-weapons-in-gaza-that-made-thousands-of-palestinians-evaporate |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
==== Indirect deaths ==== [[File:Mother cries for her 4-year-old daughter, who lost her life due to malnutrition and lack of treatment due to the war on Gaza, Gaza Strip.jpg|thumb|Mother cries for her 4-year-old daughter, who died due to [[malnutrition]] and lack of treatment]] Rasha Khatib, [[Martin McKee]], and [[Salim Yusuf]] published an estimate of the number of deaths, directly or indirectly caused by the conflict, that by July 2024 had already occurred or would occur in the coming months and years. Indirect Palestinian deaths from disease are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of healthcare infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee, and reduction in [[UNRWA]] funding. They estimated that the total conflict-related deaths in Gaza will likely be four to 16 times higher than the reported death toll. By multiplying the reported deaths by five, they argued that "186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza".<ref name="KhatibMcKeeYusuf">{{harvnb|Khatib|McKee|Yusuf|2024}}: "Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip."</ref> Spagat wrote that their estimate "lacks a solid foundation and is implausible",<ref>{{cite web |last=Spagat |first=Mike |author-link=Michael Spagat |date=10 July 2024 |title=A critical analysis of The Lancet's letter "Counting the Dead in Gaza: Difficult but Essential". Professor Mike Spagat reviews the claim the total Gaza death toll may reach upwards of 186,000 |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/a-critical-analysis-of-the-lancets-letter-counting-the-dead-in-gaza-difficult-but-essential-professor-mike-spagat-reviews-the-claim-the-total-gaza-death-toll-may-reach-upwards-of-186000/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[Action On Armed Violence]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710190128/https://aoav.org.uk/2024/a-critical-analysis-of-the-lancets-letter-counting-the-dead-in-gaza-difficult-but-essential-professor-mike-spagat-reviews-the-claim-the-total-gaza-death-toll-may-reach-upwards-of-186000/ |archive-date=10 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bigg 2024">{{cite news |last=Bigg |first=Matthew Mpoke |date=11 July 2024 |title=Fighting Isn't the Only Killer of Gazans Amid the War, Researchers Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712123712/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html%20 |archive-date=12 July 2024}}</ref> but it was "fair to call attention to the fact that not all of the deaths are going to be direct violent ones", and has called the death toll in Gaza "staggeringly high".<ref name="Horton et al."/><ref name="Bigg 2024"/> [[Donald Bloxham]] also notes that most deaths have been "indirect deaths" in various wars and that the "systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza" is an Israeli policy, which makes calling these deaths "indirect" incorrect.<ref name="Bloxham_2025">{{harvnb|Bloxham|2025|pp=23–24}}: "When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza."</ref>
An October 2024 letter by US healthcare workers who had served in Gaza since 7 October 2023 tried to estimate the number of Gazans who had died of starvation based on publicly available IPC reports.<ref>{{cite web |title=USA Letter |date=2 October 2024 |url=https://www.gazahealthcareletters.org/usa-letter-oct-2-2024 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Gaza Healthcare Letters |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009234500/https://www.gazahealthcareletters.org/usa-letter-oct-2-2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref> It said the most conservative estimate was that at least 62,413 people in Gaza had died from starvation, most of them young children; this estimate was based on the assumption that catastrophic (level 5) food insecurity results in a death rate of at least 2 deaths per 10,000 people per day.{{#tag:ref|Per the IPC manual, the starvation death rate does not necessarily have to be that high (does not have to be at least 2 deaths per 10,000 people per day) to declare catastrophic (level 5) food insecurity. However, it does need to be that high to declare famine.|group=lower-alpha}} The physicians also estimated that at least 5,000 people had died from lack of access to care for chronic diseases.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hurwitz |first=Sophie |date=8 October 2024 |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/us-israel-funding-gaza-palestine-deaths-october-100000-17-billion/ |title=Report: In One Year, More Than 100,000 Deaths in Gaza—Aided by $17.9 Billion From the US |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |access-date=17 October 2024 |quote=Brown University's Costs of War Project calculated "the money that's spent on war, and the toll on human lives" after a year of war in Gaza. The numbers are staggering. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010053644/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/us-israel-funding-gaza-palestine-deaths-october-100000-17-billion/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="WatsonInstituteEstimatedDeaths">{{harvnb|Stamatopoulou-Robbins|2024}}: "In addition to killing people directly through traumatic injuries, wars cause "indirect deaths" by destroying, damaging, or causing deterioration of economic, social, psychological and health conditions. Most expansively, this report describes the causal pathways that can be expected to lead to far larger numbers of indirect deaths. These deaths result from diseases and other population-level health effects that stem from war's destruction of public infrastructure and livelihood sources, reduced access to water and sanitation, environmental damage, and other such factors. This report builds on a foundation of previous Costs of War research for its framework and methodology in covering the most significant chains of impact, or causal pathways, to indirect war deaths in Gaza and the West Bank. Unlike in combat, these deaths do not necessarily occur immediately or in the close aftermath of the battles which many observers focus on. While it will take years to assess the full extent of these population-level health effects, they will inevitably lead to far higher numbers of deaths than direct violence."</ref><ref name="GazaHealthcareLettersEstimatedDeaths">{{cite web |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66e083452b3cbf4bbd719aa2/t/66fcd754b472610b6335d66f/1727846228615/Appendix+20241002.pdf |title=Appendix to letter of October 2, 2024 re: American physicians observations from the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 October 2024 |website=Gaza Healthcare Letters |access-date=17 October 2024 |quote=These are the most conservative estimates of the death toll that can be made with the given available data as of September 30, 2024. It is highly likely that the real number of deaths in Gaza from this conflict is far higher than this most conservative estimate. Without an immediate ceasefire the death toll will only continue to mount, especially among young children. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007173405/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66e083452b3cbf4bbd719aa2/t/66fcd754b472610b6335d66f/1727846228615/Appendix+20241002.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> The indirect death estimates in two studies reviewed by ''The Economist'' implied that the life expectancy in Gaza has fallen by 35 years, rivalling the [[Rwandan genocide]] in absolute terms.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=How much of Gaza is left standing? |url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/graphic-detail/2025/08/06/how-much-of-gaza-is-left-standing |access-date=8 August 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250807165501/https://www.economist.com/interactive/graphic-detail/2025/08/06/how-much-of-gaza-is-left-standing |archive-date=7 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2025 |title=How much of Gaza is left standing? True toll may be even greater than official reports suggest |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/how-much-of-gaza-is-left-standing-true-toll-may-be-even-greater-than-official-reports-suggest-20250808-p5mlhn.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250808060545/https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/how-much-of-gaza-is-left-standing-true-toll-may-be-even-greater-than-official-reports-suggest-20250808-p5mlhn.html |archive-date=8 August 2025}}</ref>
==== Serious bodily and mental harm ==== {{See also|Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip|Women in the Gaza war}}
{{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/1 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Yamen was injured in his leg during his sixth displacement in Jabalia refugee camp, and he was forced to flee while wounded.jpg | image2 = A Palestinian refugee carries his injured grandchildren from the Israeli bombing of Nuseirat Camp, Gaza Strip.jpg | image3 = | footer_align = center | footer = '''Top to bottom''': {{startflatlist}} * Yamen was injured in his leg during his sixth displacement in Jabalia refugee camp, and he was forced to flee while wounded. * A Palestinian refugee carries his injured grandchildren from the Israeli bombing of Nuseirat Camp, Gaza Strip {{endflatlist}} | align = right }}
The number of injured since 7 October 2023 due to Israeli military actions is greater than 170,000,<ref name="snapshot" /><ref name="Burke 2025" /> and Gaza has the most child amputees per capita worldwide.<ref name="Amputee stats" /> In the same period over 1,040 Palestinians have been killed in the West Bank.<ref>{{cite report |date=21 January 2026 |title=UNRWA Situation Report #200 on the Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip and the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem |url=https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-205-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem |publisher=[[UNRWA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520200018/https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-205-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem |archive-date=20 May 2026}}</ref>
By March 2024, an estimated 17,000 children were "[[wounded child, no surviving family]]" (WCNSF), a new medical term.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Haidar|2023}} | {{harvnb|Horn|2023}} | {{harvnb|Ali|2024}} | {{cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Gaza coins a new acronym: WCNSF – Wounded Child No Surviving Family |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231107-gaza-coins-a-new-acronym-wcnsf-wounded-child-no-surviving-family/ |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110032222/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231107-gaza-coins-a-new-acronym-wcnsf-wounded-child-no-surviving-family/ |archive-date=10 November 2023 |url-status=live}} | {{harvnb|O'Reilly|2023}} | {{harvnb|Grim|2024}} }}</ref><ref name="volkskrant" /> According to a UN committee, the Gaza war has resulted in disabilities for more than 21,000 children as of September 2025.<ref name="Guardian_3_September_2025" />
As of 25 August 2024, the UN estimates that most of Gaza's 2.2 million people are confined to roughly {{convert|15|sqmi}}, causing a critical lack of basic services, like clean water, and diseases spreading widely, such as [[Hepatitis C]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Clayton |first=Freddie |date=25 August 2024 |title=Gaza's 2.2 million people are confined to a humanitarian area smaller than Manhattan |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-humanitarian-zones-smaller-than-manhattan-rcna167056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911101752/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-humanitarian-zones-smaller-than-manhattan-rcna167056 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>
==== Torture and sexual violence ==== {{main|Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war|Torture during the Gaza war}} Israel has been accused of indiscriminate [[Mass detentions in the Gaza war|mass detentions]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Mohamed |first2=Edna |date=14 March 2024 |title=Israeli forces detain 20 Palestinians in occupied West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771884 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135406/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771884 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/032/34/pdf/g2403234.pdf?token=7vgSXpmdnRsfIeetwu&fe=true |title=Written statement* submitted by Al-Haq, Law in the Service of Man, a non-governmental organisation in special consultative status |author=[[Al-Haq]] |date=27 February 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116143329/https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/032/34/pdf/g2403234.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> while prisoners said they were threatened with mutilation,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Miriam |last2=Harb |first2=Hajar |date=12 January 2024 |title=Gazan prisoners describe abuse at secretive Israeli detention sites |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/11/gaza-detainees-israel-prisons-hamas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206234450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/11/gaza-detainees-israel-prisons-hamas/ |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> death, arson, and rape,<ref>{{cite news |last=Shawer |first=Mosab |date=10 January 2024 |title='Threatened with rape': Lama Khater recalls horrors while in Israeli jails |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/10/threatened-with-rape-lama-khater-recalls-horrors-while-in-israeli-jails |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127100046/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/10/threatened-with-rape-lama-khater-recalls-horrors-while-in-israeli-jails |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> and torturing Palestinians detained without charges.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Masarwa|Osman|2023}} | {{harvnb|Kottasová|Salman|Alkhaldi|Bashir|2023}} | {{harvnb|Doucet|2024}} | {{harvnb|Cordall|Pedrosa|2024}} }}</ref>
In August 2024, the UN OHCHR reported receiving testimony from Palestinians imprisoned at [[Sde Teiman detention camp]] about rape and sexual assault perpetrated on detainees.<ref name="ohchr-2024-08" /> The Lemkin Institute considers this and similar reports to be indicative of "Sexualized Violence During Genocide", or sexual violence being used to destroy a group.<ref name="lemkin">{{cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=The Genocidal Dimensions of Israel's Use of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) against Palestinians |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/the-genocidal-dimensions-of-israel%E2%80%99s-use-of-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-(sgbv)-against-palestinians |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930203114/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/the-genocidal-dimensions-of-israel%E2%80%99s-use-of-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-(sgbv)-against-palestinians |url-status=live}}</ref>
Amnesty International reported that the pattern of abuses inside Israeli prisons "underscores the systematic dehumanization and mental and physical abuse of Palestinians in Gaza and may also be taken into account with a view to inferring genocidal intent from pattern of conduct."{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=296}} According to the [[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory|Independent International Commission of Inquiry]], gender-based and sexual violence were committed "to dominate, oppress and destroy the Palestinian people in whole or in part."<ref name="Independent_International_Commission_Inquiry_2025_sex_vio">{{harvnb|Independent International Commission of Inquiry|2025|p=1}}: "The Commission also examines the sharp increase in sexual and gender-based violence perpetrated by members of the Israeli Security Forces and settlers online and in person across the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. It also examines how sexual and gender-based violence has taken different forms when committed against male and female members of the Palestinian community in order to dominate, oppress and destroy the Palestinian people in whole or in part."</ref>
A report by UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese called Israel's torture of Palestinians "a structural feature of the ongoing genocide and broader settler-colonial apartheid." According to Albanese, torture occurs both in Israeli prisons and in the entirety of occupied Palestine through "mass displacement, siege, denial of aid and food, unrestrained military and settler violence and pervasive surveillance and terror".<ref>{{cite report |title=Torture and genocide |author=[[Francesca Albanese]] |date=23 March 2026 |publisher=[[OHCHR]] |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-71-aev.pdf |page=2}}</ref>
=== Starvation, displacement, and destruction of living conditions ===
==== Starvation and blockade ==== {{main|Gaza Strip famine|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}
{{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/2/2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = A 4-year-old Palestinian girl, lost her life due to malnutrition and lack of treatment due to the war on Gaza.jpg | image2 = Displaced Palestinians receive food from charitable Tekiya during Ramadan in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip.jpg | image3 = Displaced Palestinians gather to receive food from a charity in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip.jpg | footer_align = center | footer = '''Clockwise from top''': {{startflatlist}} * A four-year-old Palestinian girl who died due to [[malnutrition]] and lack of treatment * Displaced Palestinians gather to receive food from a charity in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip * Displaced Palestinians receive food from charitable Tekiya during Ramadan in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip {{endflatlist}} }}
In February 2024, [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] both released statements declaring Israel had failed to comply with the ICJ's 26 January ruling to prevent genocide by [[Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|blocking aid]] from entering Gaza.<ref name="Human Rights Watch Blockade" /><ref name="Amnesty International Blockade" /><ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2024 |title=Has Israel complied with ICJ order in Gaza genocide case? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/26/has-israel-complied-with-icj-order-in-gaza-genocide-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305002212/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/26/has-israel-complied-with-icj-order-in-gaza-genocide-case |archive-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> A Refugees International report found that Israel had "consistently and groundlessly impeded aid operations within Gaza".{{sfn|Johnson|2024b}} The historian Melanie Tanielian argues that starvation and blockade should be foregrounded as methods of genocide alongside mass bombing.{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|pp=3–4}} In an April report, [[B'Tselem]] called the unfolding famine "the product of a deliberate and conscious Israeli policy".{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=7}}<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202404_manufacturing_famine |title=Manufacturing Famine: Israel is Committing the War Crime of Starvation in the Gaza Strip |date=April 2024 |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719222458/https://www.btselem.org/publications/202404_manufacturing_famine |archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> Elyse Semerdjian characterised Israel's actions as [[genocide by attrition]].{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024b}}
In October 2023, the [[World Food Programme]] warned of Gaza's dwindling food supply,{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|pp=6–7}} and in December, alongside the UN, it reported that more than half of Gaza's population was "starving", fewer than one in ten were eating every day, and 48% were suffering "extreme hunger".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Namita |date=10 December 2023 |title=UN says half of Gaza's population is now starving |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119132024/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Pietromarchi |first2=Virginia |last3=Quillen |first3=Stephen |date=10 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Fierce battles rage in southern and northern Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226131329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |date=5 December 2023 |title='It's chaos': Starving Gazans dig for food, supplies under the rubble |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/gaza-bakery-hunger-israel-hamas-war-intl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116152114/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/gaza-bakery-hunger-israel-hamas-war-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Palestinian Foreign Minister [[Riyad al-Maliki]] referred to "Israel's deliberate use of starvation as a weapon of war against the people it occupied"; an Israeli official called the charge "blood-libellous" and "delusional".<ref>{{cite news |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=13 December 2023 |title=Palestinian minister accuses Israel of starving Gazans; Israel says charge 'obscene' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228113139/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In December 2023, Human Rights Watch found that Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war by deliberately denying access to food and water.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221127/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> In January 2024, UN experts accused Israel of "destroying Gaza's food system and using food as a weapon against the Palestinian people".<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Over one hundred days into the war, Israel destroying Gaza's food system and weaponising food, say UN human rights experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/over-one-hundred-days-war-israel-destroying-gazas-food-system-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103315/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/over-one-hundred-days-war-israel-destroying-gazas-food-system-and |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> In February 2024, finance minister Bezalel Smotrich personally blocked US-funded shipments of flour from entering Gaza, in violation of promises Israel had made to the US government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/finance-minister-blocks-flour-shipments-from-reaching-gaza/ |title=Smotrich blocks flour shipments from reaching Gaza, in breach of Israeli pledge to US |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319130727/https://www.timesofisrael.com/finance-minister-blocks-flour-shipments-from-reaching-gaza/ |archive-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
In early 2024, the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] on the right to food [[Michael Fakhri]] said that Israel is "culpable" of genocide because "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian" and because Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying <blockquote>small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza ... We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Nina |date=27 February 2024 |title=Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228041844/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |archive-date=28 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref></blockquote> After the ICJ ruling, the number of aid trucks Israel allowed into Gaza dropped by 40%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marsi |first=Federica |date=27 February 2024 |title=How much aid has entered Gaza? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2735412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227143519/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2735412 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> In the ICJ's March reaffirmation of provisional measures, the court highlighted the "unprecedented levels of food insecurity experienced by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip over recent weeks, as well as the increasing risks of epidemics",{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=5}} acknowledging that since the Court's January order there had been a "lack of Israeli compliance" resulting in "the catastrophic living conditions" deteriorating further.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=6}}
In March 2024, 12 Israeli human rights organisations signed an open letter accusing Israel of failing to abide by the ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Burke |first2=Jason |date=11 March 2024 |title=Israeli human rights groups accuse country of failing to abide by ICJ's Gaza aid ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj-gaza-aid-ruling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311204045/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj-gaza-aid-ruling |archive-date=11 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Johnson|2024a}} In April the UN special rapporteur on the right to health [[Tlaleng Mofokeng]] said Israel was "killing and causing irreparable harm against Palestinian civilians with its bombardments", adding, "They are also knowingly and intentionally imposing [[Gaza Strip famine|famine]]" and accusing Israel of "genocide".<ref name="Al-Monitor-2024-04-22">{{cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=Gaza health system 'completely obliterated': UN expert |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/gaza-health-system-completely-obliterated-un-expert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518013104/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/gaza-health-system-completely-obliterated-un-expert |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Al-Monitor |language=en |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>
In October 2024, Israel had reportedly adopted a modified version of the [[Israeli Generals' Plan|Generals' Plan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Krever |first=Mike |date=12 October 2024 |title=After mulling siege plan, Israel ramps up military push in northern Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/12/middleeast/israel-military-push-northern-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241013142409/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/12/middleeast/israel-military-push-northern-gaza-intl/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Jeremy |date=12 October 2024 |title=Israeli attack on northern Gaza hints at retired general's 'surrender or starve' plan for war |url-status=live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e82yy0wxno |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012161158/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e82yy0wxno |archive-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Some Israeli officials denied the plan had been adopted; however, an official familiar with the situation stated that some aspects of the plan were already in progress.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=Netanyahu mulls plan to empty northern Gaza of civilians |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/13/netanyahu-mulls-plan-to-empty-northern-gaza-of-civilians-00183574 |work=[[Politico]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241014042030/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/13/netanyahu-mulls-plan-to-empty-northern-gaza-of-civilians-00183574 |archive-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} The proposed plan included orders for all residents of northern Gaza to leave within a week; a full siege on water, food, and fuel; and then the arrest or killing of all who remained.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Rapoport |first1=Meron |date=17 September 2024 |title=A plan to liquidate northern Gaza is gaining steam |url=https://www.972mag.com/northern-gaza-liquidation-scenario-eiland-rabi/ |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010022043/https://www.972mag.com/northern-gaza-liquidation-scenario-eiland-rabi/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=North Gaza siege: Netanyahu considers plan to starve out Hamas fighters |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-821301 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=23 September 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002192315/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-821301 |archive-date=2 October 2024}}</ref> By mid-October 2024, Israel had ordered the evacuation of northern Gaza and prevented the entry of humanitarian aid for almost two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rémy |first1=Jean-Philippe |date=9 October 2024 |title=Israel orders new evacuations in northern Gaza |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/09/israel-orders-new-evacuations-in-northern-gaza_6728770_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009142142/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/09/israel-orders-new-evacuations-in-northern-gaza_6728770_4.html |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khadder |first1=Kareem |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |last3=Kourdi |first3=Eyad |last4=Lockwood |first4=Pauline |date=11 October 2024 |title=UN says no food has entered northern Gaza since start of October, putting 1 million people at risk of starvation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/food-northern-gaza-starvation-un-intl |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241102164249/https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/11/middleeast/food-northern-gaza-starvation-un-intl |archive-date=2 November 2024}}</ref> According to Stephen Devereux, avoidable deaths due to starvation as a result of Israeli policies "almost certainly constitutes a war crime and a crime against humanity".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Devereux |first1=Stephen |date=5 November 2024 |doi=10.19088/IDS.2024.042 |title=Was There a Famine in Gaza in 2024? |publisher=[[Institute of Development Studies]] |url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/was-there-a-famine-in-gaza-in-2024/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113004044/https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/was-there-a-famine-in-gaza-in-2024/ |archive-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>
On 21 November 2024, the International Criminal Court [[International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli leaders|issued arrest warrants]] for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the former defence minister Yoav Gallant, asserting that the two "bear criminal responsibility for the war crime of starvation as a method of warfare".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author1-link=Julian Borger |last2=Roth |first2=Andrew |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-israel |title=ICC issues arrest warrant for Benjamin Netanyahu for alleged Gaza war crimes |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205002406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-israel |url-status=live |archive-date=5 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Ralph |first2=Oliver |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0b62f17a-97db-4817-90f8-f98adead79f0 |title=ICC issues arrest warrant for Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu |work=[[Financial Times]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241121233145/https://www.ft.com/content/0b62f17a-97db-4817-90f8-f98adead79f0 |archive-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="El Abdallah 2024">{{cite press release |last=El Abdallah |first=Fadi |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges |title=Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects the State of Israel's challenges to jurisdiction and issues warrants of arrest for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]] |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241121130247/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-state-palestine-icc-pre-trial-chamber-i-rejects-state-israels-challenges |archive-date=21 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Israel lifted restrictions on aid into Gaza in January–February 2025 during the first stage of [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|the January ceasefire]]. But on 2 March, Israel announced that all humanitarian aid would be blocked indefinitely unless Hamas agreed to alter the terms of the ceasefire deal, which Hamas refused to do.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=Adler |first2=Nils |last3=Quillem |first3=Stephen |last4=Motamedi |first4=Maziar |date=2 March 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/3/2/live-israel-us-propose-terms-to-extend-gaza-ceasefire-hamas-yet-to-reply?update=3549776 |title=Updates: Israel blocks all aid into Gaza after first phase of truce ends |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305214841/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/3/2/live-israel-us-propose-terms-to-extend-gaza-ceasefire-hamas-yet-to-reply?update=3549776 |archive-date=5 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Doucet |first=Lyse |date=3 March 2025 |title=Gaza ceasefire in peril as Israel and Hamas hit impasse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgz7p85mdgo |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305215154/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgz7p85mdgo |url-status=live |archive-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Within four days, food supplies in Gaza had rapidly depleted while the price of food had more than doubled. Aid agencies such as [[Oxfam]] and [[UNICEF]] warned of mass starvation if the aid freeze continued. Oxfam policy lead Bushra Khalidi predicted "the total collapse of systems that sustain life".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frankel |first1=Julia |last2=Magdy |first2=Samy |date=5 March 2025 |title=Israel's cutoff of supplies to Gaza sends prices soaring as aid stockpiles dwindle |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-aid-cutoff-netanyahu-hunger-war-940ceea2c2b754d197a4f07c0cad86de |url-status=live |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305215422/https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-aid-cutoff-netanyahu-hunger-war-940ceea2c2b754d197a4f07c0cad86de |archive-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Lawyer Salah Abdel-Ati said Israel's actions were illegal under the [[Geneva Conventions]], which prohibits the destruction or withholding of essentials such as food in combat zones.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jalal |first=Rasha |date=5 March 2025 |title=Palestinians in Gaza fear threat of famine over Israel's Ramadan aid blockade |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/gazas-palestinians-fear-famine-over-israels-ramadan-aid-block |url-status=live |work=[[The New Arab]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305215633/https://www.newarab.com/news/gazas-palestinians-fear-famine-over-israels-ramadan-aid-block |archive-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>
In May 2025, after blocking the import of all food, medicine, and fuel for two and a half months,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2025 |title=Aid trucks going into Gaza are a "drop in the bucket as to what's needed," WFP director says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aid-trucks-gaza-world-food-program-israel-hamas/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528212442/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aid-trucks-gaza-world-food-program-israel-hamas/ |archive-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> Netanyahu announced that Israel would allow "minimal humanitarian aid" into Gaza due to international pressure.{{sfn|Shpigel|2025}} Israel has proposed using private companies to distribute aid to the south of Gaza only. The plan is backed by the US, which has created the [[Gaza Humanitarian Foundation]] (GHF) to deliver aid without "Hamas stealing, looting or leveraging this assistance for its own ends". The United Nations aid chief [[Thomas Fletcher (diplomat)|Tom Fletcher]] criticised the plan, saying it "forces further displacement" and "makes aid conditional on political and military aims".{{sfn|Nichols|2025a}} Numerous Palestinians have been [[Rafah aid distribution killings|killed by Israeli forces]] while approaching GHF aid distribution points.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tondo |first1=Lorenzo |last2=Tantesh |first2=Malak |date=3 June 2025 |title=At least 27 Palestinians killed by Israeli fire at food point, Gaza officials say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/03/palestinians-killed-israeli-fire-aid-point-gaza-officials-say |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603172833/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/03/palestinians-killed-israeli-fire-aid-point-gaza-officials-say |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
In August 2025, it was reported that Israel planned to surge aid to other parts of Gaza while cutting off all aid to Gaza City to force residents to evacuate while Israel takes over the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nicholls |first1=Catherine |last2=Edwards |first2=Christian |last3=Vales |first3=Leinz |last4=Vogt |first4=Adrienne |date=8 August 2025 |title=Israel's security cabinet approves plan to take over Gaza City |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-gaza-war-netanyahu-08-08-25#cme2gkxi000183b6tmv28m1yi |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=8 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808143736/https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-gaza-war-netanyahu-08-08-25#cme2gkxi000183b6tmv28m1yi |archive-date=8 August 2025}}</ref> As of August 2025, projections show the entire population is experiencing "high levels of acute food insecurity", with about 641,000 people experiencing [[Integrated Food Security Phase Classification|catastrophic levels]].{{sfn|IPC Report August|2025|p=1}} The IPC confirmed famine is taking place in the [[Gaza Governorate]].{{sfn|IPC Report August|2025|p=1}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=22 August 2025 |title=Famine has struck Gaza, says global hunger monitor |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/famine-has-struck-gaza-says-global-hunger-monitor-2025-08-22/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250822091426/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/famine-has-struck-gaza-says-global-hunger-monitor-2025-08-22/ |archive-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>
Two weeks after the [[Gaza peace plan|October 2025 ceasefire]] came into effect, dozens of NGOs, including the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]] and [[Doctors Without Borders]], announced that Israel was arbitrarily blocking their shipments of aid to Gaza. World Health Organisation head Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said, "the situation still remains catastrophic because what's entering is not enough" and "there is no dent in hunger because there is not enough food".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mounting alarm as Israeli authorities reject NGO applications to transport life saving aid into Gaza |website=[[Norwegian Refugee Council]] |date=23 October 2025 |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2025/october/mounting-alarm-as-israeli-authorities-reject-ngo-applications-to-transport-life-saving-aid-into-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108180034/https://www.nrc.no/news/2025/october/mounting-alarm-as-israeli-authorities-reject-ngo-applications-to-transport-life-saving-aid-into-gaza |archive-date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Abby |last=Rogers |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] and [[Reuters]] |title=Hunger crisis in Gaza is catastrophic despite ceasefire, WHO chief says |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=23 October 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/23/hunger-crisis-in-gaza-is-catastrophic-despite-ceasefire-who-chief-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108180323/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/23/hunger-crisis-in-gaza-is-catastrophic-despite-ceasefire-who-chief-says |archive-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
By December 2025, the food situation improved, with famine and catastrophic food insecurity (level 5) no longer happening; but 27% of the population still experienced emergency-level food insecurity (level 4) and another 50% of the population experienced crisis-level food insecurity (level 3).<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Situation Update #351 {{!}} Gaza Strip |website=occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} [[ReliefWeb]] |date=31 December 2025 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/humanitarian-situation-update-351-gaza-strip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231080950/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/humanitarian-situation-update-351-gaza-strip |archive-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gaza Strip: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for 16 October - 30 November 2025 and Projection for 1 December 2025 - 15 April 2026 |website=IPC - Integrated Food Security Phase Classification |date=19 December 2025 |url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1159820/?iso3=PSE |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> At the turn of the year, Israel's expulsion of Doctors Without Borders and several other humanitarian organizations from Gaza raised fears that the effects of malnutrition on the population would not be adequately treated or monitored; these organizations helped alleviate effects of famine/malnutrition by treating children with severe acute malnutrition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Statement: Revoke planned international NGO ban, humanitarian leaders urge Israeli authorities |website=occupied Palestinian territory {{!}} [[ReliefWeb]] |date=1 January 2026 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/inter-agency-standing-committee-iasc-statement-revoke-planned-international-ngo-ban-humanitarian-leaders-urge-israeli-authorities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102141932/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/inter-agency-standing-committee-iasc-statement-revoke-planned-international-ngo-ban-humanitarian-leaders-urge-israeli-authorities |archive-date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=53 International NGOs warn Israel's recent registration measures will impede critical humanitarian action |website=Médecins du Monde |date=2 January 2026 |url=https://www.medecinsdumonde.org/en/news/53-international-ngos-warn-israels-recent-registration-measures-will-impede-critical-humanitarian-action/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105221712/https://www.medecinsdumonde.org/en/news/53-international-ngos-warn-israels-recent-registration-measures-will-impede-critical-humanitarian-action/ |archive-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> Israel has also continued blocking certain medical aid.<ref name=Alj/>
After the outbreak of the [[2026 Iran war]] in February, Israel reimposed several restrictions on Gaza. It closed multiple aid crossings and suspended United Nations humanitarian movements and rotations, the return of people to Gaza, and medical evacuations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Today's top news: Middle East, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Sudan |url=https://www.unocha.org/news/todays-top-news-middle-east-occupied-palestinian-territory-sudan |website=UN OCHA |access-date=29 March 2026 |date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel closes Gaza's Rafah crossing amid attacks on Iran |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/israel-closes-gazas-rafah-crossing-amid-attacks-on-iran |website=Aljazeera |access-date=29 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref>
==== Forced displacement ==== {{See also|Gaza Strip evacuations}}{{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/2/2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Return of displaced people via Al-Rasheed Street after ceasefire, January 2025, Gaza Strip.jpg | image2 = An aerial view of Al-Mawasi area where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip.jpg | image3 = An aerial photo of displaced Palestinians waiting in northern Nuseirat to return to their homes in Gaza.jpg | footer_align = center | footer = '''Clockwise from top''': {{startflatlist}} * Return of displaced people via Al-Rasheed Street after ceasefire, January 2025, Gaza Strip * An aerial photo of displaced Palestinians waiting in northern Nuseirat to return to their homes in Gaza * An aerial view of Al-Mawasi area where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip {{endflatlist}} }}
Since October 2023, Israel's evacuation orders have displaced 1.9 million people—nearly Gaza's entire population—through unclear, inconsistent directives, often issued amid bombings, leaving civilians with no safe routes or destinations. Humanitarian zones were repeatedly attacked, while Israel blocked aid, leading to starvation, destroyed infrastructure, and uninhabitable conditions. Senior Israeli officials openly declared intentions to reduce Gaza's territory and push Palestinians out, reinforcing policies of [[ethnic cleansing]] and permanent displacement. Human Rights Watch reported that Israel's systematic forced displacement of Palestinians in Gaza amounts to [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hardman |first=Nadia |date=14 November 2024 |title="Hopeless, Starving, and Besieged" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328094008/https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gritten |first=David |date=15 November 2024 |title=Gaza: HRW accuses Israel of war crime with displacements |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ygyem84jo |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323051248/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ygyem84jo |archive-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Gómez-Ugarte|Chen|Acosta|Basellini|2025|p=13}} South Africa and others criticised the [[Gaza Strip evacuations]] as a key component of the genocide.{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024a|pp=14–16}} B'Tselem mentions statements by Israeli high-ranking officials that a "central objective of the war" was ethnic cleansing.{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=47}}
On 6 October 2024, Israel designated northern Gaza as a combat zone and ordered the civilian population to evacuate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rasgon |first=Adam |date=6 October 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/06/world/israel-iran-hezbollah-lebanon |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |title=A new Israeli map labels nearly all of northern Gaza 'new evacuation zones |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241006192404/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/06/world/israel-iran-hezbollah-lebanon |archive-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Keller-Lynn |first=Carrie |date=6 October 2024 |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-launches-new-offensive-in-northern-gaza-orders-mass-evacuation-786f2fff |title=Israel Launches New Offensive in Northern Gaza, Orders Mass Evacuation |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241006181906/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-launches-new-offensive-in-northern-gaza-orders-mass-evacuation-786f2fff |archive-date=6 October 2024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Both Israeli military analysts and the [[Al Mezan Center for Human Rights]] alleged that this was the first stage of the "[[Israeli generals' plan|Generals' Plan]]", a policy proposed by the former Israeli general [[Giora Eiland]] to force Palestinians out of Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last=Monks |first=Kieron |date=6 October 2024 |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/evacuate-die-israel-generals-plan-north-gaza-3310922 |url-status=live |title='Evacuate or die': Israel moves towards 'general's plan' for north Gaza |newspaper=[[The i Paper|iNews]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241006134926/https://inews.co.uk/news/world/evacuate-die-israel-generals-plan-north-gaza-3310922 |archive-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> The [[UN Human Rights Office]] said that Israel may have caused the "destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza's northernmost governorate through death and displacement."<ref>{{cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=UN Human Rights Office is concerned over the potential destruction of the Palestinian population in north Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-concerned-over-potential-destruction-palestinian-population-north-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241021081250/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-concerned-over-potential-destruction-palestinian-population-north-gaza |archive-date=21 October 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]]}}</ref>
During the [[January 2025 Gaza war ceasefire|January 2025 ceasefire]], displaced persons were able to return to their homes in northern Gaza. After Israel [[March 2025 Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip|broke the ceasefire]] in March 2025, displacement orders resumed. The [[2025 Gaza City offensive]] led to further evacuation orders for 1.2 million people.<ref>{{cite web |title='No Place Under Heaven': Forced displacement in the Gaza Strip, 2023-2025 |url=https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/202512_no_place_under_heaven_forced_displacement_in_the_gaza_strip_2023_2025 |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220061844/https://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/202512_no_place_under_heaven_forced_displacement_in_the_gaza_strip_2023_2025 |archive-date=20 December 2025 |date=19 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> From the start of the war to the end of 2025, about 100,000 people fled the Gaza Strip. Combined with deaths, this resulted in a 6% decline in the territory's population.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2025 |title=Gaza population falls 6 percent since start of war, statistics agency says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/1/gaza-population-falls-6-percent-since-start-of-war-statistics-agency-says |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=10 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260531183455/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/1/gaza-population-falls-6-percent-since-start-of-war-statistics-agency-says |archive-date=31 May 2026}}</ref>
==== Ecocide ==== {{main|Environmental impact of the Gaza war}}
[[File:Tones of waste have accumulated near populated areas across Gaza posing catastrophic environmental and health risks. Children rummage through trash daily 7.jpg|thumb|Waste has accumulated near populated areas across Gaza, posing environmental and health risks.]] Israel's bombing in Gaza caused [[Environmental impact of the Gaza war|severe environmental devastation]], destroying vegetation, water, sanitation, and waste infrastructure and contaminating air, soil, and water. The UN and environmental groups report damage consistent with "[[ecocide]]", citing massive debris, untreated sewage, and toxic pollution. These conditions have triggered disease outbreaks, respiratory illnesses, and long-term health risks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Lesley |date=27 February 2025 |title=Israel's bombing of Gaza caused untold environmental damage − recovery will take effort and time |url=http://theconversation.com/israels-bombing-of-gaza-caused-untold-environmental-damage-recovery-will-take-effort-and-time-245311 |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114145154/https://theconversation.com/israels-bombing-of-gaza-caused-untold-environmental-damage-recovery-will-take-effort-and-time-245311 |archive-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed et al." /><ref>{{cite SSRN |last1=Abuawad |first1=Ahlam |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark |last3=Edwards |first3=Graham |last4=Eftekhari |first4=Adan |last5=El-Ebweini |first5=Mohammed |last6=Al-Najar |first6=Husam |last7=Butmeh |first7=Abeer |last8=Abu Dayyeh |first8=Rasha |last9=Al-Shewy |first9=Mohamed |last10=Aker |first10=Amira |date=4 November 2024 |title=From Ecocide to Genocide: A Call to Action for Scientists Globally to Address the Destruction in Gaza |ssrn=5021472}}</ref> Multiple commentators have argued that deliberate ecocide is a central component of Israel's genocide in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Monbiot |first=George |author-link=George Monbiot |date=27 September 2025 |title=Israel's gecocide in Gaza sends this message: even if we stopped dropping bombs, you couldn't live here |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/27/israel-ecocide-gaza-bombs-agricultural-land-genocide |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928200724/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/27/israel-ecocide-gaza-bombs-agricultural-land-genocide |archive-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamouchene |first=Hamza |date=17 September 2025 |title=Ecocide, Imperialism and Palestine Liberation |url=https://www.tni.org/en/article/ecocide-imperialism-and-palestine-liberation |access-date=14 October 2025 |publisher=Transnational Institute |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927053851/https://www.tni.org/en/article/ecocide-imperialism-and-palestine-liberation |archive-date=27 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2024 |title=Ecocide: Israel's Deliberate and Systematic Environmental Destruction in Gaza – occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/ecocide-israels-deliberate-and-systematic-environmental-destruction-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210033452/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/ecocide-israels-deliberate-and-systematic-environmental-destruction-gaza |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |language=en}}</ref> Scholars have argued that the destruction of the environment sustaining a population—including its water, land, and food systems—constitutes a genocidal act, as it inflicts conditions of life calculated to destroy the group, in whole or in part.{{Genocide Convention Article 2}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eichler |first1=Lauren J. |title=Ecocide Is Genocide: Decolonizing the Definition of Genocide |journal=[[Genocide Studies and Prevention]] |date=4 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=104–121 |issn=1911-0359 |doi=10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1720 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Fiona |date=29 July 2025 |title=A destruction of the conditions of life: Report on Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.hhrjournal.org/2025/07/29/a-destruction-of-the-conditions-for-life-report-on-genocide-in-gaza/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |journal=Health and Human Rights |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019193845/https://www.hhrjournal.org/2025/07/29/a-destruction-of-the-conditions-for-life-report-on-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
==== Deliberate destruction of civilian infrastructure ==== {{see also|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip}} {{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/2/2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = An aerial view showing destruction in Rafah after Israeli forces withdrawal and as the ceasefire took hold, Gaza Strip.jpg | image2 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023.jpg | image3 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 29.jpg | footer_align = center | footer = '''Clockwise from top''': {{startflatlist}} * An aerial view showing destruction in Rafah after Israeli forces withdrawal and as the ceasefire took hold, Gaza Strip * Damage following an Israeli airstrike on the El-Remal aera in Gaza City on 9 October 2023. * Smoke and flames billow after Israeli forces struck a high-rise tower in Gaza City {{endflatlist}} }}
[[Mark Levene]] and Elyse Semerdjian locate the mass destruction of infrastructure within Israel's [[Dahiya doctrine]], implemented against Gaza since 2006, with Levene calling it [[urbicide]] and a tool of genocide.{{sfn|Levene|2024|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024a|p=2}} In October 2024, [[Forensic Architecture]] concluded, "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".<ref>{{cite web |title=A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza Since October 2023 |date=7 October 2024 |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=[[Forensic Architecture]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028155707/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide |archive-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>
In July 2025, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that "about 70% of the structures in Gaza are either completely destroyed or severely damaged". Israel was reportedly paying contractors up to 5,000 shekels per building demolished.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahdawi |first=Arwa |date=9 July 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/jul/09/bulldzoer-gaza-genocide-idf-meta |title=Seeking bulldozer drivers to demolish Gaza: how a genocide is being outsourced |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711034859/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/jul/09/bulldzoer-gaza-genocide-idf-meta |archive-date=11 July 2025}}</ref> In February 2025 it was reported that at least 15 children had died of [[hypothermia]] over the winter due to Israel's destruction of housing and power facilities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shurafa |first1=Wafaa |last2=Magdy |first2=Samy |date=26 February 2025 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-children-cold-death-3085913b482dc5e45edd221ceccb17b3 |title=Medics say 6 babies have died from the cold in Gaza as displaced people shelter in tents and rubble |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226190710/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-children-cold-death-3085913b482dc5e45edd221ceccb17b3 |archive-date=26 February 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, Netanyahu said, "we are destroying more and more homes, and Gazans have nowhere to return to. The only inevitable outcome will be the wish of Gazans to emigrate outside of the Gaza Strip."{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=47}}
In a December 2024 report, Human Rights Watch accused Israel of committing acts of genocide in Gaza by targeting water and sanitation infrastructure and depriving Palestinians of adequate access to water. The report alleges that Israel intentionally damaged solar panels powering treatment plants, a reservoir, and warehouses, while blocking repair materials and fuel for generators, cutting electricity supplies, and attacking workers.<ref name="hrw-report">{{cite report |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/19/extermination-and-acts-genocide/israel-deliberately-depriving-palestinians-gaza |title=Extermination and Acts of Genocide: Israel Deliberately Depriving Palestinians in Gaza of Water |url-status=live |date=19 December 2024 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |quote=Israeli authorities' and forces' actions to deprive the population of Gaza of access to water amount to acts of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specifically, their actions amount to deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza. Genocidal intent may also be inferred from Israeli authorities' and forces' continued actions to deprive Palestinians in Gaza of water, despite clear data and warnings from the United Nations since October and orders from the International Court of Justice calling for the provision of water since January, alongside Israeli authorities' statements, and therefore these acts may amount to the crime of genocide. |access-date=20 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209092600/https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/19/extermination-and-acts-genocide/israel-deliberately-depriving-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Berg2024">{{cite news |last=Berg |first=Raffi |date=19 December 2024 |title=HRW accuses Israel of acts of genocide over Gaza water access |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wqr0k3dyo |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220111016/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wqr0k3dyo |archive-date=20 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to B'Tselem, Israel has destroyed 84% of Gaza's water facilities,{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=35}} while in a report authored and published by the [[World Bank]], [[European Union]], and United Nations it was reported that 89% of Gaza's water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities had been destroyed or damaged.<ref>{{cite report |date=February 2025 |title=Gaza and West Bank Interim Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/133c3304e29086819c1119fe8e85366b-0280012025/original/Gaza-RDNA-final-med.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]], [[European Union]], [[United Nations]] |page=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218220355/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/133c3304e29086819c1119fe8e85366b-0280012025/original/Gaza-RDNA-final-med.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> UN Special Rapporteur [[Pedro Arrojo-Agudo]] called these attacks "an important part of a genocidal strategy".<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakhani |first=Nina |date=11 November 2025 |title=Israelis attacked Palestinian water sources over 250 times in five years, data reveals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/11/israel-attacks-palestine-water |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231210533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/11/israel-attacks-palestine-water |archive-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
Rafah, a city in the southern Gaza Strip, has been razed;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasson |first1=Nir |last2=Michaeli |first2=Yarden |last3=Scharf |first3=Avi |date=12 June 2025 |title=Rafah Is Gone. Razed to the Ground. And It's Not the Only City Wiped Out by the Israeli Army |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/ty-article-magazine/.premium/rafah-is-gone-razed-to-the-ground-its-not-the-only-city-decimated-by-the-israeli-army/00000197-6506-db73-aff7-7d4ee6bb0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250612195429/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/ty-article-magazine/.premium/rafah-is-gone-razed-to-the-ground-its-not-the-only-city-decimated-by-the-israeli-army/00000197-6506-db73-aff7-7d4ee6bb0000 |archive-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> this has been mostly carried out by bulldozing and controlled demolitions of buildings, rather than by aerial bombardment.<ref name="nytrafah">{{cite news |last1=Granados |first1=Samuel |last2=Toler |first2=Aric |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |title=Gazans Once Escaped to Rafah. Now Israel is Razing It |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 May 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/05/15/world/middleeast/rafah-gaza-israel-damage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516081153/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/05/15/world/middleeast/rafah-gaza-israel-damage.html |archive-date=16 May 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, the BBC reported that Israel had engaged in controlled demolitions of civilian infrastructure, potentially in violation of the Geneva Convention.<ref name="BBCVerifyDemolitions">{{cite news |last1=Garman |first1=Benedict |last2=Murphy |first2=Matt |date=18 July 2025 |title=Israel levelling thousands of Gaza civilian buildings in controlled demolitions |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-33fccfbe-abcc-4af1-bdd2-632b2787cf59 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724002043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-33fccfbe-abcc-4af1-bdd2-632b2787cf59 |archive-date=24 July 2025}}</ref> The BBC reported an IDF spokesperson saying, "Hamas and other terrorist organizations conceal military assets in densely populated civilian areas. The IDF identifies and destroys terrorist infrastructure located, among other places, within buildings in these areas."<ref name="BBCVerifyDemolitions" /> In November 2025, the BBC reported that Israel had demolished over 1,500 more buildings in Gaza since the ceasefire with Hamas.<ref name="BBCCeasfireDemolitions">{{cite news |last1=Garman |first1=Benedict |last2=Metzler |first2=Barbara |date=12 November 2025 |title=Israel has destroyed more than 1,500 more buildings in Gaza since ceasefire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0mxylxw48yo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251112014950/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0mxylxw48yo |archive-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> A spokesperson for the IDF said it was acting "in accordance with the ceasefire framework" as the demolitions occurred behind the [[Yellow Line (Gaza)|Yellow Line]], in the portion of Gaza under Israeli military control, which comprises 53% of Gaza.<ref name="BBCCeasfireDemolitions"/>
==== Preventing births ==== In March 2025, a UN investigation concluded that Israel had committed genocidal acts in Gaza by systematically destroying its reproductive healthcare facilities while imposing a siege preventing necessary medications for deliveries, pregnancies, and [[neonatal care]], causing "irreversible" harm to Palestinians' reproductive prospects in Gaza. The commission also found that Israeli forces intentionally destroyed Gaza's main [[IVF|in-vitro]] [[fertility clinic]], Al-Basma IVF Centre, which served 2,000 to 3,000 patients monthly. Israel destroyed about 4,000 [[embryo]]s and 1,000 specimens of [[sperm]] and unfertilised [[Egg cell|eggs]] in the attack.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shubailat |first1=Nadine |last2=Alcini |first2=Camilla |date=24 April 2024 |title=Over 4,000 IVF embryos destroyed in 1 shelling at Gaza's largest fertility center, director says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/4000-ivf-embryos-destroyed-1-shelling-gazas-largest/story?id=109350404 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506030400/https://abcnews.go.com/International/4000-ivf-embryos-destroyed-1-shelling-gazas-largest/story%3Fid%3D109350404 |archive-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salem |first1=Saleh |last2=Creidi |first2=Imad |last3=Mills |first3=Andrew |date=17 April 2024 |title=Gaza's IVF embryos destroyed by Israeli strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/5000-lives-one-shell-gazas-ivf-embryos-destroyed-by-israeli-strike-2024-04-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240417122745/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/5000-lives-one-shell-gazas-ivf-embryos-destroyed-by-israeli-strike-2024-04-17/ |archive-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> No evidence was found that the building was used for military purposes. The commission concluded that the clinic's destruction "was a measure intended to prevent births among Palestinians in Gaza, which is a genocidal act".<ref name="Independent_International_Commission_Inquiry_2025_births">{{harvnb|Independent International Commission of Inquiry|2025|p=39}}: "175. The Commission finds that the ISF intentionally attacked and destroyed the Basma IVF clinic which was the main fertility centre in Gaza. The ISF destroyed all of the reproductive material that was stored for the future conception of Palestinians. The Commission did not find any evidence that this IVF clinic was a legitimate military target at the time that it was attacked by the ISF. The Commission concludes that the destruction of the Basma IVF clinic was a measure intended to prevent births among Palestinians in Gaza, which is a genocidal act under the Rome Statute and Genocide Convention. The Commission also concludes that this was done with the intent to destroy the Palestinians in Gaza as a group, in whole or in part, and that this is the only inference that could reasonably be drawn from the acts in question"</ref><ref name="NDTV-March 13">{{cite news |date=13 March 2025 |title="Genocidal Acts": UN Slams Israel's Attacks On Gaza Reproductive Centres |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/genocidal-acts-un-slams-israels-attacks-on-gaza-reproductive-centres-7915048 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314093302/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/genocidal-acts-un-slams-israels-attacks-on-gaza-reproductive-centres-7915048 |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref name="Le Poidevin 2025a">{{cite news |last=Le Poidevin |first=Olivia |date=13 March 2025 |title=UN experts accuse Israel of genocidal acts and sexual violence in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250313082455/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/ |archive-date=13 March 2025}}</ref> UN experts reported that they had found that Israel had systematically destroyed women's health care facilities and used sexual violence as a war strategy, thereby carrying out genocidal acts against Palestinians.<ref name="NDTV-March 13" /><ref name="Le Poidevin 2025a" />
According to statistics from the [[Gaza Ministry of Health]] reported by [[Physicians for Human Rights]], the birth rate in Gaza in May and June 2025 had fallen 41% from the same months in 2022. The ministry also reported an increase in infant mortality, miscarriages, and premature births in Gaza during this time.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2026 |url=https://phr.org/our-work/resources/destroying-hope-for-the-future-reproductive-violence-in-gaza/ |title=Destroying Hope for the Future: Reproductive Violence in Gaza |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[Physicians for Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260525070159/https://phr.org/our-work/resources/destroying-hope-for-the-future-reproductive-violence-in-gaza/ |archive-date=25 May 2026}}</ref>
=== Destruction of civilian and social systems ===
==== Attacks on healthcare ==== {{main|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war}}
{{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/1 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Destruction of UNRWA el-Sheikh Radwan health center, February 2024.jpg | image2 = Palestinian Red Crescent Personnel inspect a destroyed ambulance in Deir el-Balah , Gaza Strip.jpg | image3 = | footer_align = center | footer = '''Top to bottom''': {{startflatlist}} * Destruction of UNRWA [[Sheikh Radwan|el-Sheikh Radwan]] health centre, February 2024 * Palestinian Red Crescent Personnel inspect a destroyed ambulance in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip {{endflatlist}} }}
In November 2023 in ''[[The Lancet]]'' and in February 2024 in ''[[BMJ Global Health]]'', multiple doctors detailed how the targeting of Gazan health infrastructure and medical personnel, coupled with rhetoric used by Israeli politicians, amounts to genocide.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Khwaja|Bell|Hadley|Price|2023|p=1975}} | {{harvnb|Hanbali|Kwong|Neilson|Smith|2024|p=e014942}} | {{harvnb|Sathar|2023|pp=82–83}} | {{harvnb|Sankar|2024}} }}</ref> Legal scholars have supported this assessment.{{sfn|Mahomed|2023|pp=77–79}}{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=11}} [[Healthcare in the State of Palestine|Gaza's healthcare system]] faced humanitarian crises as a result of Israel's assault: hospitals began shutting down by 23 October as they ran out of fuel.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital generators to run out of fuel in 48 hours: Health Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024082858/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> When hospitals lost power, multiple [[2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births|premature babies]] in [[Neonatal intensive care unit|NICUs]] died.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=3 premature babies die at Al-Shifa Hospital: Doctor |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/3-premature-babies-die-at-gazas-alshifa-hospital-doctor-says-104834155?id=104617602 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301023917/https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/3-premature-babies-die-at-gazas-alshifa-hospital-doctor-says-104834155?id=104617602 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |last3=Kullab |first3=Samya |date=12 November 2023 |title=Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023021534/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Soni|2023|p=80}}
Israeli airstrikes have killed numerous medical staffers, and ambulances and health institutions have been destroyed.<ref name="Healthcare destroyed">{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Romo|2023}} | {{harvnb|Debre|2023b}} | {{harvnb|Picheta|Khadder|Rebane|Zabadne|2023}} | {{harvnb|Baker|2023}} | {{harvnb|Kekatos|Beaule|2023}} | {{harvnb|Basu|2023}} | {{harvnb|Moolla|Jacub|2024|p=e1691}} | {{harvnb|Sultany|2024|p=11}} }}</ref> {{lang|fr|[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]}} reported that scores of ambulances and medical facilities were damaged or destroyed,<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/#:~:text=HOSPITALS%20AND%20SCHOOLS&text=OCHA%20said%2055%20ambulances%20in,of%20drugs%20and%20blood%20products. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240303120357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/#:~:text=HOSPITALS%20AND%20SCHOOLS&text=OCHA%20said%2055%20ambulances%20in,of%20drugs%20and%20blood%20products. |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=17 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Riash |first1=Abed Abu |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=12 October 2023 |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> and that its own staff were killed.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2023}} | {{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024a}} | {{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024b}} }}</ref>{{sfn|Khan|Tinua|2024|pp=805–806}} The [[Gaza Health Ministry]] said the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Healthcare system in Gaza has 'totally collapsed' |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025083517/https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=The Peninsula Qatar}}</ref> In April 2024, UN special rapporteur on the right to health [[Tlaleng Mofokeng]] said, "The destruction of healthcare facilities continues to catapult to proportions yet to be fully quantified."<ref name="Al-Monitor-2024-04-22" />
As of February 2025, at least 160 healthcare workers from Gaza are believed to be detained by Israel, with another 24 missing after being taken from Gaza hospitals. Al-Shifa hospital director [[Mohammed Abu Salmiya]], detained for seven months and released without charges, detailed the abuses he faced and said that in Israeli prisons "no day passes without torture".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Annie |last2=Osman |first2=Hoda |last3=Jallad |first3=Farah |date=25 February 2025 |title=More than 160 Gazan medics held in Israeli prisons amid reports of torture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/feb/25/more-than-160-gazan-medics-held-in-israeli-prisons-amid-reports-of-torture |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225182144/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/feb/25/more-than-160-gazan-medics-held-in-israeli-prisons-amid-reports-of-torture |archive-date=25 February 2025}}</ref>
==== Destruction of cultural, religious and educational sites ==== {{main|Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}}
{{see also|Attacks on schools during the Gaza war|Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians|Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza}}{{#invoke:Multiple image| | perrow = 1/2/2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = A mosque destroyed in the Jabalia area of the Gaza Strip.jpg | image2 = Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 16.jpg | image3 = غزة، مركز رشاد الشوا (1) غزة بعد الحرب 23-25.jpg | footer_align = center | footer = '''Clockwise from top''': {{startflatlist}} * A mosque in Gaza destroyed in an Israeli airstrike, 20 February 2025. * The wreckage of the [[Rashad Shawa Cultural Center]] * A mosque in Khan Younis, 8 October 2023 {{endflatlist}} }} [[Amnesty International]] notes that "while the destruction of historical, cultural and religious property or heritage is not considered a prohibited act under the Genocide Convention, the ICJ has established that such destruction can provide evidence of intent to physically destroy the group when carried out deliberately."{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=32}} The [[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] has said that Israel's deliberate destruction of cemeteries in Gaza indicates genocidal intent because it enacts the "[[Historical negationism|erasure of a people's...historical presence]]".<ref name="whywecall">{{cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Statement on Why We Call the Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230154434/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=[[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] |language=en}}</ref>
Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of using excessive force against dozens of schools;<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |archive-date=6 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131100935/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> theft;{{sfn|Kottasová|Salman|Alkhaldi|Bashir|2023}} desecration and mutilation of deceased Palestinians;<ref name="Salman & Khadder 2023"/> and making no, or an inadequate, distinction between Hamas forces and civilians.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011959/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |archive-date=5 November 2023}} | {{harvnb|B'Tselem|2023}} | {{harvnb|Gvaryahu|2024}} | {{harvnb|Marsi|Mohamed|2024b}} | {{harvnb|Bateman|2024}} | {{harvnb|Sultany|2024|pp=11–12}} | {{Cite news|date=19 June 2024 |title=Laws of war likely 'consistently violated' in Israeli strikes on Gaza: UN rights office |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151196 |work=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703075536/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151196 |archive-date=3 July 2024}} }}</ref> The targeting of cultural and educational sites have also been cited as genocidal acts, as has the use of [[white phosphorus]].{{#tag:ref|The use of white phosphorus against military targets located among civilians is contrary to [[Protocol on Incendiary Weapons|Protocol III]] of the [[Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons]], of which Israel is not a signatory.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003409/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/ |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=8}}
On 18 April 2024, UN experts in [[Geneva]] condemned Israel for its "[[scholasticide]]" in Gaza, finding that it had destroyed more than 80% of schools and killed 5,000 students, 261 teachers, and dozens of professors.<ref name="scholasticide" />
Amnesty International identified at least four instances in which there was "no imperative military necessity" for the deliberate destruction of Gazan cultural and religious sites:{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=216}} the destruction of the Al-Mughraqa campus of [[Al-Azhar University – Gaza|Al-Azhar University]], the Al-Zahra campus of [[Israa University]], the Al-Dhilal mosque and Bani Suheila cemetery in Khan Younis, and the Al-Istiqlal mosque in Khan Younis.{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|pp=222–233}} Amnesty International pointed to the attitudes and behaviour of Israeli soldiers involved in the demolitions of these sites in videos posted on social media as evidence that these actions demonstrated genocidal intent. Amnesty International also noted the overall volume of destruction of Gazan cultural, historical and religious sites, including Gaza's central archives.{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|pp=216–219}}
As of January 2025, Israel had destroyed 815 mosques and 19 cemeteries during the Gaza war.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2025 |author=The New Arab Staff |title=Nearly 1,000 mosques in Gaza damaged, destroyed by Israel |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/nearly-1000-mosques-gaza-damaged-destroyed-israel |work=[[The New Arab]] |access-date=27 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109003458/https://www.newarab.com/news/nearly-1000-mosques-gaza-damaged-destroyed-israel |archive-date=9 January 2025 |url-status=live |language=en-EN}}</ref>
In June 2025, UN experts published a report saying Israel had committed the crime against humanity of [[Extermination (crime)|extermination]] for "killing civilians sheltering in schools and religious sites". According to the report, Israel has destroyed over 90% of educational buildings in Gaza.{{sfn|Murphy|2025}}
=== Targeting of specific groups ===
==== Educators ==== The killing of educators and destruction of educational infrastructure such as schools and universities has been recognised by scholars as a component of the Gaza genocide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alarabeed |first=Wadee |date=11 November 2025 |title=The banality of scholasticide: the role of universities and academia in an age of genocide |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14767724.2025.2577694 |journal=Globalisation, Societies and Education |language=en |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/14767724.2025.2577694 |issn=1476-7724 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratt |first=Nicola |date=25 November 2025 |title=Scholasticide in Gaza: Settler Colonial Elimination, Genocide, and the Crisis of Academic Responsibility |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/11/25/scholasticide-in-gaza-settler-colonial-elimination-genocide-and-the-crisis-of-academic-responsibility/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260128093243/https://www.e-ir.info/2025/11/25/scholasticide-in-gaza-settler-colonial-elimination-genocide-and-the-crisis-of-academic-responsibility/ |archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> In support of its 2025 resolution declaring that Israel's policies and actions in Gaza had met the legal definition of genocide, the IAGS wrote, "Israel has destroyed schools, universities, libraries, museums, and archives, all of them essential to the continued existence of Palestinian collective well-being and identity".<ref name="IAGSResolution" />
[[United Nations special rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteurs]] and experts suggested there was "an intentional effort to comprehensively destroy the Palestinian education system, an action known as '[[scholasticide]]'". They said the attacks "present a systematic pattern of violence aimed at dismantling the very foundation of Palestinian society".<ref name="scholasticide" />
In its filing with the ICJ charging Israel with the crime of genocide, South Africa cited the destruction of four universities and the killing of leading Palestinian academics Professor [[Sufian Tayeh]], president of the Islamic University; Ahmed Hamdi Abo Absa, dean of the software engineering department at the University of Palestine; Muhammad Eid Shabir, professor of immunology and virology and former president of the Islamic University of Gaza; and [[Refaat Alareer]], poet and professor of comparative literature and creative writing at the Islamic University of Gaza.<ref name="ICJ-2023-12-29" />
Researchers at Birzeit university called the killing of educators "deliberate and systematic", saying that "94 professors were targeted and killed by Israeli occupation".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rabaia |first1=Ibrahim S.I |last2=Habash |first2=Lourdes |date=18 April 2024 |title=The Hidden War on Higher Education: Unmasking the 'Educide' in Gaza |url=https://pomeps.org/the-hidden-war-on-higher-education-unmasking-the-educide-in-gaza |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Project on Middle East Political Science |pages=8–13 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260128093302/https://pomeps.org/the-hidden-war-on-higher-education-unmasking-the-educide-in-gaza |archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
==== Journalists ==== [[File:Hossam_Shabat.jpg|thumb|200x200px|"Language makes genocide justifiable. A reason why we are still being bombed after 243 days is because of ''The New York Times'' and most Western media." – [[Hossam Shabat]], a Palestinian journalist whom Israel [[Israeli public diplomacy in the Gaza war#Discrediting criticism by associating it with Hamas|accused without evidence]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |date=2025-08-14 |title=Israeli army unit tasked with linking Gaza journalists to Hamas |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-gaza-journalists-hamas-hasbara/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> of being a member of Hamas and [[Killing of journalists in the Gaza war|killed]] in an [[Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip|airstrike]] 24 March 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=CPJ denounces Israel's killing of 2 more Gaza journalists in return to war |url=https://cpj.org/2025/03/cpj-denounces-israels-killing-of-2-more-gaza-journalists-in-return-to-war/ |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |language=en-US}}</ref>]] Press freedom organisations and human rights groups have characterised the systematic killing of Palestinian journalists as a component of the genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025 |title=PCHR Launches Report on "Assassination of Truth: Killing of Journalists amid Genocide in Gaza" |url=https://pchrgaza.org/pchr-launches-report-on-assassination-of-truth-killing-of-journalists-amid-genocide-in-gaza/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260128093313/https://pchrgaza.org/pchr-launches-report-on-assassination-of-truth-killing-of-journalists-amid-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> [[International Federation of Journalists|The International Federation of Journalists]] reported that 56 media professionals were killed in 2025 alone as part of the "genocidal war on Gaza".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Israel: Two years of killing journalists and controlling the narrative in Gaza |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/israel-two-years-of-killing-journalists-and-controlling-the-narrative-in-gaza |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[International Federation of Journalists]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260128093324/https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/israel-two-years-of-killing-journalists-and-controlling-the-narrative-in-gaza |archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>
South Africa cited Palestinian journalists being "killed at a rate significantly higher than has occurred in any conflict in the past 100 years" as part of its [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|application accusing Israel]] of genocide.<ref name="ICJ-2023-12-29" />
The IDF has been accused of directly targeting journalists and media organisations despite clear marking and protective measures. Al Jazeera reported that 278 journalists and 706 family members of Palestinian journalists have been killed during the "genocidal war" since October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gjevori |first=Elis |date=28 December 2025 |title=Israel kills over 700 relatives of Palestinian journalists in Gaza: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/28/israel-kills-over-700-relatives-of-palestinian-journalists-in-gaza-report |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251229014230/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/28/israel-kills-over-700-relatives-of-palestinian-journalists-in-gaza-report |archive-date=29 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Akila">{{Cite book |last=Akila |first=Hiba |url=https://pchrgaza.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Report-on-the-Targeting-of-Journalists.pdf |title=Eliminating Witnesses on Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing Crimes in the Gaza Strip |date=2024 |publisher=[[Palestinian Center for Human Rights]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2026}}
A [[Brown University]] study found that Israel had killed more journalists in Gaza since October 2023 than "the U.S. Civil War, World Wars I and II, the Korean War, Vietnam War, the wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s and 2000s, and the post-9/11 war in Afghanistan, combined".<ref>{{Cite report |last=Turse |first=Nick |year=2025 |url=https://costsofwar.watson.brown.edu/sites/default/files/papers/Turse_Costs-of-War_The-Reporting-Graveyard-4-2-25.pdf |title=News graveyards: How dangers to war reporters endanger the world. |publisher=Watson School for International and Public Affairs, [[Brown University]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120184550/https://costsofwar.watson.brown.edu/sites/default/files/papers/Turse_Costs-of-War_The-Reporting-Graveyard-4-2-25.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>{{pn|date=January 2026}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Batrawy |first=Aya |date=1 September 2025 |title=Media outlets demand Israel grant access to Gaza, halt attacks on journalists there |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/01/nx-s1-5521944/news-outlets-call-for-safety-of-journalists-covering-the-war-in-gaza |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=[[NPR]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250901211500/https://www.npr.org/2025/09/01/nx-s1-5521944/news-outlets-call-for-safety-of-journalists-covering-the-war-in-gaza |archive-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>
The [[Committee to Protect Journalists|CPJ]] observed that "Israel is engaging in the deadliest and most deliberate effort to kill and silence journalists that CPJ has ever documented" and that there was a "pattern of journalists in Gaza reporting receiving threats, and subsequently, their family members being killed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Israel-Gaza War |url=https://cpj.org/issue/israel-gaza-war/ |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251015083030/https://cpj.org/issue/israel-gaza-war/ |archive-date=15 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=21 December 2023 |title=Israeli military accused of targeting journalists and their families in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/21/israel-idf-accused-targeting-journalists-gaza |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231221200001/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/21/israel-idf-accused-targeting-journalists-gaza |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
In a case filed with the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]], the [[Reporters sans frontieres|RSF]] accused the IDF of the targeted killing of seven journalists in Gaza between 22 October and 15 December 2023: Asem Al-Barsh, Bilal Jadallah, Montaser Al-Sawaf, Rushdi Al Siraj, Hassouna Salim, Sari Mansour, and Al Jazeera's Abudaqa. Targeting journalists is a war crime under Article 8 of the Rome Statute.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=RSF files second war crimes complaint with ICC over Gaza journalists killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/22/rsf-files-second-war-crimes-complaint-with-icc-over-gaza-journalists-killed |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231223005746/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/22/rsf-files-second-war-crimes-complaint-with-icc-over-gaza-journalists-killed |archive-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
The [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights|PCHR]] alleges that this killing is to intimidate and deter journalists from coverage of current events.<ref name="Akila" />
==== Medical workers ==== The systematic killing of Palestinian medical workers has been characterised as a central component of the genocide, sometimes termed "medicide" (the use of military force and state policy to systematically destroy a society's access to medical care).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Two healthcare workers killed every day on average during Israel's genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.map.org.uk/latest/news/1772-two-healthcare-workers-killed-every-day-on-average-during-israelas-genocide-in-gaza/ |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=Medical Aid for Palestinians |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260128093721/https://www.map.org.uk/latest/news/1772-two-healthcare-workers-killed-every-day-on-average-during-israelas-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=Two healthcare workers killed every day on average during Israel's genocide in Gaza - occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/two-healthcare-workers-killed-every-day-average-during-israels-genocide-gaza |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
[[Physicians for Human Rights Israel]] said the killing and detention of over 1,800 healthcare workers, including senior specialists, is not incidental to war but a deliberate strategy to decimate medical capacity and render future recovery nearly impossible and that this met the criteria for genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=B'Tselem and Physicians for Human Rights Israel: Israel is committing genocide in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/b-tselem-and-physicians-for-human-rights-israel-israel-is-committing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104221920/https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/b-tselem-and-physicians-for-human-rights-israel-israel-is-committing |archive-date=2026-01-04 |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[International Federation for Human Rights]] |language=en}}</ref>
UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Health [[Tlaleng Mofokeng]] called the assault on Gaza's medical sector "medicide" and a component of the ongoing genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renè |date=10 September 2025 |title=Statement by Minister Ronald Lamola, Minister of International Relations and Cooperation to the Meeting of the Joint Portfolio Committee on International Relations and Cooperation and the Portfolio Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development, Wednesday, 10 September 2025, Cape Town |url=https://dirco.gov.za/statement-by-minister-ronald-lamola-minister-of-international-relations-and-cooperation-to-the-meeting-of-the-joint-portfolio-committee-on-international-relations-and-cooperation-and-the-portfolio-co/ |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=DIRCO |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erasmus |first=Des |date=6 January 2025 |title=Unmatched cruelty in Gaza while world celebrates the new year |url=https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/2025-01-06-unmatched-cruelty-in-gaza-while-world-celebrates-the-new-year/ |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[The Mail & Guardian]] |language=en-ZA |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
==Academic and legal discourse== {{Main|Academic and legal responses to the Gaza genocide}}
{{see also|Palestinian genocide accusation#Academic discourse|Palestinian genocide accusation#Legal discourse{{!}}§{{nbsp}}Legal discourse}} {{Pie chart <!--|value1 = 46 |label1 = Genocide |value2 = 36 |label2 = Major war crimes akin to genocide |value3 = 9 |label3 = Major war crimes but not akin to genocide |value4 = 4 |label4 = Unjustified actions but not major war crimes |value5 = 4 |label5 = Justified actions under the right to self-defence |value6 = 2 |label6 = I don't know--> |1= [ {"value":46, "label": "Genocide ($d%)"}, {"value":36, "label": "Major war crimes akin to genocide ($d%)"}, {"value":9, "label": "Major war crimes but not akin to genocide ($d%)"}, {"value":4, "label": "Unjustified actions but not major war crimes ($d%)"}, {"value":4, "label": "Justified actions under the right to self-[defence] ($d%)"}, {"value":2, "label": "I don't know ($d%)"}, ] |legend=true |autoscale=false |radius=100 |caption = Answers to the question "How would you define Israel's military campaign in Gaza?" among scholars specialized in Middle East studies in a January 31–February 19, 2025 survey.<ref name="MESB 2025"/> |footer = "Note: Percentages may not always add to one hundred due to rounding."}} There is a growing consensus among genocide and Holocaust scholars, international legal experts, human rights organisations, and governments that Israel's actions in Gaza constitute genocide. Israel and its supporters deny the accusation.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Mohyeldin|Hamdan|2024}} | {{harvnb|Komnenic|2023}} | {{harvnb|Sultany|2024|p=4}} | {{harvnb|Swart|2025|p=689}} }}</ref><ref name="Bouranova">{{harvnb|Bouranova|2024}}: "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza."</ref><ref name="MESB 2025"/>
=== Relationship to Zionism and the Nakba === Palestinians have emphasized the relationship between the Gaza genocide and [[Zionism]] and its [[Zionist political violence|political violence]], describing the Gaza genocide as a continuation of the [[Nakba]] and [[ongoing Nakba]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rabea |first=Eghbariah |title=Toward Nakba as a Legal Concept |url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/toward-nakba-as-a-legal-concept/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website= |language=en |journal=[[Columbia Law Review]] |issue=4 |volume=124 |date=May 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260228050143/https://columbialawreview.org/content/toward-nakba-as-a-legal-concept/ |archive-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Khalidi|2024}} | {{harvnb|Al Jazeera English|2024}} | {{harvnb|Khalidi|2023}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAjmHHt8Fk4 |title=Noura Erakat Addresses the UN in Commemoration of the 77th Anniversary of the Nakba |date=16 May 2025 |last=Jadaliyya |access-date=2 February 2026 |via=YouTube|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260228051313/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAjmHHt8Fk4|archive-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Makdisi |first=Saree |date=14 November 2023 |title=Physical Destruction in Whole or in Part |url=https://www.nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/physical-destruction-in-whole-or-in-part/ |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=[[n+1]] |language=en-US |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260228051456/https://www.nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/physical-destruction-in-whole-or-in-part/ |archive-date=28 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Massad|2023}} | {{harvnb|Massad|2025b}} | {{harvnb|Massad|2025a}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shalhoub-Kevorkian |first=Nadera |date=19 September 2025 |title=Five Pillars of Zionist Genocidal Apparatus: A Palestinian Problematization of Genocide Studies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2556589 |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Roundtable: Gaza and Genocide Studies |language=en |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2556589 |issn=1462-3528|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=El-Kurd|first=Mohammed|title=Perfect Victims and the Politics of Appeal|date=2025|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=979-8-88890-315-5|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=11|quote=Zionism—the political ideology, born in nineteenth-century Central and Eastern Europe, that argued that the creation of a Jewish state would be the only viable solution to the persecution of Jews—is an ideology of dispossession, an expansionist and racist settler-colonial enterprise. The Nakba, enduring and ongoing, remains the clearest crystallization of the Zionist ideology.|title-link=Perfect Victims}}</ref>
Some scholars argue that the Gaza genocide is merely the latest stage of a [[Palestinian genocide allegations|"slow-motion genocide" of Palestinians]] that began with the Nakba and the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|expulsion of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians]] upon Israel's founding in 1948.{{sfn|Shaw|2025b|p=2}}{{sfn|LeVine|2025|p=2}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Four Facts about Israel's Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/four-facts-about-israel%E2%80%99s-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621102212/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/four-facts-about-israel%E2%80%99s-genocide |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=[[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] |language=en |quote=Israel's genocide against Palestinians involves the planned and entirely intentional murder and forced displacement of all Palestinians from their ancestral homes across historical Palestine using all available means. It has been going on since Israel's founding, but sped up significantly first after Netanyahu assumed power in 2022 and again after October 7, 2023}}</ref>
According to [[B'Tselem]] and others, the Gaza genocide is occurring in the context of over 75 years of [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Zionist settler colonial]] violence and [[Jewish supremacy]] targeting Palestinians.{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=5}}<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|O'Brien|2025}} | {{harvnb|Nijim|2024|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2025}} | {{harvnb|Repo|2024|pp=}}{{page needed|date=October 2025}} | {{harvnb|Sorek|2025|pp=}}{{page needed|date=October 2025}} | {{harvnb|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}} }}</ref> Multiple genocide scholars argue that [[settler colonialism]] is an important motive for Israel's actions.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Segal|2023}} | {{harvnb|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}} | {{harvnb|Abdo|2024|p=1}} | {{harvnb|Shaw|2024|p=1}} | {{harvnb|Üngör|2024|pp=3–4, 5–6}} | {{harvnb|Albanese|2024a|p=2}} }}</ref> [[Raz Segal]] and B'Tselem also highlight the increasing influence of Jewish supremacy in Israeli politics,{{sfn|Segal|2025|p=182}}{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=5}} while reports by [[Francesca Albanese]] and [[Amos Goldberg]] highlight the project of [[Greater Israel]].{{sfn|Albanese|2024a|p=4}}{{sfn|Albanese|2024b|p=20–22}}{{sfn|Goldberg|2024|p=9}}
===Genocide and Holocaust studies=== In May 2025, ''[[NRC (newspaper)|NRC]]'' wrote that leading scholars in [[genocide studies]] are "surprisingly unanimous" that Israel is committing genocide.{{sfn|van Laarhoven|Peek|Walters|2025}} Some scholars of [[Holocaust studies]], such as [[Norman J. W. Goda]] and [[Jeffrey Herf]], have said that Israel is not committing genocide.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Goda|Herf|2025}} | {{harvnb|Cohen|2024}} | {{harvnb|Segal|2024|pp=62–66}} | {{harvnb|Klein|2025|pp=1–7}} }}</ref> Others, such as Israeli professors [[Raz Segal]] and {{ill|Shira Klein|he|שירה קליין}}, have argued that Israel's actions should be analysed as a case of genocide,{{sfn|van Laarhoven|Peek|Walters|2025}}{{sfn|Klein|2025|pp=1–7}}{{sfn|Segal|2024|pp=62–66}} citing, among other things, attacks on infrastructure, food, and water as genocidal.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024a|p=3}} | {{harvnb|Samudzi|2024|pp=6–7}} | {{harvnb|Stacey|2023}} }}</ref> [[Omer Bartov]], professor of Holocaust and genocide studies at [[Brown University]] and an [[Israel Defense Forces]] veteran, has said: "intent has been publicly expressed by numerous officials and leaders. But intent can also be derived from a pattern of operations on the ground, and this pattern became clear by May 2024".<ref name="Bartov 2025">{{Cite news |last=Bartov |first=Omer |author-link=Omer Bartov |date=15 July 2025 |title=Opinion {{!}} I'm a Genocide Scholar. I Know It When I See It. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/15/opinion/israel-gaza-holocaust-genocide-palestinians.html |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250715050553/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/15/opinion/israel-gaza-holocaust-genocide-palestinians.html |archive-date=15 July 2025}}</ref> [[Amos Goldberg]] and [[Daniel Blatman]], historians of the Holocaust and genocide studies at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], noted that "most acts of genocide are perceived by their perpetrators as acts of self-defense against their victims" and the Gaza war "falls into this category".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title=There's no Auschwitz in Gaza. But it's still genocide |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-30/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/theres-no-auschwitz-in-gaza-but-its-still-genocide/00000194-b8af-dee1-a5dc-fcff384b0000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001003740/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-30/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/theres-no-auschwitz-in-gaza-but-its-still-genocide/00000194-b8af-dee1-a5dc-fcff384b0000 |archive-date=1 October 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref>
On 31 August 2025, the [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] (IAGS), the world's largest academic association of genocide scholars, passed a resolution saying that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza.<ref name="IAGSReuters" /><ref name="IAGSResolution" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=1 September 2025 |title=Israel committing genocide in Gaza, world's top scholars on the crime say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/01/israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-worlds-top-scholars-on-the-say |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902000620/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/01/israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-worlds-top-scholars-on-the-say |archive-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>
===Legal and human rights experts=== {{Overly detailed|section|details=from the overview detailing grouped positions, the section has quadrupled in size, seeking to include quotes from every person who has commented|date=December 2025}} In December 2023, former International Criminal Court chief prosecutor [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]] told ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' that the siege of Gaza was a form of genocide due to Israel's imposing conditions that would lead to the deaths of Palestinians.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/upfront/2023/12/1/former-icc-chief-prosecutor-israels-siege-of-gaza-is-a-genocide |title=Former ICC chief prosecutor: Israel's siege of Gaza is a 'genocide' |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710195403/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/upfront/2023/12/1/former-icc-chief-prosecutor-israels-siege-of-gaza-is-a-genocide |archive-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> In December, in correspondence published in ''The Lancet'', multiple specialists in international medicine and humanitarian aid reiterated warnings of the risk of genocide, while detailing how Israel's blocking of humanitarian support and aid were leading to unnecessary deaths, and how the death rate would continue to worsen. They called on signatories to the Genocide Convention to enforce a ceasefire on Israel.{{sfn|Faddoul|Shannon|Asghar|Boukari|2024|pp=25–26}} Nimer Sultany argues that, by mid-2024, a growing consensus among legal scholars suggested that Israel was committing genocide in Gaza.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=4}} Multiple public declarations from journals and academic organisations have warned of a potential genocide and declared opposition to an ongoing genocide.<ref name="twailr"/><ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted||{{harvnb|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=5–6}}|{{harvnb|Narea|Samuel|2023}}|{{harvnb|Johnson|2023}}|{{harvnb|Segal|2023}}|{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=11 March 2024 |title=MESA Board Joint Statement with CAF regarding the ongoing genocidal violence against the Palestinian people and their cultural heritage in Gaza |url=https://mesana.org/advocacy/letters-from-the-board/2024/03/11/mesa-board-joint-statement-with-caf-regarding-the-ongoing-genocidal-violence-against-the-palestinian-people-and-their-cultural-heritage-in-gaza |publisher=[[Middle East Studies Association]] |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314081322/https://mesana.org/advocacy/letters-from-the-board/2024/03/11/mesa-board-joint-statement-with-caf-regarding-the-ongoing-genocidal-violence-against-the-palestinian-people-and-their-cultural-heritage-in-gaza |archive-date=14 March 2024}}}}</ref>{{sfn|International State Crime Initiative|2023}}
In January 2024, a number of prominent Israelis, represented by the human-rights lawyer [[Michael Sfard]], sent Israel's attorney general and state prosecutor an open letter detailing examples of "the discourse of annihilation, expulsion and revenge".<ref name="Graham-Harrison & Kierszenbaum 2024">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |last2=Kierszenbaum |first2=Quique |date=3 January 2024 |title=Israeli public figures accuse judiciary of ignoring incitement to genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/israeli-public-figures-accuse-judiciary-of-ignoring-incitement-to-genocide-in-gaza |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128043046/https://www.guardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/israeli-public-figures-accuse-judiciary-of-ignoring-incitement-to-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> The signatories said the Israeli judiciary was ignoring incitement to genocide in Gaza.<ref name="Graham-Harrison & Kierszenbaum 2024" /> In January 2024, the American political scientist and international relations scholar [[John Mearsheimer]] wrote that, while he had believed during the first two months of the war that Israel was "guilty of serious war crimes", once the [[2023 Gaza war ceasefire]] ended, it "became clear" to him "that Israeli leaders were in fact seeking to physically destroy a substantial portion of Gaza's Palestinian population".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mearsheimer |first=John J. |author-link=John Mearsheimer |date=4 January 2024 |title=Genocide in Gaza |url=https://mearsheimer.substack.com/p/genocide-in-gaza |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=John's Substack |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726142901/https://mearsheimer.substack.com/p/genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=26 July 2025}}</ref> [[William Schabas]], an expert in [[international criminal law]],{{sfn|Currie|2011}} said that South Africa's case was the strongest of all recent genocide cases at the [[International Court of Justice]], citing the destruction of Gazan infrastructure and statements by Israeli politicians that Gazans are "human animals" and that Israel would deny them electricity, water, and medical care.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 June 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=en |title=International laws against genocide exist: so why don't they work? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/genocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721 |work=[[CBC/Radio-Canada|CBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714231001/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/genocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721 |archive-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Marin |first=Stephanie |date=4 October 2024 |title=Le déchirement autour du mot «génocide» |language=fr |trans-title=The rift around the word "genocide" |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/moyen-orient/821121/y-il-genocide-gaza |work=[[Le Devoir]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250312184658/https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/moyen-orient/821121/y-il-genocide-gaza |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sansour |first=Leila |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=en |work=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |title=South Africa accuses Israel of genocide: Everything we know about the landmark court case |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-10/south-africa-accuses-israel-of-genocide-everything-we-know-about-the-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110190756/https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-10/south-africa-accuses-israel-of-genocide-everything-we-know-about-the-case |archive-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
On 26 January 2024, the ICJ issued a preliminary ruling finding that the rights asserted in [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|South Africa's filing]] were "plausible", and an order requiring that Israel take all measures in its power to prevent acts of genocide, prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.<ref name="ICJruling"/><ref name="Donoghue">{{harvnb|Donoghue|2024|loc=5:10}} ("The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court."); [[#ICJ-order-2024-01-26|Order, ''S. Afr.'', No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024)]], ¶ 54 ("In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.").</ref> Judge ad hoc [[Aharon Barak]] dissented from the majority's view that genocide-related rights were "plausible", writing that South Africa had not demonstrated genocidal intent on Israel's part.<ref>{{cite web |title=Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel), Separate Opinion of Judge ad hoc Barak |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192 |publisher=International Court of Justice |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
On 15 May 2024, a report by the [[University Network for Human Rights]], [[Boston University School of Law]], [[Cornell Law School]], [[University of Pretoria]], and the [[Yale Law School]] found that "Israel has committed genocidal acts".<ref name="Bouranova"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Genocide in Gaza: Analysis of International Law and its Application to Israel's Military Actions since October 7, 2023 |url=https://www.humanrightsnetwork.org/publications/genocide-in-gaza |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=University Network for Human Rights |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001005253/https://www.humanrightsnetwork.org/publications/genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In a May 2024 interview, Human Rights Watch co-founder [[Aryeh Neier]] detailed how Israel's blocking of aid and the subsequent starvation of Gaza's population is indicative of genocide.{{sfn|Zakaria|2024}}
On 1 June 2024, professor of international law {{ill|Daniel-Erasmus Khan|de|Daniel-Erasmus Khan}} said there was no clear evidence of a special intent among Israeli leadership.<ref>{{cite news |last=Henrich |first=Jan |date=1 June 2024 |title=Krieg in Gaza: Was Gerichte zum Völkermord-Vorwurf sagen |trans-title=What courts say about the genocide accusation |url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/ausland/israel-vorwurf-voelkermord-palaestinenser-gericht-gazastreifen-100.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[heute]] |publisher=[[ZDF]] |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125155540/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/ausland/israel-vorwurf-voelkermord-palaestinenser-gericht-gazastreifen-100.html |archive-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> A June 2024 report by the [[University Network for Human Rights]] and [[Boston University School of Law]] found that "Israel has committed genocidal acts".<ref name="Bouranova"/> In an August 2024 op-ed, [[Eli Rosenbaum]], a lawyer and former director of the [[Office of Special Investigations (United States Department of Justice)|United States Department of Justice's Office of Special Investigations]], wrote that Israel's actions in Gaza were not genocidal since it was aiming to "prevent genocide" by Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rosenbaum |first=Eli M. |author-link=Eli Rosenbaum |date=11 August 2024 |title=The big lie of genocide & Gaza: Seven experts on Nazi genocide expose the canard of Israeli 'crimes' |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/08/11/the-big-lie-of-genocide-gaza-seven-experts-on-nazi-genocide-expose-the-canard-of-israeli-crimes/ |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240812191410/https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/08/11/the-big-lie-of-genocide-gaza-seven-experts-on-nazi-genocide-expose-the-canard-of-israeli-crimes/ |archive-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
In October 2024, legal scholar [[Conor Gearty]] called Israel genocidal, pointing to the continued attacks on schools and hospitals and the lack of internal investigations by Israeli authorities into potential crimes.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Gearty |first=Conor |author-link=Conor Gearty |date=26 October 2024 |title=Homeland Insecurity. Launch LSE 24 October 2024 |url=https://conorgearty.co.uk/2024/10/homeland-insecurity-launch-lse-24-october-2024/ |website=Conor Gearty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324111202/https://conorgearty.co.uk/2024/10/homeland-insecurity-launch-lse-24-october-2024/ |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> Grietje Baars, who advocates Marxist legal theory, and José Manuel Barreto, who advocates [[Third World approaches to international law]], have argued that the international community's failure to treat Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide and respond accordingly has harmed the principles of the [[international order]] and international law itself, and exposed the deficiencies of international governance.<ref name="Baars 2024">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Baars |first=Grietje |date=19 February 2024 |title=The uses of Marxist theory of law during a genocide |url=https://criticallegalthinking.com/2024/02/19/the-uses-of-marxist-theory-of-law-during-a-genocide/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Critical Legal Thinking |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508014644/https://criticallegalthinking.com/2024/02/19/the-uses-of-marxist-theory-of-law-during-a-genocide/ |archive-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Barreto 2024">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Barreto |first=José Manuel |date=8 October 2024 |title=Rethinking International Law After Gaza Symposium: The Palestinian Genocide and the Colonial Core of International Law |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/08/rethinking-international-law-after-gaza-symposium-the-palestinian-genocide-and-the-colonial-core-of-international-law/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=[[Opinio Juris (blog)|Juris]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508014645/https://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/08/rethinking-international-law-after-gaza-symposium-the-palestinian-genocide-and-the-colonial-core-of-international-law/ |archive-date=8 May 2025}}</ref> Legal scholar José Manuel Barreto argues that "the Palestinian genocide has unveiled the deep colonial structure of the international legal order" and identifies events in Gaza with the history of genocides in the colonised world, which he says the [[Westphalian system]] has historically failed to prevent.<ref name="Barreto 2024" />
In December 2024, Amnesty International published a report accusing Israel of committing genocide.<ref>{{cite news|last=Magdy |first=Sam |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-rights-amnesty-genocide-19aa8fb76f7271942e73d5d7a42434e0 |title=Amnesty International says Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. Israel rejects the allegations |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217174023/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-rights-amnesty-genocide-19aa8fb76f7271942e73d5d7a42434e0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lanard |first=Noah |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/israel-genocide-gaza-amnesty-international-report/ |title=Amnesty International: Israel is guilty of genocide in Gaza |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210022113/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/israel-genocide-gaza-amnesty-international-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Haque |first=Adil Ahmad |author-link=Adil Ahmad Haque |date=16 December 2024 |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/105629/amnesty-international-gaza-genocide-report/ |title=The Amnesty International Report on Genocide in Gaza |website=Just Security |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220103911/https://www.justsecurity.org/105629/amnesty-international-gaza-genocide-report/ |archive-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> After the Amnesty report, Human Rights Watch also said Israel had committed "genocidal acts" and that Israeli officials statements may indicate genocidal intent.<ref>{{cite news |last=Geller |first=Adam |date=19 December 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-gaza-genocide-human-rights-watch-0cae5c250415975ebbfcfdab6808abc4 |title=Human Rights Watch says Israel's restriction of water supply in Gaza amounts to acts of genocide |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220100513/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-gaza-genocide-human-rights-watch-0cae5c250415975ebbfcfdab6808abc4 |archive-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>
In April 2025, the barrister [[Michael Mansfield]] said there was "no question" that genocide was occurring.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Safdar |first=Anealla |date=16 April 2025 |title=Top UK barrister: Israel is carrying out 'destruction of humanity' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/16/top-uk-barrister-israel-is-carrying-out-destruction-of-humanity-in-gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419150140/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2025/4/16/top-uk-barrister-israel-is-carrying-out-destruction-of-humanity-in-gaza |archive-date=19 April 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, Luigi Daniele, a lecturer at [[Nottingham Law School]], noted a link between the IDF's justification for its conduct in Gaza and the [[Rapid Support Forces]] rationale in the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese civil war]], saying it "reveals the emergence of a template to commit mass extermination and even genocide".{{sfn|Nashed|2025}} In May 2024 the legal scholar Nimer Sultany supported [[Forensic Architecture]]'s assessment that Israel had weaponised international humanitarian law into "humanitarian violence".{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=10–11}} This was supported in July by legal scholar [[Neve Gordon]] and the anthropologist [[Nicola Perugini]], who argued that Israel used "the law itself as a tool legitimizing genocide".{{sfn|Perugini|Gordon|2024}}
In June 2025, Ambos and scholar {{ill|Stefanie Bock|de|Stefanie Bock (Rechtswissenschaftlerin)}} wrote that it has become more difficult to deny genocidal intent.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Ambos |first1=Kai |author1-link=Kai Ambos |last2=Bock |first2=Stefanie |author2-link=:de:Stefanie Bock (Rechtswissenschaftlerin) |date=4 June 2025 |title=Genocide in Gaza? |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/genocide-in-gaza/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |journal=[[Verfassungsblog]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624141521/https://verfassungsblog.de/genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=24 June 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2025, 1,300 professionals and academics in public health, health care, and the social sciences signed a letter acknowledging the Gaza genocide.{{sfn|De Vogli|Montomoli|Abu-Sittah|Pappé|2025|p=1}} According to peace studies scholar Ernesto Verdeja, even by "the most inflexible interpretation of genocide, Gaza qualifies as genocidal".{{sfn|Verdeja|2025|p=8}} In July 2025, {{lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}} reported that legal experts remained divided on the question, with some agreeing that Israel was committing genocide and others viewing the charge as unsubstantiated.<ref name="Ayad 2025">{{cite news |last=Ayad |first=Christophe |date=27 July 2025 |title=Is there a genocide in Gaza? Why legal experts are split |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2025/07/27/is-there-a-genocide-in-gaza-why-legal-experts-are-split_6743780_23.html |access-date=1 December 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727161927/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2025/07/27/is-there-a-genocide-in-gaza-why-legal-experts-are-split_6743780_23.html |archive-date=27 July 2025}}</ref> Bartov wrote that the silence of many scholars of the Holocaust and Holocaust commemoration institutions and their disbelief that Israel could commit war crimes, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, or genocide threatens [[universalist]] interpretations of Holocaust studies and Holocaust commemoration and may lead to a decline in the relevance of Holocaust education.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 July 2025 |title="I'm a Genocide Scholar. I Know It When I See It": Prof. Omer Bartov on the Growing Consensus on Gaza |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2025/7/17/omer_bartov |access-date=18 July 2025 |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725080837/https://www.democracynow.org/2025/7/17/omer_bartov |archive-date=25 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bartov 2025"/> Journalist Colin Jones interviewed lawyers affiliated with the US military and concluded that they see Gaza as a test case for what military conduct might be acceptable in a hypothetical war between the US and a peer power such as China.<ref name="Jones 2025">{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Jones |first=Colin |date=25 April 2025 |title=What's Legally Allowed in War |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-lede/whats-legally-allowed-in-war |access-date=26 July 2025 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715150411/https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-lede/whats-legally-allowed-in-war |archive-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>
In August 2025, according to Mia Swart, a growing consensus was emerging "in international legal circles that Israel is committing genocide".{{sfn|Swart|2025|p=3}} [[Craig Mokhiber]], a retired UN human rights lawyer, wrote, "Never, in the modern era, have we seen such a clear-cut, article-by-article violation of the United Nations Genocide Convention, so broad a consensus in the identification of the crime".<ref name="Mokhiber">{{cite journal |last1=Mokhiber |first1=Craig |date=March 2025 |title=Law on trial: Gaza and the future of the international legal order |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=121–144 |doi=10.1007/s10624-025-09764-0}}</ref>
===Other scholars=== In March 2024, the [[Middle East Studies Association]] condemned the "accelerating scale of genocidal violence being inflicted on the Palestinian population of Gaza", saying that Israel's conduct constituted [[cultural genocide]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=11 March 2024 |title=Middle East Studies Association denounces Israel's 'cultural genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2766040 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312000648/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2766040 |archive-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> Surveys of 758 Middle East scholars by the [[Brookings Institution]] indicated a growing consensus that Israel's military campaign in Gaza was genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=Marc |last2=Telhami |first2=Shibley |date=20 June 2024 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/gloom-about-the-day-after-the-gaza-war-pervasive-among-mideast-scholars/ |title=Gloom about the 'day after' the Gaza war pervasive among Mideast scholars |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]] |access-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626215734/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/gloom-about-the-day-after-the-gaza-war-pervasive-among-mideast-scholars/ |archive-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 June 2024 |title=2021 Middle East Scholar Barometer #7 (May 23 – June 6, 2024) |url=https://criticalissues.umd.edu/middle-east-scholar-barometer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626215735/https://criticalissues.umd.edu/middle-east-scholar-barometer|archive-date=26 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Critical Issues Poll |publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref><ref name="MESB 2025">{{cite web |title=Middle East Scholar Barometer #8 (January 31–February 19, 2025) |url=https://criticalissues.umd.edu/sites/criticalissues.umd.edu/files/Questionnaire_MESB2025.pdf |website=University of Maryland Critical Issues Poll |publisher=University of Maryland and George Washington University Project on Middle East Political Science |date=February 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006025947/https://criticalissues.umd.edu/sites/criticalissues.umd.edu/files/Questionnaire_MESB2025.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2025, [[John Spencer (military officer)|John Spencer]], chair of urban warfare studies at the [[Modern War Institute]] at the [[United States Military Academy]], argued that Israel had not demonstrated genocidal intent, based on what he called "evidence of what Israel is doing to preserve infrastructure, civilian life, to provide services".<ref>{{cite news |last=Inskeep |first=Steve |date=29 July 2025 |title=War scholar discusses why he does not think there is a genocide in Gaza |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/07/29/nx-s1-5478643/war-scholar-discusses-why-he-does-not-think-there-is-a-genocide-in-gaza |access-date=18 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112100804/https://www.npr.org/2025/07/29/nx-s1-5478643/war-scholar-discusses-why-he-does-not-think-there-is-a-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
[[Robert Satloff]] of the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] criticized the IAGS genocide resolution for its sourcing and for lacking independent research, noting that it passed with the support of "only one-fifth{{nbsp}}... of the organization's membership", though he wrote that his "critique of the IAGS resolution should not be misread as endorsement of Israeli strategy and tactics in Gaza or indifference to the terrible human toll in this conflict".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Satloff |first1=Robert |title=A Charade in Academic Garb |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/charade-academic-garb |website=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |access-date=23 December 2025 |date=2 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912004555/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/charade-academic-garb |archive-date=12 September 2025}}</ref>
== Legal proceedings == === International Court of Justice application === {{main|South Africa's genocide case against Israel}}
[[File:International stances on South Africa v. Israel lawsuit.svg|thumb|Stances of states on [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|''South Africa v. Israel'']]:{{legend|#3f612d|South Africa}} {{legend|#6da84d|Countries that have supported South Africa's case}} {{legend|#3d62a4|Countries that have opposed South Africa's case}} {{legend|#213659|Israel}}|346x346px]] In December 2023, [[South Africa]] instituted proceedings at the [[International Court of Justice]] pursuant to the [[Genocide Convention]], accusing Israel of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity against Palestinians in Gaza.<ref name="Chao-Fong et al. 2023">{{cite news |last1=Chao-Fong |first1=Léonie |last2=Belam |first2=Martin |last3=Ahmad |first3=Reged |date=29 December 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza war live: Israel hits back at South Africa after it launches genocide case at UN's top court |language=en |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/29/israel-gaza-war-live-updates-hamas-egypt-delegation-ceasefire-cairo |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115013657/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/dec/29/israel-gaza-war-live-updates-hamas-egypt-delegation-ceasefire-cairo |archive-date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="ICJ-2023-12-29">{{cite web |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf |title=Application Instituting Proceedings, Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 192 |website=[[International Court of Justice]] |date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203394 |archive-date=5 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="AP 2023">{{cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122062939/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21 |archive-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> South African president [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] [[Israeli apartheid|compared Israel's actions]] to [[apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Carl |first=Traci |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in a U.N. court. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/world/middleeast/south-africa-israel-genocide.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117041902/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/world/middleeast/south-africa-israel-genocide.html |archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> Several [[South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)#Other international responses|international organisations and other nations]] supported South Africa's suit.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Roelf|Sterling|2023}} | {{harvnb|Rifai|2024}} | {{harvnb|Conley|2024}} | {{harvnb|Jimoh|2024}} | {{Cite news |title=South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations |work= [[Palestine Chronicle]] |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112210235/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |url-status=live}} | {{harvnb|Shamim|2024}} }}</ref><ref name="Progressive International 2024">{{cite web |title=We Support South Africa's Genocide Convention Case Against Israel |publisher=[[Progressive International]] |date=8 January 2024 |url=https://progressive.international/wire/2024-01-08-we-support-south-africas-genocide-convention-case-against-israel/en/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108224921/https://progressive.international/wire/2024-01-08-we-support-south-africas-genocide-convention-case-against-israel/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
In its application, South Africa argued that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".<ref name="ICJ-2023-12-29"/>{{sfn|Corder|2024}} South Africa requested that the ICJ issue an [[interim order]] requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza".<ref name="ICJ-2023-12-29"/>{{sfn|Corder|2024}}
On 26 January 2024, the ICJ issued a preliminary ruling finding that the rights asserted in South Africa's filing were "plausible" and issued an order requiring that Israel take all measures in its power to prevent acts of genocide, prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.<ref name="ICJruling"/><ref name="Donoghue"/> Later that year, South Africa asked the ICJ to order additional measures against Israel,<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2024 |title=South Africa asks World Court for more measures against Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-asks-world-court-more-measures-against-israel-2024-03-06/ |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240306223624/https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-asks-world-court-more-measures-against-israel-2024-03-06/ |archive-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> and in May, the court issued what some experts considered to be an ambiguous order but which was widely understood as requiring Israel to immediately halt its [[Rafah offensive|offensive in Rafah]].<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Taub|2024}} | {{harvnb|Wintour|2024a}}: "a directive widely seen to have instructed Israel to completely stop its military offensive" | {{harvnb|Clayton|2024a}}: "It was widely viewed as an unambiguous statement: The top United Nations court ordered Israel to immediately halt its military assault on Rafah—a dramatic intervention that left the nation and its chief ally, the U.S., increasingly isolated on the world stage." | {{harvnb|Haque|2024a}} }}</ref> Israel rejected this interpretation and continued its offensive.{{sfn|Casciani|2024b}}
The Israeli government spokesman [[Eylon Levy]] rejected the allegations "with disgust"<ref name="AP 2023"/> and accused South Africa of cooperating with Hamas,<ref name="Chao-Fong et al. 2023"/> calling South Africa's claims "[[blood libel]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa launches case at The Hague accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/24018477.south-africa-launches-case-hague-accusing-israel-genocide-gaza/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118081223/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/24018477.south-africa-launches-case-hague-accusing-israel-genocide-gaza/ |archive-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> On 2 January 2024, Israel decided to appear before the ICJ in response to South Africa's case, despite a history of ignoring international tribunals.{{sfn|Corder|2024}} On 13 January, Netanyahu said, "No one will stop us. Not The Hague, not the [[Axis of Resistance|Axis of Evil]], no one."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |date=13 January 2024 |title=Israel pushes ahead with Gaza offensive approaching 100 days of war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-presses-with-gaza-offensive-approaching-100-days-war-2024-01-13/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127095016/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-presses-with-gaza-offensive-approaching-100-days-war-2024-01-13/ |archive-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> Israeli officials accused the court of antisemitic bias.<ref name="McKernan 2024">{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |title=Israeli officials accuse international court of justice of antisemitic bias |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227184626/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title='Not only false, it's outrageous': Netanyahu rejects Gaza genocide charges |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/netanyahu-rejects-outrageous-icj-charges-of-gaza-genocide-203021381942 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130123637/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/netanyahu-rejects-outrageous-icj-charges-of-gaza-genocide-203021381942 |archive-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> Israel asserted that it had taken all possible measures to safeguard civilians during its military campaign in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last=Quell |first=Molly |title=Israel insists it is doing all it can to protect civilians in Gaza and denies genocide charges |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=7 May 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-rafah-un-world-court-2f739ad4f64ff3a8186a423ad8f350e8 |access-date=19 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004163645/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-rafah-un-world-court-2f739ad4f64ff3a8186a423ad8f350e8 |archive-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|McDoom|2024|pp=5–6}} Some [[Left-wing politics in Israel|left-wing Israeli politicians]], including [[Ofer Cassif]], supported South Africa's case.<ref>{{cite news |title=MK Ofer Cassif joins lawsuit against Israel in the ICJ |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781194 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108060131/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781194 |archive-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>
International Court of Justice Vice President [[Julia Sebutinde]] was one of the 17 judges ruling on provisional measures in [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel]]. She voted against all the provisional measures, and was the only [[Judges of the International Court of Justice#Permanent judges|permanent judge]] to vote against any of the measures.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/27/why-icj-judge-sebutinde-faces-calls-to-quit-from-israel-genocide-case |title=Why ICJ Judge Sebutinde faces calls to quit from Israel genocide case |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228000416/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/27/why-icj-judge-sebutinde-faces-calls-to-quit-from-israel-genocide-case |archive-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name=jta-20240126>{{cite news |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/01/26/politics/international-court-of-justice-rules-that-some-allegations-of-israel-committing-genocide-are-plausible |title=International Court of Justice rules that some allegations of Israel committing genocide are 'plausible' |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=18 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229003507/https://www.jta.org/2024/01/26/politics/international-court-of-justice-rules-that-some-allegations-of-israel-committing-genocide-are-plausible |archive-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> In her dissenting opinion, Sebutinde wrote, "multiple concrete actions were taken by Israel to facilitate the provision of humanitarian aid for the civilian population of Gaza."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dissenting opinion of Vice-President Sebutinde |website=[[International Court of Justice]] |date=24 May 2024 |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204092 |access-date=18 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229004443/https://www.icj-cij.org/node/204092 |archive-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> She was [[Julia Sebutinde#Plagiarism_controversy|accused of plagiarizing]] large parts of her dissenting opinion from pro-Israel sources,<ref>{{Cite news|title=ICJ president accused of plagiarism in dissenting opinion on Israeli occupation|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/icj-president-accused-plagiarism-dissenting-opinion-israeli-occupation|work=Middle East Eye|date=27 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=ICJ President Julia Sebutinde accused of 'plagiarism' in opposing opinion on Israeli occupation |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1445412/icj-president-julia-sebutinde-accused-of-plagiarism-in-opposing-opinion-on-israeli-occupation.html |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=L'Orient Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Wikipedia]], and the [[BBC]]. According to political scientist [[Norman Finkelstein]], "at least 32 percent of Sebutinde's dissent was plagiarised", including from writings by [[Douglas Feith]].<ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2025 |title=ICJ president 'plagiarised 32 percent of pro-Israel dissenting opinion' |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/fresh-allegations-emerge-plagiarism-icj-president-israel-opinion |work=Middle East Eye}}</ref>
In March 2026, several states filed declarations of intervention under Article 63 of the [[Statute of the International Court of Justice|ICJ Statute]], bringing the total number of intervening states to 18. According to reports, the Netherlands argued that the obligation to prevent genocide is a "due diligence obligation" and contended that forced displacement and the "deliberate withholding of humanitarian aid" could be indicators of genocidal intent.<ref name="HelsinkiTimes_2026">{{cite news |title=Netherlands and Iceland join ICJ genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/world-int/28653-netherlands-and-iceland-join-icj-genocide-case-against-israel.html |work=[[Helsinki Times]] |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328061904/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/world-int/28653-netherlands-and-iceland-join-icj-genocide-case-against-israel.html |archive-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="TheNational_2026">{{cite news |last=Shehadi |first=Lemma |date=13 March 2026 |title=Six countries intervene in ICJ genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uk/2026/03/13/six-countries-intervene-in-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314051743/https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uk/2026/03/13/six-countries-intervene-in-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |archive-date=14 March 2026}}</ref> Iceland and Namibia also filed in support of the case, with Iceland arguing that intent may be inferred from "patterns of conduct" rather than requiring it to be the "only reasonable inference".<ref name="HelsinkiTimes_2026" /><ref name="ICJ_2026_5">{{cite press release |title=Declarations of intervention in the proceedings filed by the Netherlands and by Iceland |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20260312-pre-01-00-en.pdf |publisher=[[International Court of Justice]] |date=12 March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417225454/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20260312-pre-01-00-en.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>
Conversely, the United States, Hungary, and Fiji filed interventions in support of Israel. The United States rejected the genocide allegations as "false" and argued that international bodies were being "misused" as part of a campaign to "delegitimise" Israel.<ref name="TheNational_2026" /><ref name="ICJ_2026_6">{{cite press release |title=Declarations of intervention in the proceedings filed by Namibia, the United States of America, Hungary and Fiji |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20260313-pre-01-00-en.pdf |publisher=[[International Court of Justice]] |date=13 March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417225329/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20260313-pre-01-00-en.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2026}}</ref> Hungary said the case risked "expanding the definition of genocide" and cautioned against turning international courts into an "arena for political debate", while Fiji highlighted the "context of urban warfare" as a relevant factor for the Court's consideration.<ref name="TheNational_2026" /><ref name="Jurist_March_2026">{{cite news |last=Chan |first=Derren |date=14 March 2026 |title=Four countries file to intervene in ICJ genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2026/03/4-countries-file-to-intervene-in-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |work=[[Jurist (website)|Jurist]] |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317110404/https://www.jurist.org/news/2026/03/4-countries-file-to-intervene-in-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |archive-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> During the same period, Germany withdrew its earlier plan to intervene on Israel's behalf.<ref name="HelsinkiTimes_2026" />
Israel filed its Counter-Memorial on 12 March 2026, after being granted two extensions from the original date of 28 July 2025. The South African government noted that the filing occurred as Palestinians continued to face "ongoing bombardment" and "unabated loss of life" despite previous binding ICJ orders, and said it would evaluate whether to request further written submissions or proceed to the oral phase.<ref name="SA_Presidency_2026">{{cite press release |last=Magwenya |first=Vincent |date=15 March 2026 |title=South Africa notes Israel's response filing to the ICJ |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/south-africa-notes-israels-response-filing-icj |publisher=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |access-date=29 March 2026 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
=== International Criminal Court === {{main|International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine|International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli leaders}}
In May 2024, Khan applied for arrest warrants against Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and Minister of Defence Yoav Gallant, saying he had reasonable grounds to believe they bore criminal responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Gaza.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |publisher=[[International Criminal Court]] |date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620045322/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |archive-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> The list of crimes did not include genocide, which is legally distinct from [[Extermination (crime)|extermination]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Luban |first=David |date=22 May 2024 |title=What the ICC Prosecutor Charged – and Didn't Charge – in Gaza Warrants |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/95985/icc-gaza-warrant-charges/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=[[Just Security]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703062415/https://www.justsecurity.org/95985/icc-gaza-warrant-charges/ |archive-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> The warrants were issued in November 2024.<ref name="El Abdallah 2024"/>
As part of a December 2024 report accusing Israel of genocide, Amnesty International called on the ICC "to urgently consider the commission of the crime of genocide by Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 in the ongoing investigation into the situation in the State of Palestine".<ref name="AmnestyGenocideConclusion">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |title=Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza |date=5 December 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119110531/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |archive-date=19 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferrer |first=Isabel |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-12-05/amnesty-international-investigation-concludes-that-israel-has-committed-genocide-in-gaza.html |title=Amnesty International investigation concludes that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza |work=[[El País]] English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120183101/https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-12-05/amnesty-international-investigation-concludes-that-israel-has-committed-genocide-in-gaza.html |archive-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> Also in December 2024, the Israeli law professor [[Omer Shatz]] filed a complaint with the ICC naming eight Israeli political and media figures he believed were responsible for incitement to genocide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nechin |first=Etan |date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-israeli-lawyer-filing-a-landmark-genocide-case-against-israel-at-the-icc/00000194-59bf-d76e-a7dd-7bff42610000 |title=The Israeli Lawyer Filing a Landmark Incitement to Genocide Case Against Israel at the ICC |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250124105917/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-israeli-lawyer-filing-a-landmark-genocide-case-against-israel-at-the-icc/00000194-59bf-d76e-a7dd-7bff42610000 |archive-date=24 January 2025}}</ref> On 1 October 2025, a complaint was filed with the ICC accusing Italian Prime Minister [[Giorgia Meloni]] and other officials of genocide for their support of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/8/italys-meloni-says-icc-complaint-accuses-her-of-gaza-genocide-complicity |title=Italy's Meloni says ICC complaint accuses her of Gaza genocide complicity |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=8 October 2025 |first=Lyndal |last=Rowlands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230044214/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/8/italys-meloni-says-icc-complaint-accuses-her-of-gaza-genocide-complicity |archive-date=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/10/07/meloni-says-accused-of-complicity-in-genocide-at-world-court_6746197_4.html |title=Meloni says ICC complaint accuses her of complicity in Gaza genocide |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |date=8 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230044415/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/10/07/meloni-says-accused-of-complicity-in-genocide-at-world-court_6746197_4.html |archive-date=30 December 2025}}</ref> The US and Israel have politically pressured and imposed sanctions on the ICC due to its positions during the war.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted||{{harvnb|Iraqi|2024}}|{{harvnb|Davies|McKernan|Abraham|Rapoport|2024}}|{{harvnb|Team Zeteo|Hasan|2024}}|{{cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=US: Trump Authorizes International Criminal Court Sanctions |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/07/us-trump-authorizes-international-criminal-court-sanctions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214060838/https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/07/us-trump-authorizes-international-criminal-court-sanctions |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}}}</ref>
=== Other proceedings === {{Main|Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden|Nicaragua v. Germany}}
In November 2023, the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] sued US President [[Joe Biden]], Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]], and Secretary of Defence [[Lloyd Austin]],<ref name="Mansoor 2023">{{cite magazine |last=Mansoor |first=Sanya |date=21 November 2023 |title=Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot |url=https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102191717/https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |archive-date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Haigh |first=Elizabeth |date=15 November 2023 |title=Humanitarian groups sue Biden and administration officials for involvement in Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/11/humanitarian-groups-sue-biden-and-administration-officials-for-involvement-in-israel-hamas-war/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=[[Jurist (website)|Jurist]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233607/https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/11/humanitarian-groups-sue-biden-and-administration-officials-for-involvement-in-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}} alleging that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure, and forced expulsions amount to genocide,<ref name="McGreal 2023"/><ref name="Mansoor 2023"/> and that the US was capable of deterring Israel from committing these acts due to the countries' close relationship.<ref name="McGreal 2023"/> A [[United States federal judge|federal judge]] dismissed the case in January 2024, ruling that the [[US Constitution]] prevented his court from determining foreign policy, but writing that "as the ICJ has found, it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide".<ref name="Hubler 2024">{{Cite news |last=Hubler |first=Shawn |date=31 January 2024 |title=A federal judge dismisses a suit to block U.S. support of Israel{{snd}}but urges Biden to re-examine his approach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201153444/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html%20 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The judge also commented that he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged Biden to rethink US policy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Borger |date=1 February 2024 |title=Israel's campaign in Gaza 'plausibly' amounts to genocide, US court finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/01/genocide-gaza-israel-california-court |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202041336/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/01/genocide-gaza-israel-california-court |archive-date=2 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hanson 2023">{{cite news |last=Hanson |first=Natalie |date=13 November 2023 |title=Palestinians file lawsuit accusing Biden administration of violating Genocide Convention |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/palestinians-file-lawsuit-accusing-biden-administration-of-violating-genocide-convention/ |work=[[Courthouse News Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213203151/https://www.courthousenews.com/palestinians-file-lawsuit-accusing-biden-administration-of-violating-genocide-convention/ |archive-date=13 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mansoor 2023" />
In February 2024, lawyers representing Palestinians in Germany filed a criminal complaint against politicians including Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]], Foreign Minister [[Annalena Baerbock]], Economic Minister [[Robert Habeck]], and Finance Minister [[Christian Lindner]] for "aiding and abetting" genocide in Gaza.<ref name="Schaer 2024">{{cite news |last=Schaer |first=Cathrin |date=23 February 2024 |title=German lawyers sue Scholz, alleging complicity in Gaza 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224051949/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza |archive-date=24 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="mem-2024-02-23">{{cite news |date=23 February 2024 |title=Gaza victims sue German government for 'aiding genocide against Palestinians' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/ |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224115453/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/ |archive-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> The [[Public Prosecutor General (Germany)|Public Prosecutor General]] dismissed the complaint due to lack of [[reasonable suspicion]].<ref name="lto-2025-09-20">{{Cite web |last=Kolter |first=Max |date=20 September 2025 |title=Waffenexporte: Merz, Scholz und Co. wegen Beihilfe strafbar? |trans-title=Weapons exports: Are Merz, Scholz and Co. liable to prosecution for aiding and abetting? |url=https://www.lto.de/recht/hintergruende/h/waffen-waffenlieferungen-scholz-merz-strafantrag-beihilfe-gaza-israel-export |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=[[Legal Tribune Online]] |language=de |quote=In der Vergangenheit reagierte man in Karlsruhe auf derlei PR-Aktionen gelassen. Bereits Anfang 2024 hatte es eine Strafanzeige gegen Mitglieder der Ampel-Regierung wegen der Unterstützung Israels u.a. durch Waffenlieferungen gegeben. Man entschied sich gegen Ermittlungen – kein Anfangsverdacht. Dass sich an dieser Haltung etwas ändert, kann man sich kaum vorstellen. |trans-quote=In the past, officials in Karlsruhe reacted calmly to such [[public relations|PR]] activities. There had already been a criminal complaint in early 2024 against members of the [[Scholz cabinet|traffic light coalition]] because of support of Israel through weapons deliveries, among other reasons. The officials decided against investigations – no [[reasonable suspicion]]. It's hard to imagine that this stance is going to change. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218235050/https://www.lto.de/recht/hintergruende/h/waffen-waffenlieferungen-scholz-merz-strafantrag-beihilfe-gaza-israel-export |archive-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> The lawyers filed a similar complaint against current and former German government members in September 2025.<ref name="lto-2025-09-20"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 September 2025 |title=The Time for Accountability is Now: Criminal Complaint against German Government Officials for Aiding and Abetting Israel's Genocide in Gaza |url=https://elsc.support/the-time-for-accountability-is-now-criminal-complaint-against-german-government-officials-for-aiding-and-abetting-israels-genocide-in-gaza/ |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=European Legal Support Center |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108054432/https://elsc.support/the-time-for-accountability-is-now-criminal-complaint-against-german-government-officials-for-aiding-and-abetting-israels-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
In March 2024, the Nicaraguan government initiated proceedings against Germany at the ICJ under the Genocide Convention concerning Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.<ref name="mee-2024-1-1">{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=Nicaragua files application to World Court, accusing Germany of complicity in Gaza genocide |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302035942/https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |archive-date=2 March 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|van den Berg|2024}} It sought [[provisional measures of protection]], including resumption of suspended German funding of the [[UNRWA]] and cessation of military supplies to Israel.{{sfn|van den Berg|2024}}
In March 2024, Birchgrove Legal referred Australian Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]], Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]], Opposition Leader [[Peter Dutton]], and others to the ICC as accessories to genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, citing the defunding of UNRWA, the provision of military aid, and "unequivocal political support" for Israel's actions during the Gaza war.<ref name="Wedesweiler 2024">{{Cite news |last=Wedesweiler |first=Madeleine |date=5 March 2024 |title=Anthony Albanese dismisses ICC war crimes allegations: Experts weigh in on the claims |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[SBS News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305094219/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rothwell 2024">{{Cite web |last=Rothwell |first=Donald |date=5 March 2024 |title=Why have Anthony Albanese and other politicians been referred to the ICC over the Gaza war? |url=http://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305092042/https://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079 |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>{{Importance inline|date=November 2025}}
In November 2025, the Chief Public Prosecutor's Office in [[Turkey]] issued arrest warrants for 37 Israeli suspects on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity. Officials named in the Turkish indictment included Netanyahu, security minister [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]], defence minister [[Israel Katz]] (who had replaced Gallant), and IDF chief of staff [[Eyal Zamir]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/07/middleeast/turkey-issues-genocide-arrest-warrant-against-netanyahu-intl-latam |title=Turkey issues 'genocide' arrest warrants against Netanyahu and other Israeli officials |newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=7 November 2025 |first1=Hira |last1=Humayun |first2=Betül |last2=Tuncer |first3=Tamar |last3=Michaelis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213202730/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/07/middleeast/turkey-issues-genocide-arrest-warrant-against-netanyahu-intl-latam|archive-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>
== Responsibility of third states and other entities == {{See also|Complicity in genocide|Responsibility to protect}}
All UN states that are signatories to the Genocide Convention are obliged "to employ all means reasonably available to them, so as to prevent genocide so far as possible" and must not provide "means to enable or facilitate the commission of the crime".<ref>{{cite web |last=Bastaki |first=Jinan |date=5 February 2024 |url=http://opiniojuris.org/2024/02/05/the-icjs-provisional-orders-measures-and-the-responsibility-of-third-states/ |title=The ICJ's Provisional Orders Measures and the Responsibility of Third States |website=Opinio Juris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123080634/https://opiniojuris.org/2024/02/05/the-icjs-provisional-orders-measures-and-the-responsibility-of-third-states/ |archive-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> Multiple scholars argue that the inaction of the international community to confirmed atrocities in Gaza expose the irrelevance and weakness of the [[Responsibility to protect|Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine]].<ref>{{harvnb|Moses|2024|pp=211–215}}: "The absence of a clear, sustained, and powerful invocation of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in response to Israel's vicious assault on Gaza reveals the fundamental weaknesses of the doctrine{{nbsp}}... We are now over three months into a military assault that many experts have labelled as a genocide (Government of South Africa Citation 2023) and the R2P has played no significant role in debates over how to respond."</ref>{{sfn|Sirleaf|2024|p=182}}{{sfn|Verdeja|2025|p=16–18}} Many Western countries — especially the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom — support Israel by offering diplomatic, military, and intelligence support.{{sfn|Shaw|2025a|pp=416–422}} Some journalists,{{sfn|Scahill|Grim|2024}}{{sfn|Levitz|2023}} scholars,{{sfn|Beaklini|2023}}{{sfn|Ayyash|2023}}<ref name="Lakhani & Niranjan 2024">{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Nina |last2=Niranjan |first2=Ajit |date=20 August 2024 |title=Countries fueling Israel's Gaza war may be complicit in war crimes, experts warn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/20/israel-war-gaza-fuel-war-crimes-warning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824052111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/20/israel-war-gaza-fuel-war-crimes-warning |archive-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> commentators,{{sfn|Porras|2023}} and UN officials<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Alisa |last2=Mehta |first2=Jonaki |last3=Jarenwattananon |first3=Patrick |date=16 September 2025 |title=Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, a UN inquiry finds |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/16/nx-s1-5543246/israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917234926/https://www.npr.org/2025/09/16/nx-s1-5543246/israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Michael |date=5 February 2024 |title=Former UNWRA Spokesperson Says UK & US Complicit in Gaza Genocide |url=https://novaramedia.com/2024/02/05/former-unwra-spokesperson-says-uk-us-complicit-in-gaza-genocide/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206184734/https://novaramedia.com/2024/02/05/former-unwra-spokesperson-says-uk-us-complicit-in-gaza-genocide/ |archive-date=6 February 2024 |work=[[Novara Media]]}}</ref> say the actions of Western countries make them [[Complicity in genocide|complicit in genocide]].
The [[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory|Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Palestine]] said, "States may be complicit in failing to prevent genocide if they do not act in compliance" with the [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|International Court of Justice's]] orders or if they directly aid or assist in "the commission of genocide".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Larson |first1=Nina |date=18 October 2024 |title=States Helping Israel's Occupation May Be 'Complicit': UN Experts |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/states-helping-israel-s-occupation-may-be-complicit-un-experts-570f4bfd |magazine=[[Barron's]] |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108155907/https://www.barrons.com/news/states-helping-israel-s-occupation-may-be-complicit-un-experts-570f4bfd |archive-date=8 November 2024}}</ref> A [[Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People|UN Special Committee]] wrote, "Failing to act now{{nbsp}}... will tear apart the very foundation of the international rule of law we have collectively built to protect peace, security, and the well-being of all. Our inaction today is setting a perilous precedent for tomorrow."<ref name="UNCommitteeHeadGenocide" />
=== United States === {{see also|United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|3=Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden}} [[File:U_S_Air_Force_Airmen_supply_Israel_with_missile_defense_(8086168).jpg|thumb|[[United States Air Force]] airmen prepare for departure in a [[C-17 Globemaster III]] to [[United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|supply Israel]] with munitions, Oct. 15, 2023, at [[Ramstein Air Base]], Germany.]] Multiple sources—including scholars,<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyash|2023}}: "For genocide to happen, two critical elements are needed: the infrastructural and material capabilities to commit the genocide and the ability to conceal the genocide by calling it something other than what it is. The [[Western world|West]] is participating in both of these critical elements{{nbsp}}... In terms of material capabilities, the [[United States]] empire has sent, not one, but two [[aircraft carrier]]s to the region, and has made it abundantly clear in word and deed that if any state or group attempts to enter the picture and aid [[Palestinians]] in their desperate attempt to survive Israel's genocidal operation, that the US will intervene with its full force. Years of US and Western [[aid]] and support to Israel have allowed Israel to develop the infrastructural capabilities to carry out a genocide{{nbsp}}... In terms of concealment, political, media, social and cultural [[institution]]s are fully mobilised in the West to hide and conceal this act of genocide, presenting it as a righteous violence of a [[victimised]] [[Jewish people]] everywhere in [[Earth|the world]]. Those expressing support for Palestine in the West are being threatened with [[Termination of employment|job loss]] (and are actually [[Dismissal (employment)|losing their jobs]]), possible [[criminal charge]]s and bans, and other punitive measures and [[harassment]] campaigns."</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Harb |first1=Ali |date=18 February 2024 |title=Biden is said to be angry at Netanyahu, but US rewards keep coming |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219045326/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> journalists,{{sfn|Levitz|2023}} think tanks,<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2024 |title=Mind the Gap: U.S. Preferences and Israel's War Conduct |url=https://quincyinst.org/research/mind-the-gap-u-s-preferences-and-israels-war-conduct/#h-introduction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811144111/https://quincyinst.org/research/mind-the-gap-u-s-preferences-and-israels-war-conduct/#h-introduction |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft]]}}</ref> [[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention|the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]],<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2024 |title=In Gaza, Biden administration complicit: Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214182846/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |quote=None of the Biden Administration's tactics to deny genocide and avoid accountability will withstand the test of time. President Biden and key administration officials are on a path to be remembered as the principal enablers of one of the worst genocides in the 21st century}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Christou |first=William |date=29 August 2025 |title=US soldiers could be liable for war crimes in Gaza. Will they be prosecuted? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/29/israel-war-crimes-gaza-us-military |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829133055/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/29/israel-war-crimes-gaza-us-military |archive-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and others<ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2024 |title=Cuba: US 'accomplices' in devastation of Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>—say that the United States is complicit in the genocide.
The United States has been a key provider of diplomatic and material support before and during the Gaza war.<ref>{{harvnb|Joyce|Martel|Pahuja|2025|p=1}}: "The US has bombed Iranian nuclear sites and continues to support the Israeli genocide in Gaza by supplying of weapons and providing diplomatic cover (as does the UK and Germany)"</ref>{{sfn|Wezeman|Djokic|George|Hussain|2024|pp=11–12}} It pays for around 15% of Israel's military budget and is its largest supplier of arms; it provided more than {{ntsp|22760000000||$}} to the war effort in its first year.{{sfn|Bachman|Ruiz|2025|p=5}}
Both the [[Biden administration|Biden]] and [[Second Trump administration|Trump administrations]] have denied the genocide in Gaza,<ref name="newlines">{{cite magazine |last1=Zunes |first1=Stephen |title=By Rejecting Evidence of Genocide in Gaza, the US Is Following a Familiar Pattern |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/by-rejecting-evidence-of-genocide-in-gaza-the-us-is-following-a-familiar-pattern/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |magazine=[[New Lines Magazine]] |date=14 February 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902182329/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/by-rejecting-evidence-of-genocide-in-gaza-the-us-is-following-a-familiar-pattern/ |archive-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> but by September 2025 six members of the [[US Congress]] had recognised the genocide: [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], [[Rashida Tlaib]], [[Summer Lee]], [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]], [[Becca Balint]], and [[Bernie Sanders]].<ref name="Sanders092025">{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders becomes first US senator to say Israel committing genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/17/bernie-sanders-israel-gaza-genocide |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008103612/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/17/bernie-sanders-israel-gaza-genocide |archive-date=8 October 2025}}</ref> [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]], the [[U.S. National Security Council]] spokesman, described by Israeli media outlet ''[[Ynet]]'' as "an exceptionally accomplished Israeli advocate",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shmilovitz |first1=Tzippy |date=18 December 2023 |title=How John Kirby became one of Israel's leading spokespeople |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221195325/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt |archive-date=21 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=[[Ynet]]}}</ref> said: "Israel's trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, fine, let's use it appropriately".<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=White House Asked Point Blank About Pro-Ceasefire Protesters Calling Biden 'Genocide Joe' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpiceCp2Cp0 |access-date=20 November 2023 |via=[[YouTube]] |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |type=Video |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120220246/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpiceCp2Cp0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In November 2023, President [[Joe Biden]]'s support of Israel earned him the nickname "Genocide Joe".<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |title=A Bystander to '60s Protests, Biden Now Becomes a Target |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/30/us/politics/biden-columbia-protests-israel-antisemitism.html |access-date=19 October 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 April 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930181505/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/30/us/politics/biden-columbia-protests-israel-antisemitism.html |archive-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Forbes" /> On 13 November 2023, the New York-based [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] sued Biden for allegedly failing in his legal duties to prevent Israel from committing genocide in Gaza in the Gaza war.<ref name="McGreal 2023" /><ref name="Mansoor 2023" /> In the lawsuit, genocide scholar [[William Schabas]] wrote that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the [[1948 Genocide Convention]] and international law.<ref name="Mansoor 2023" /><ref name="Hanson 2023"/> In January 2024, a [[United States federal judge|federal judge]] dismissed the case, [[Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al]], saying [[Constitution of the United States|the Constitution]] prevented his court from determining foreign policy, which is reserved to the political branches of the U.S. government, though he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing, "it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide."<ref name="Hubler 2024"/> On 4 January 2024, the U.S. government acknowledged it was not formally assessing whether Israel was violating international humanitarian law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Banco |first2=Erin |last3=Berg |first3=Matt |date=4 January 2024 |title=US hasn't formally assessed if Israel violating human rights |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/01/04/us-hasnt-formally-assessed-if-israel-violating-human-rights-00133799 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043524/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/01/04/us-hasnt-formally-assessed-if-israel-violating-human-rights-00133799 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> In September 2024, it was reported that the Biden administration ignored or suppressed several memos from its own governmental departments describing human rights abuses in Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Brett |date=24 September 2024 |title=Israel Deliberately Blocked Humanitarian Aid to Gaza, Two Government Bodies Concluded. Antony Blinken Rejected Them. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/gaza-palestine-israel-blocked-humanitarian-aid-blinken |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[ProPublica]] |author-link=Brett Murphy |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banco |first=Erin |last2=Landay |first2=Jonathan |last3=Pamuk |first3=Humeyra |date=30 January 2026 |title=US envoys blocked early warning of Gaza 'Apocalyptic Wasteland' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/early-warning-apocalyptic-wasteland-gaza-blocked-by-us-envoys-israel-2026-01-30/ |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
In February 2025, Trump [[Donald Trump's February 2025 Gaza Strip proposal|proposed a U.S. takeover of Gaza]] and displacing the people living there.<ref name="newlines" />
=== United Kingdom === {{See also|United Kingdom and the Gaza war|Israel–United Kingdom relations}} [[File:Reminding Keir Starmer that he's could be complicit in genocide (53334628181).jpg|thumb|Protester holding a sign claiming the [[Labour Party (UK)|UK Labour Party]] leader [[Keir Starmer]] (image blurred due to copyright) supports genocide]] The British government issues [[UK arms export|export licences]] for British companies to sell weapons to Israel.<ref name="Holden & James 2024">{{cite news |last1=Holden |first1=Michael |last2=James |first2=William |date=3 September 2024 |title=UK suspends 30 of its 350 arms export licences to Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-says-it-is-suspending-30-its-350-arms-export-licences-israel-2024-09-02/ |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240904173718/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-says-it-is-suspending-30-its-350-arms-export-licences-israel-2024-09-02/ |archive-date=4 September 2024}}</ref> Multiple sources—including [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Yasmine |date=12 December 2023 |title=Selling Weapons to Israel Could Make UK Complicit in War Crimes |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/12/selling-weapons-israel-could-make-uk-complicit-war-crimes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218005339/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/12/selling-weapons-israel-could-make-uk-complicit-war-crimes |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> [[Save the Children UK]],<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=STATEMENT: 'We are failing the Children of Gaza' |url=https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/conditions-to-provide-humanitarian-assistance-to-children-in-gaz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215080729/https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/conditions-to-provide-humanitarian-assistance-to-children-in-gaz |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=[[Save the Children]]}}</ref> lawyers, and scholars{{sfn|Lawless|2024}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Faye |date=4 April 2024 |title=UK is breaching international law by continuing to arm Israel, Sunak warned |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-is-breaching-international-law-by-continuing-to-arm-israel-sunak-warned-13107474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416214420/https://news.sky.com/story/amp/uk-is-breaching-international-law-by-continuing-to-arm-israel-sunak-warned-13107474 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Sky News]]}}</ref>—say that the UK is complicit in the genocide because the UK government continues to issue companies licences to export weapons to Israel despite Israel's conduct in Gaza.<ref name="Holden & James 2024" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adler |first1=Nils |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=4 April 2024 |title='The risk must be taken into account now' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-accused-of-ai-assisted-genocide-in-gaza?update=2817755 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416141416/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-accused-of-ai-assisted-genocide-in-gaza?update=2817755 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
In December 2023, Scottish First Minister [[Humza Yousaf]] condemned the UK's abstention from a draft UN resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza, saying this would lead to the deaths of more children.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf says UK 'complicit' in killing Gaza children |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/humza-yousaf-says-uk-complicit-killing-gaza-children |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215080728/https://www.newarab.com/news/humza-yousaf-says-uk-complicit-killing-gaza-children |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref>
On 2{{nbsp}}September 2024, Foreign Secretary [[David Lammy]] announced he was suspending approximately 30 arms export licences to Israel after a government review concluded there was a high risk these exports were being used for severe violations of international humanitarian law.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cecil |first=Nicholas |date=2 September 2024 |title=UK suspends 30 arms export licences to Israel over Gaza war including for fighter aircraft and drone spares |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/uk-arms-exports-israel-gaza-hamas-david-lammy-b1179628.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909043215/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/uk-arms-exports-israel-gaza-hamas-david-lammy-b1179628.html |archive-date=9 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]}}</ref> At the time of the suspension, Israel had around 350 arms export licences in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Lucy |date=2 September 2024 |title=UK to halt exports of some arms to Israel citing possible law breaches |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bac169fb-4d28-4729-85e8-a13a197b0368 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240903075212/https://www.ft.com/content/bac169fb-4d28-4729-85e8-a13a197b0368 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>
On 3{{nbsp}}September 2025, the [[Scottish Government]] announced a ban on funding to "arms companies whose products or services are provided to countries where there is plausible evidence of genocide being committed", including Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pollock |first=Laura |date=3 September 2025 |title=Scottish Government announces range of measures against Israel |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/25438714.scottish-government-announces-range-measures-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204102140/https://www.thenational.scot/news/25438714.scottish-government-announces-range-measures-israel/ |archive-date=4 December 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]}}</ref> The [[Scottish Parliament]] also voted for a boycott of Israel and any companies providing it military support.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brawn |first=Steph |date=3 September 2025 |title=Scottish Parliament votes for immediate boycott of Israel |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/25439517.msps-vote-full-boycott-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103122232/https://www.thenational.scot/news/25439517.msps-vote-full-boycott-israel/ |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]}}</ref>
In February 2026, noting that over 2,000 UK nationals had served in the IDF during the genocide, the Public Interest Law Centre said the UK had a responsibility to investigate and prosecute where there is sufficient evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Over 2,000 Brits Have Served in IDF During Gaza Genocide |url=https://novaramedia.com/2026/02/12/over-2000-brits-have-served-in-idf-during-gaza-genocide/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Novara Media |language=en-GB}}</ref>
In December 2023, human rights groups [[Al-Haq]] and Global Legal Action Network sued the British government, arguing that granting export licences for military equipment to Israel risked breaching the Genocide Convention. In June 2025, the [[High Court of Justice]] dismissed the case, ruling that the UK's continued participation in the [[F-35]] programme—despite some components reaching Israel through a global spares pool—was lawful and partly beyond the scope of domestic courts.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abdul |first=Geneva |date=6 December 2023 |title=UK government faces legal challenge over arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/06/uk-government-faces-legal-challenge-over-arms-exports-to-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213060015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/06/uk-government-faces-legal-challenge-over-arms-exports-to-israel |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=11 April 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=12 May 2025 |title=UK's F-35 exports more important than stopping genocide, lawyers to argue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/may/12/uks-f-35-exports-more-important-than-stopping-genocide-lawyers-to-argue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517022020/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/may/12/uks-f-35-exports-more-important-than-stopping-genocide-lawyers-to-argue |archive-date=17 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=UK to argue F-35 exports outweighs Gaza genocide risk in landmark case |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-will-argue-f-35-exports-outweighs-gaza-genocide-risk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513144120/https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-will-argue-f-35-export-outweighs-gaza-genocide-risk |archive-date=13 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Arab]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=Al-Haq -v- Secretary of State for Business and Trade |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/judgments/al-haq-v-secretary-of-state-for-business-and-trade-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114101626/https://www.judiciary.uk/judgments/al-haq-v-secretary-of-state-for-business-and-trade-2/ |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary |language=en-UK}}</ref>
=== European Union === {{see also|Israel–European Union relations#Gaza war}} The European Union was accused of potential complicity after it did not suspend the [[European Union Association Agreement|EU-Israel Association Agreement]]. Secretary General of Amnesty International [[Agnès Callamard]] said the EU was giving Israel a "green light" to continue its genocide and was at "risk of complicity in Israel's actions".<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacRedmond |first1=David |last2=Matthews |first2=Jane |date=15 July 2025 |title='Political cowardice': EU foreign ministers refuse to suspend trade agreement with Israel |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/eu-israel-trade-deal-6763140-Jul2025/ |work=[[TheJournal.ie]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716061712/https://www.thejournal.ie/eu-israel-trade-deal-6763140-Jul2025/ |archive-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=European Union's refusal to suspend the EU-Israel Association Agreement is a 'cruel and unlawful betrayal' |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/european-unions-refusal-suspend-eu-israel-association-agreement-cruel-and-unlawful |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716055856/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/european-unions-refusal-suspend-eu-israel-association-agreement-cruel-and-unlawful |archive-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> {{ill|The Rights Forum|nl|The Rights Forum}} said the decision was "shameless complicity in genocide".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bosma |first=Freyan |date=15 July 2025 |title='Moreel faillissement van onze buitenlandpolitiek': organisaties woedend over uitblijven EU-sancties tegen Israël |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/07/15/morele-faillissement-van-onze-buitenlandpolitiek-organisaties-woedend-over-uitblijven-eu-sancties-tegen-israel-a4900375 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716054436/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/07/15/morele-faillissement-van-onze-buitenlandpolitiek-organisaties-woedend-over-uitblijven-eu-sancties-tegen-israel-a4900375 |archive-date=16 July 2025 |work=[[NRC (newspaper)|NRC]] |language=nl}}</ref> In March 2024, [[Oxfam]] and several other non-governmental organisations released a statement detailing their intention{{#tag:ref|{{#invoke:list|bulleted|Amnesty International|[[Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke]]|[[Al-Haq]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} to sue Denmark to prevent arms sales to Israel, warning that by selling arms Denmark was "complicit in violations of international humanitarian law{{nbsp}}... and a plausible genocide".{{sfn|Oxfam|2024}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=12 March 2024 |title=Aid organisations sue Denmark to stop arms sales to Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-2000-medical-staff-starving-in-north-ministry?update=2767974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312142511/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-2000-medical-staff-starving-in-north-ministry?update=2767974 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
==== Germany ==== {{see also|German support for Israel in the Gaza war}} In October 2023, political analyst Lena Obermaier argued that Germany is complicit in Israel's war crimes against Gaza.<ref name="Obermaier 2023">{{cite magazine |last=Obermaier |first=Lena |date=23 October 2023 |title=Germany Is Complicit in Israel's War Crimes in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/10/germany-israel-war-crimes-gaza-palestine-international-law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301181227/https://jacobin.com/2023/10/germany-israel-war-crimes-gaza-palestine-international-law |archive-date=1 March 2024 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]}}</ref> She detailed how most of Germany's most prominent news outlets have "been silent on Israeli genocidal policies". She also highlighted police suppression of pro-Palestine protests<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=Berlin police break up banned pro-Palestinian rally |url=https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-police-break-up-banned-pro-palestinian-rally/a-67104373 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221073758/https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-police-break-up-banned-pro-palestinian-rally/a-67104373 |archive-date=21 February 2024}} | {{harvnb|Jamal|2023}} | {{harvnb|Sharma|2023}} | {{harvnb|Marsh|2023}} | {{harvnb|Schaer|2023}} | {{harvnb|Boffey|2023}} | {{cite news |date=30 December 2023 |title=Police in Berlin ban pro-Palestinian New Year rally |url=https://www.dw.com/en/police-in-berlin-ban-pro-palestinian-new-year-rally/a-67858991 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222200733/https://www.dw.com/en/police-in-berlin-ban-pro-palestinian-new-year-rally/a-67858991 |archive-date=22 February 2024}} }}</ref> as evidence of state complicity.<ref name="Obermaier 2023" /> According to [[Anti-antisemitism in Germany#Creation of antisemitism commissioners|Germany's Federal Commissioner for the Fight against Antisemitism]], accusing Israel of genocide is antisemitic.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kuras |first=Peter |date=18 July 2023 |title=The Strange Logic of Germany's Antisemitism Bureaucrats |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/the-strange-logic-of-germanys-antisemitism-bureaucrats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217184503/https://jewishcurrents.org/the-strange-logic-of-germanys-antisemitism-bureaucrats |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |language=en}}</ref> Publicly accusing Israel of genocide can lead to arrest in Germany, even when the accusers are Jewish or Israeli.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Varoufakis |first=Yanis |author-link=Yanis Varoufakis |date=17 April 2024 |title=Why I was banned from Germany |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/diary/2024/04/cancelled-germany-yanis-varoufakis-israel-palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219043511/https://www.newstatesman.com/diary/2024/04/cancelled-germany-yanis-varoufakis-israel-palestine |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=Gaza und das Grundgesetz |trans-title=Gaza and the Basic Law |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/gesellschaft/gaza-und-das-grundgesetz-93373670.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203090254/https://www.fr.de/kultur/gesellschaft/gaza-und-das-grundgesetz-93373670.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}</ref>
In February 2024 lawyers representing Palestinians in Germany filed a criminal complaint against various senior politicians including [[Olaf Scholz]], [[Annalena Baerbock]], [[Robert Habeck]], and [[Christian Lindner]] for "aiding and abetting" the genocide in Gaza.<ref name="Schaer 2024" /><ref name="mem-2024-02-23" /> On 1 March 2024, [[Nicaragua v. Germany|Nicaragua instituted proceedings against Germany]] at the ICJ under the Genocide Convention concerning Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.<ref name="mee-2024-1-1" />{{sfn|van den Berg|2024}}
==== Italy ==== {{see also|Israel–Italy relations}} As of May 2025, Italy was Israel's third-largest supplier of weaponry, representing around 1% of Israel's weaponry imports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=Italy's Quiet Role in Arming Israel Amid Conflict |url=https://unipd-centrodirittiumani.it/en/news/italys-quiet-role-in-arming-israel-amid-conflict |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008173836/https://unipd-centrodirittiumani.it/en/news/italys-quiet-role-in-arming-israel-amid-conflict |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Centro di Ateneo per i Diritti Umani |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Wezeman|Djokic|George|Hussain|2024}} Despite the Italian government's claims that weaponry supplement to Israel had been interrupted, [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]], one of Italy's biggest arms companies, confirmed that the Italian government and Italian companies still exported arms to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Facchini |first=Duccio |date=1 October 2025 |title=Leonardo ammette l'export di armi in Israele e fa cadere la maschera del governo |url=https://altreconomia.it/leonardo-ammette-lexport-di-armi-in-israele-e-fa-cadere-la-maschera-del-governo/ |access-date=5 November 2025 |work={{ill|Altreconomia|it}} |language=it}}</ref> Francesca Albanese directly called Italy an accomplice in the Gaza genocide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pivitera |first=Greta |date=31 October 2025 |title=Francesca Albanese, nuova bufera. In un report accusa l'Italia all'Onu: «Complice di genocidio» |trans-title=Francesca Albanese, new controversy. In a report, she accuses Italy to the UN: "Complicit in genocide." |url=https://www.corriere.it/esteri/25_ottobre_30/francesca-albanese-genocidio-bufera-4948dc1d-2d3f-4ccd-a5e2-7e74be19dxlk.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117003831/https://www.corriere.it/esteri/25_ottobre_30/francesca-albanese-genocidio-bufera-4948dc1d-2d3f-4ccd-a5e2-7e74be19dxlk.shtml |archive-date=17 November 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[Corriere della Sera]] |language=it}}</ref>
On 7 October 2025, Prime Minister [[Giorgia Meloni]] said in an interview with ''[[RAI|RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana]]'' that a pro-Palestinian advocacy group had reported her, Defence Minister [[Guido Crosetto]], Foreign Minister [[Antonio Tajani]], and [[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]] director [[Roberto Cingolani]] to the ICC for alleged complicity in the genocide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Amante |first=Angelo |date=8 October 2025 |title=Italy's Meloni says she has been denounced to ICC for complicity in genocide |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/italy-pm-meloni-says-been-denounced-icc-complicity-genocide-2025-10-07/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008014513/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/italy-pm-meloni-says-been-denounced-icc-complicity-genocide-2025-10-07/ |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2025 |title=Meloni says accused of 'complicity in genocide' at world court |url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1480226/meloni-says-accused-of-complicity-in-genocide-at-world-court.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008130430/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1480226/meloni-says-accused-of-complicity-in-genocide-at-world-court.html |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[L'Orient Today]]}}</ref> The complaint, which was signed by 50 people, including law professors, lawyers, and several public figures, was filed on 1 October. It accused Meloni's government of complicity for supplying arms to Israel and urged the ICC to evaluate whether a formal investigation into the allegation could be initiated.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2025 |title=Giorgia Meloni says she has been accused of complicity in Gaza genocide at ICC court |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/meloni-says-accused-complicity-gaza-genocide-icc-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008015303/https://www.newarab.com/news/meloni-accused-complicity-gaza-genocide-icc-court |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[The New Arab]] |language=en}}</ref>
=== Egypt === {{see also|Egypt and the Gaza war|Egypt–Israel relations}} Egypt has been accused of complicity in genocide for its enforcement of the [[Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|blockade on Gaza]] by refusing to open the [[Rafah Border Crossing]].<ref name="Mahmoud 2024">{{cite magazine |last=Mahmoud |first=Omar |date=20 June 2024 |title=Why Egypt Is Complicit in the Genocide in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/06/egypt-palestine-gaza-genocide-al-sisi |access-date=21 June 2025 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619122052/https://jacobin.com/2024/06/egypt-palestine-gaza-genocide-al-sisi |archive-date=19 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sabry |first=Mohannad |date=26 January 2024 |title=After ICJ rule, will Egypt end its complicity with Israel starving Gaza? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/icj-rule-egypt-end-complicity-israel-starving-gaza-will |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621085824/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/icj-rule-egypt-end-complicity-israel-starving-gaza-will |archive-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> Egypt was also accused of complicity with Israel for its crackdown on the [[Global March to Gaza]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2025 |title=Egypt slammed for its treatment of foreign nationals doing Global March for Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/egypt-slammed-treatment-foreign-nationals-joining-global-march-gaza |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621011406/https://www.middleeasteye.net/trending/egypt-slammed-treatment-foreign-nationals-joining-global-march-gaza |archive-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
In April 2025, [[Cage (organisation)|Cage]] and five other African advocacy organisations filed a complaint with the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]].{{sfn|Cage|2025}} Egypt is not permitted to turn people away at its borders if doing so would expose them to life-threatening conditions or collective punishment, as this would violate its obligations under the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and the [[Convention Against Torture]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hathaway |first=James C. |date=25 October 2023 |title=Trapped in Gaza |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/trapped-in-gaza/ |journal=[[Verfassungsblog]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704134620/https://verfassungsblog.de/trapped-in-gaza/ |archive-date=4 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Edwards |first=Alice Jill |date=30 April 2024 |title=Egypt Is Obliged to Let Gaza Refugees In |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/30/gaza-refugees-egypt-border-palestine/ |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621212522/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/30/gaza-refugees-egypt-border-palestine/ |archive-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
Egypt has said that it closed the Rafah crossing in opposition to Israeli plans to displace Palestinians.<ref name="Mahmoud 2024"/> It rejected an Israeli proposal that Gaza be [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic|returned to Egypt]] for up to 15 years<ref>{{cite web |last1=El-Menawy |first1=Abdellatif |title=Why Egypt Refuses To Administer Gaza – OpEd |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/17032025-why-egypt-refuses-to-administer-gaza-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |date=17 March 2025 |access-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515171810/https://www.eurasiareview.com/17032025-why-egypt-refuses-to-administer-gaza-oped/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> and formally supported South Africa's genocide case against Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2024 |title=Egypt to support South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240512-🔴-live-israel-steps-up-strikes-in-gaza-after-issuing-new-rafah-evacuation-order |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127151805/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240512-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-israel-steps-up-strikes-in-gaza-after-issuing-new-rafah-evacuation-order |archive-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
=== Other states === In March 2024, the Sydney-based firm Birchgrove Legal Australian referred Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]], Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]], Opposition Leader [[Peter Dutton]], and others to the ICC as accessories to genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, citing the defunding of [[UNRWA]], the provision of military aid, and "unequivocal political support" for Israel's actions during the Gaza war.<ref name="Wedesweiler 2024" /><ref name="Rothwell 2024" />
According to the [[Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives|CCPA]], Canada is complicit in the genocide because it has allowed military exports to Israel to continue under previously approved permits despite publicly saying that new arms sales were halted, and has not implemented a comprehensive arms embargo, leaving loopholes such as third-country transfers in place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milton |first=Jon |last2=Trew |first2=Stuart |date=30 July 2025 |title=To stop Gaza genocide, Canada must escalate pressure on Israel |website=CCPA |url=https://www.policyalternatives.ca/news-research/to-stop-gaza-genocide-canada-must-escalate-pressure-on-israel/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |language=en-CA|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20251007181846/https://www.policyalternatives.ca/news-research/to-stop-gaza-genocide-canada-must-escalate-pressure-on-israel/ |archive-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
=== Private sector and media === {{See also|List of companies involved in the Gaza war}} Multiple corporations have been accused of profiting from the Gaza genocide.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |author-link=Spencer Ackerman |date=9 July 2024 |title=These Corporations Are the True "Winners" of the War on Gaza |magazine=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/economy/gaza-war-profiteers-corporations/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422070627/https://www.thenation.com/article/economy/gaza-war-profiteers-corporations/ |archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Albanese|2025|pp=1–2}} [[Lockheed Martin]], [[General Dynamics]], and [[RTX Corporation]] executives have called the war in Gaza a source of increased profits.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodkind |first=Nicole |date=18 October 2023 |title=What the Israel-Hamas war means for defense stocks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/18/investing/premarket-stocks-trading/index.html |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319234048/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/18/investing/premarket-stocks-trading/index.html |archive-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=French |first=Nick |title=The Obscene US Profiteering From Israeli War and Occupation |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/03/gaza-profits-bds-weapons-corporations/ |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=18 May 2025 |date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723130413/https://jacobin.com/2024/03/gaza-profits-bds-weapons-corporations |archive-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> From October 2023 to July 2025, RTX's stock price rose by 77%.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mattei|first=Clara |author-link=Clara Mattei|date=2026 |title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|url= |location= |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|page=153 |isbn=978-1668085141|access-date=}}</ref>
On 20 June 2024, UN experts warned that continued arms transfers to Israel could violate international law and risk state and corporate complicity in genocide. They called for an immediate halt to all weapons transfers to Israel, including by such major arms manufacturers as [[BAE Systems]], [[Boeing]], Lockheed Martin, and [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]]. They also warned institutions investing in these companies, such as [[Bank of America]], [[BlackRock]], [[Citigroup]], and [[Wells Fargo]].{{sfn|OHCHR|2024c}}
In June 2025, a UN expert's report named [[Alphabet (company)|Alphabet]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Microsoft]], and [[IBM]] as "central to Israel's surveillance apparatus and the ongoing Gaza destruction", and [[Palantir]] as a source of AI tools for the Israeli military.<ref name=UN-corporate-report>{{cite news |last1=Farge |first1=Emma |date=1 July 2025 |title='Lucrative' business deals help sustain Israel's Gaza campaign, UN expert says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/lucrative-business-deals-help-sustain-israels-gaza-campaign-un-expert-says-2025-07-01/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250701174630/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/lucrative-business-deals-help-sustain-israels-gaza-campaign-un-expert-says-2025-07-01/ |archive-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> The report also said [[Allianz]], [[Barclays]], BlackRock, and [[BNP Paribas]] had [[underwriting|underwritten]] and purchased Israeli government bonds, which the UN said are the main source of financing for Israel's military expenditures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yan |first1=Sophia |date=1 July 2025 |title=British companies named and shamed by UN for profiting from Israeli 'genocide' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/07/01/british-companies-profiting-israeli-genocide-un-gaza-shamed/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250701173739/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/07/01/british-companies-profiting-israeli-genocide-un-gaza-shamed/ |archive-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
Scholars, journalists, media analysts, and human rights advocates have accused various media outlets of complicity through [[media imperialism]].<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{harvnb|Moallem|2023|pp=542–543}} | {{harvnb|Qutami|2023|p=532}} | {{harvnb|Khouri|2023}} | {{Cite news |date=29 June 2025 |title=Western media enabling Gaza genocide and rewriting history, say experts |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/experts-say-western-media-enabling-gaza-genocide-and-rewriting-history |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724122831/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/experts-say-western-media-enabling-gaza-genocide-and-rewriting-history |archive-date=24 July 2025}} }}</ref> Brazilian journalist Bruno Lima Rocha Beaklini has accused Brazilian media outlets of supporting genocide against Palestinians.{{sfn|Beaklini|2023}}
== Political recognition == === World leaders and governments === {{main|Gaza genocide recognition}}
[[File:International recognition of Gaza genocide.svg|thumb|Positions of national governments on whether Israel is committing genocide in the Gaza war{{legend|#4daf4a|Agree}}{{legend|#003657|Disagree}}{{Legend|#00FFBF|Unclear}}{{Legend|#FF00B8|Defer to the ruling in the [[ICJ]] case [[South Africa's genocide case against Israel|''South Africa v. Israel'']]}}{{Legend|#cfcfcf|No data}}|285x285px]]Several Western governments (notably the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany) reject calling Israel's actions in Gaza a genocide.<ref>{{cite news |title=US says genocide charges 'unfounded,' rejects Israeli claim South Africa serving Hamas |url-status=live |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-says-genocide-charges-unfounded-rejects-israeli-claim-south-africa-serving-hamas/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007134138/https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-says-genocide-charges-unfounded-rejects-israeli-claim-south-africa-serving-hamas/ |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian, UK leaders reject premise of ICJ genocide case against Israel |url-status=live |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/canadian-uk-leaders-reject-premise-of-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007134857/https://www.timesofisrael.com/canadian-uk-leaders-reject-premise-of-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Germany Rejects UN 'Genocide' Charge Against Israel |url-status=live |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-rejects-un-genocide-charge-against-israel-6af01195 |work=[[Barron's]] |date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007133425/https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-rejects-un-genocide-charge-against-israel-6af01195 |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> Belgium, Norway, and Canada have said they will abide by or await the ICJ's judgment rather than take a definitive stance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Priyanka |title=Why has Belgium vowed to back the ICJ's verdict on Gaza 'genocide'? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/23/why-has-belgium-vowed-to-back-the-icjs-verdict-on-gaza-genocide |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123132241/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/23/why-has-belgium-vowed-to-back-the-icjs-verdict-on-gaza-genocide |archive-date=23 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barth Eide: Vi må lytte til Sør-Afrika |url=https://www.utrop.no/nyheter/verden/358554/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[Utrop]] |date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914121508/https://www.utrop.no/nyheter/verden/358554/ |archive-date=14 September 2024 |language=Norwegian |url-status=live |trans-title=Barth Eide: We must listen to South Africa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dyer |first1=Evan |title=After days of confusion, Trudeau government says it will abide by ICJ on genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/israel-gaza-genocide-international-court-justice-hague-south-africa-1.7084682 |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[CBC News]] |date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119051646/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/israel-gaza-genocide-international-court-justice-hague-south-africa-1.7084682 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
A large group of states, especially in the [[Islamic world]], most of Africa, Latin America, and some European countries, explicitly describe Israel's actions as genocide and/or have joined or supported South Africa's ICJ case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Imray |first1=Gerald |title=Genocide case against Israel: Where does the rest of the world stand on the momentous allegations? |url-status=live |url=https://apnews.com/article/genocide-israel-palestinians-gaza-court-fbd7fe4af10b542a1a4e2c7563029bfb |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=13 January 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907121752/https://apnews.com/article/genocide-israel-palestinians-gaza-court-fbd7fe4af10b542a1a4e2c7563029bfb |archive-date=7 September 2025}}</ref> These include Ghana,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Gamel Nasser |date=4 November 2025 |title=Re: Israeli Ambassador to Ghana rejects Ablakwa's 'Gaza genocide' tag |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/re-israeli-ambassador-to-ghana-rejects-ablakwas-gaza-genocide-tag/ |access-date=14 November 2025 |website=MyJoyOnline}}</ref> Turkey,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Alsaafin |first1=Linah |last2=Osgood |first2=Brian |date=9 February 2024 |title=Netanyahu orders military to submit action plan for Rafah assault |url-status=live |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924022406/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack |archive-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2024 |title=Malaysian PM: Can't deny US complicity in Gaza genocide |url-status=live |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/talk-to-al-jazeera/2024/5/19/malaysian-pm-cant-deny-us-complicity-in-gaza-genocide |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703060444/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/talk-to-al-jazeera/2024/5/19/malaysian-pm-cant-deny-us-complicity-in-gaza-genocide |archive-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> Egypt,<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=President of Egypt accuses Israel of 'systematic genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/8/5/president-of-egypt-accuses-israel-of-systematic |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902164140/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/8/5/president-of-egypt-accuses-israel-of-systematic |url-status=live |archive-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> Brazil,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide |url-status=live |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[Agência Brasil]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913170107/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |archive-date=13 September 2025}}</ref> Chile,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=Gabriel Boric: "Me rebelo ante quienes pretenden que elijamos entre el terrorismo de Hamas y el genocidio de Israel" |trans-title=Gabriel Boric: "I rebel against those who want us to choose between Hamas's terrorism and Israel's genocide." |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/09/25/gabriel-boric-me-rebelo-ante-quienes-pretenden-que-elijamos-entre-el-terrorismo-de-hamas-y-el-genocidio-de-israel/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[Infobae]] |language=es-ES |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004000422/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/09/25/gabriel-boric-me-rebelo-ante-quienes-pretenden-que-elijamos-entre-el-terrorismo-de-hamas-y-el-genocidio-de-israel/ |archive-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> Colombia,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title='Genocide', Colombia says as Latin American states condemn Israel over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709233519/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |archive-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> Spain,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |date=6 June 2024 |title=Spain applies to join South Africa's case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide |url-status=live |url=https://apnews.com/article/spain-israel-icj-genocide-case-67d4d9b8ecf6fd88e718319a5d93465a |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916105634/https://apnews.com/article/spain-israel-icj-genocide-case-67d4d9b8ecf6fd88e718319a5d93465a |archive-date=16 September 2025}}</ref> Ireland,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2024 |title=Irish parliament passes motion that Israel is 'perpetrating genocide in Gaza' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/micheal-martin-ireland-irish-south-africa-gaza-b2643121.html |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026145404/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/micheal-martin-ireland-irish-south-africa-gaza-b2643121.html |archive-date=26 October 2025}}</ref> and Slovenia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=President calls out Israel for genocide |url-status=live |url=https://sloveniatimes.com/43569/president-calls-out-israel-for-genocide |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=sloveniatimes.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921043617/https://sloveniatimes.com/43569/president-calls-out-israel-for-genocide |archive-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> On November 7, 2025, Turkey issued arrest warrants for genocide against Netanyahu and 36 colleagues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2025 |title=Turkey issues genocide arrest warrant against Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/07/turkey-issues-genocide-arrest-warrant-against-benjamin-netanyahu |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225034250/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/07/turkey-issues-genocide-arrest-warrant-against-benjamin-netanyahu |archive-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>
The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), the [[Arab League]], and the [[African Union]] have collectively endorsed the characterisation of Israel's actions as genocide and called for accountability and measures such as ending arms transfers.<ref>{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{cite news |date=5 May 2024 |title=Islamic Cooperation Denounces Gaza 'Genocide', Urges Sanctions Against Israel |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/islamic-cooperation-denounces-gaza-genocide-urges-sanctions-against-israel-c8c7ac87 |magazine=[[Barron's]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510024352/https://www.barrons.com/news/islamic-cooperation-denounces-gaza-genocide-urges-sanctions-against-israel-c8c7ac87 |archive-date=10 May 2024}} | {{cite news |title=Arab, Islamic countries condemn Netanyahu's 'Greater Israel' remark |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/16/arab-islamic-countries-condemn-netanyahus-greater-israel-remark |access-date=17 August 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=16 August 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821081232/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/16/arab-islamic-countries-condemn-netanyahus-greater-israel-remark |archive-date=21 August 2025}} | {{harvnb|Maina|2025}} | {{Cite web |date=28 February 2024 |title=The African Union Delivered its Oral Statement Before the International Court of Justice for the Palestine Advisory Opinion Proceedings |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20240228/african-union-delivered-its-oral-statement-international-court-justice |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=[[African Union]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007135410/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20240228/african-union-delivered-its-oral-statement-international-court-justice |archive-date=7 October 2025}} }}</ref> In January 2025, the [[Hague Group]] convened in [[Bogotá]] with the aim to uphold international rulings on Gaza, end arms shipments to Israel and build a pathway to broader recognition of [[Palestinian statehood]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=31 January 2025 |title=South Africa and Malaysia to launch campaign to protect international justice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2025/jan/31/south-africa-and-malaysia-to-launch-campaign-to-protect-justice |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114194030/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2025/jan/31/south-africa-and-malaysia-to-launch-campaign-to-protect-justice |archive-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
=== Non-governmental organisations and intergovernmental organisations === {{main|List of humanitarian and human rights groups accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza}}
Numerous non-governmental organisations and intergovernmental organisations have accused Israel of genocide. Among the first to warn of a risk of genocide, in mid-October 2023, were [[Genocide Watch]] and the [[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Active Genocide Alert – Israel-Palestine: There is No Justification for Genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |url-status=live |publisher=[[Genocide Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112112817/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |archive-date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/active-genocide-alert---israel-palestine%3A-there-is-no-justification-for-genocide |url-status=live |publisher=[[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227220339/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/active-genocide-alert---israel-palestine%3A-there-is-no-justification-for-genocide |archive-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> Several Palestinian human rights groups, including [[Defence for Children International]] (DCI),<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |last3=Najjar |first3=Farah |date=1 November 2023 |title=Rights group accuses US of complicity in children's deaths in Gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102022100/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> [[Al-Haq]], [[Al Mezan]], and the [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]], have filed lawsuits alleging a genocide.<ref name="sccoip">{{#invoke:list|bulleted| | {{Cite news |date=21 October 2023 |title=Scholars, civil society call on ICC Prosecutor to issue arrest warrants, investigate Israeli crimes in Gaza |publisher=[[Wafa]] |url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138509 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192122/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138509 |archive-date=26 October 2023}} | {{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=ICC receives lawsuit over Israel's 'apartheid', 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125014617/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}} | {{harvnb|Al-Haq et al.|2023}} | {{cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Reprint of the full letter and signatories |url=https://www.addameer.org/news/5172 |website=[[Addameer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103181141/https://www.addameer.org/news/5172 |archive-date=3 November 2023}} }}</ref> Some Israeli human rights organisations, such as [[B'Tselem]]{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|pp=4, 86}} and [[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel]], released reports calling Israel's campaign in Gaza a genocide.<ref name="Kottasová & Salman">{{cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |date=28 July 2025 |title=For first time, two leading Israeli human rights groups accuse Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/28/middleeast/israeli-human-rights-group-accuses-israel-genocide-gaza-intl |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728161018/https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/28/middleeast/israeli-human-rights-group-accuses-israel-genocide-gaza-intl |archive-date=28 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Genocide-in-Gaza-PHRI-English.pdf |website=[[Physicians for Human Rights–Israel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728141205/https://www.phr.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Genocide-in-Gaza-PHRI-English.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|B'Tselem|2025|p=87}} International human rights groups condemning Israel's genocide include the [[International Federation for Human Rights]],<ref name="FIDH 2023">{{cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216191823/https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |publisher=[[International Federation for Human Rights]]}}</ref> [[Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor]],<ref name="MEE-2023-12-26">{{cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=Euro-Med submits findings on Israeli army executions in Gaza to ICC, UN, calling them 'genocide' |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213949/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/ |archive-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="AmnestyGenocideConclusion" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Bashir |first=Nada |date=5 December 2024 |title=Amnesty International says there is 'sufficient evidence' to accuse Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/04/world/amnesty-international-israel-genocide-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209011431/https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/04/world/amnesty-international-israel-genocide-gaza-intl/index.html |archive-date=9 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty_International_Dec_2024"/> the [[European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights]],<ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Gaza and the matter of genocide |url=https://www.ecchr.eu/en/press-release/gaza-and-the-matter-of-genocide/ |website=[[European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217023134/https://www.ecchr.eu/en/press-release/gaza-and-the-matter-of-genocide/ |archive-date=17 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name="Berg2024"/> In October 2024, [[Oxfam]] and 37 other humanitarian organisations warned that Israel was failing to comply with the Genocide Convention as it wiped Northern Gaza "off the map".<ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=Northern Gaza is being erased – global leaders must act now to end Israel's atrocities |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/urgent-joint-statement-northern-gaza-being-erased-global-leaders-must-act-now-end |publisher=[[Oxfam International]] |access-date=17 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103100653/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/urgent-joint-statement-northern-gaza-being-erased-global-leaders-must-act-now-end |archive-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> {{lang|fr|[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]}} (MSF) has also found that Israel is committing genocide.<ref>{{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024c|p=5}}: "Our firsthand observations of the medical and humanitarian catastrophe inflicted on Gaza are consistent with the descriptions provided by an increasing number of legal experts and organisations concluding that genocide is taking place in Gaza. While we don't have legal authority to establish intentionality, the signs of ethnic cleansing and the ongoing devastation—including mass killings, severe physical and mental health injuries, forced displacement, and impossible conditions of life for Palestinians under siege and bombardment—are undeniable."</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2024 |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-01/the-middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question-19.php |title=The Middle East, including the Palestinian Question |website=Security Council Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124115932/https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-01/the-middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question-19.php |archive-date=24 January 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Médecins Sans Frontières|2025}} The American activist group [[Jewish Voice for Peace]] has stated that Israel is committing genocide.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Jewish Voice for Peace calls on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide |url=https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116181005/https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |work=[[Jewish Voice for Peace]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lapin |first1=Andrew |last2=Elia-Shalev |first2=Asaf |date=1 September 2025 |title=Jewish Voice for Peace retools to focus on swaying elections |url=https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/jewish-voice-for-peace-retools-to-focus-on-swaying-elections/ |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114163212/https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/jewish-voice-for-peace-retools-to-focus-on-swaying-elections/ |archive-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fox |first=Stefanie |date=8 October 2024 |title=I Run Jewish Voice for Peace. These Are My Reflections on a Year of Unthinkable Horror |url=https://time.com/7061772/jewish-voice-for-peace-oct-7-anniversary-essay/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626130523/https://time.com/7061772/jewish-voice-for-peace-oct-7-anniversary-essay/ |archive-date=26 June 2025 |access-date=10 November 2025 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en}}</ref>
In September 2025, the [[UN Human Rights Council]]'s [[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory|Independent International Commission of Inquiry]] issued a report concluding that Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. The Commission found reasonable grounds to determine that Israeli authorities and security forces have committed, and continue to commit, four of the five genocidal acts defined under the 1948 Genocide Convention: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm; deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's physical destruction in whole or in part; and imposing measures intended to prevent births.<ref name="UNCommissionGenocide" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=16 September 2025 |title=Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, says UN commission of inquiry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/16/israel-committed-genocide-in-gaza-says-un-inquiry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922105448/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/16/israel-committed-genocide-in-gaza-says-un-inquiry |archive-date=22 September 2025 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
== Cultural discourse == {{Main|Cultural discourse about the Gaza genocide}}
Israel's genocide against the Palestinian people in Gaza has been a contentious topic in cultural discourse. Celebrities, athletes, public intellectuals, activists, cultural institutions and ordinary people have weighed in on the events in Gaza, as well as on the cultural and societal implications of viewing those events through the framework of genocide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barat |first=Frank |title=Gaza's genocide has forced many celebrities out of silence |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/gazas-genocide-has-forced-many-celebrities-out-silence |url-status=live |work=[[The New Arab]] |date=14 July 2025 |access-date=11 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811040850/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/gazas-genocide-has-forced-many-celebrities-out-silence |archive-date=11 August 2025}}</ref>
=== Public opinion on Israel's actions in Gaza === Multiple surveys have found broad support among Jewish Israelis for the government's policies toward Gaza.<ref name="HaaretzTransferPoll">{{Cite news |date=28 May 2025 |title=Yes to transfer: 82% of Jewish Israelis back expelling Gazans |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-05-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/yes-to-transfer-82-of-jewish-israelis-back-expelling-gazans/00000197-12a4-df22-a9d7-9ef6af930000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011183022/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-05-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/yes-to-transfer-82-of-jewish-israelis-back-expelling-gazans/00000197-12a4-df22-a9d7-9ef6af930000 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HaaretzFaminePoll">{{Cite news |last=Dayan |first=Linda |date=5 August 2025 |title=Large majority of Israeli Jews untroubled by reports of famine in Gaza, poll finds |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-08-05/ty-article/.premium/large-majority-of-israeli-jews-untroubled-by-reports-of-famine-in-gaza-poll-finds/00000198-7ab3-d0ce-a5de-fbb374f30000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826060312/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-08-05/ty-article/.premium/large-majority-of-israeli-jews-untroubled-by-reports-of-famine-in-gaza-poll-finds/00000198-7ab3-d0ce-a5de-fbb374f30000 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Jewish, Arab Israelis disagree on IDF use of force in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-783849 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722162135/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-783849 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> An August 2025 Accord Center poll found that 76% of Jewish Israelis agreed with the statement "there are no innocent people in Gaza".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=Poll: 62% of Israelis say "there are no innocent people in Gaza" |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-poll-62-of-israelis-say-there-are-no-innocent-people-in-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006150146/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-poll-62-of-israelis-say-there-are-no-innocent-people-in-gaza |archive-date=6 October 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=i24NEWS |language=en}}</ref> A May 2025 survey found that 82% supported expelling Gazans, while 56% favoured also expelling Palestinians from Israel.<ref name="HaaretzTransferPoll" /> Another August 2025 poll found that 79% of Jewish Israelis were untroubled by reports of famine in Gaza.<ref name="HaaretzFaminePoll" /> According to the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention, "the vast majority of Israelis agree with...[Israel's] plan and clearly will support anything to see it realized – from [[Israeli apartheid|apartheid]] to extermination."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Four Facts about Israel's Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/four-facts-about-israel%E2%80%99s-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711072013/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/four-facts-about-israel%E2%80%99s-genocide |archive-date=11 July 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=[[Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention]] |language=en}}</ref>
An August 2025 poll found that half of U.S. voters believed Israel was committing genocide in Gaza and 60% opposed further military assistance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Power |first1=John |title=Half of US voters believe Israel committing genocide in Gaza, poll says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/28/half-of-us-voters-believe-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-poll-says |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=28 August 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007192844/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/28/half-of-us-voters-believe-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-poll-says |archive-date=7 October 2025}}</ref> A September 2025 [[Associated Press|AP]]-[[NORC at the University of Chicago|NORC]] poll found that the number of Americans who believe that Israel's military actions in Gaza have "gone too far" was increasing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=More Americans feel Israel has 'gone too far' in Gaza, AP-NORC poll shows |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/more-americans-feel-israel-has-gone-too-far-in-gaza-ap-norc-poll-shows |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=[[PBS News]] |language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118185126/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/more-americans-feel-israel-has-gone-too-far-in-gaza-ap-norc-poll-shows|archive-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
An October 2025 [[Washington Post]] poll found that most American Jews believe Israel is committing war crimes and 39% believe it is committing genocide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-04 |title=Many American Jews sharply critical of Israel on Gaza, Post poll finds |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/10/06/jewish-americans-israel-poll-gaza/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> A [[Quinnipiac poll]] found that 50% of U.S. voters believe Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, including 77% of Democrats, while 64% of Republicans disagree. Additionally, 60% of voters oppose sending more U.S. military aid to Israel, with 37% sympathizing more with Palestinians and 36% with Israelis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Power |first=John |date=28 August 2025 |title=Half of US voters believe Israel committing genocide in Gaza, poll says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/28/half-of-us-voters-believe-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-poll-says |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260403004651/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/28/half-of-us-voters-believe-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-poll-says |archive-date=3 April 2026|language=en}}</ref>
==Impact== [[File:Palestine Rally End The Siege, Stop the War on Gaza (53264903858).jpg|thumb|Millions of people around the world protested Israel's actions, many of them explicitly calling for the recognition and cessation of genocide.{{sfn|Shaw|2025b|p=10}}]] British sociologist [[Martin Shaw (sociologist)|Martin Shaw]] has called the Gaza genocide "the genocide that changed the world" because of mass mobilisation against genocide. He also highlights some political victories by Israel, but "at huge cost to [[Legitimacy of Israel|its global legitimacy]] and that of the West".{{sfn|Shaw|2025b|p=|pp=4, 14}} Israeli journalist and author [[Gideon Levy]] wrote an article in ''Haaretz'' insisting that the people of Gaza will never forget the massacres, bombardments, destruction, and trauma.<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Gideon |date=5 October 2025 |title=Do Cry Over Spilt Blood: Generations Will Go by Before Gaza Forgets the Genocide |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-10-05/ty-article-opinion/.premium/do-cry-over-spilt-blood-generations-will-go-by-before-gaza-forgets-the-genocide/00000199-afd4-d5a6-afff-efdff5560000 |access-date=5 October 2025 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20251005025845/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-10-05/ty-article-opinion/.premium/do-cry-over-spilt-blood-generations-will-go-by-before-gaza-forgets-the-genocide/00000199-afd4-d5a6-afff-efdff5560000 |archive-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
Scholars, experts, and other commentators have described the genocide as the "graveyard of [[international law]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sancha |first1=Natalia |title=UNRWA chief: 'Gaza is becoming the graveyard of international humanitarian law' |work=[[El País]] English |date=1 September 2025 |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2025-09-01/unrwa-chief-gaza-is-becoming-the-graveyard-of-international-humanitarian-law.html |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103031222/https://english.elpais.com/international/2025-09-01/unrwa-chief-gaza-is-becoming-the-graveyard-of-international-humanitarian-law.html |archive-date=3 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mann |first1=Itamar |title=In the Graveyard of International Law |website=Verfassungsblog |date=16 May 2025 |doi=10.59704/d9bfacdddf10352f |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/in-the-graveyard-of-international-law/ |issn=2366-7044 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260420042514/https://verfassungsblog.de/in-the-graveyard-of-international-law/ |archive-date= 20 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sourani |first1=Raji |title=Is Gaza the Graveyard of International Law? |journal=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online |date=27 February 2026 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |doi=10.1163/22116141_25002}}</ref> Some scholars, particularly those associated with [[Third World approaches to international law]], have argued that the international community's failure to treat Israel's actions in Gaza as a genocide and respond accordingly has harmed the principles of the [[international order]] and international law and exposed the deficiencies of international governance.<ref name="Baars 2024"/><ref name="Barreto 2024"/>{{sfn|Englert|Bhattacharyya|2024|p=}}{{page needed|date=September 2025}} José Manuel Barreto argues that "the Palestinian genocide has unveiled the deep colonial structure of the international legal order", placing the Gaza genocide in a long list of colonial genocides the international system has tolerated.<ref name="Barreto 2024"/> Historian [[Mark LeVine]] argues that Israel's actions have destroyed respect for international law and weakened the taboo against large-scale violence in response to perceived threats.{{sfn|LeVine|2025|p=5}}
Dutch lawyer and professor of international law {{ill|André Nollkaemper|nl|André Nollkaemper}} has said that the United States' rejection of international law is a unique feature of the Gaza war.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walters |first=Derk |title=Is het internationaal recht nog relevant na 'Gaza'? 'We gaan een donker decennium tegemoet' |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/10/06/is-het-internationaal-recht-nog-relevant-na-gaza-we-gaan-een-donker-decennium-tegemoet-a4908607 |work=[[NRC (newspaper)|NRC]] |date=6 October 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260306111041/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/10/06/is-het-internationaal-recht-nog-relevant-na-gaza-we-gaan-een-donker-decennium-tegemoet-a4908607 |archive-date=6 March 2026 |url-status=live |language=nl |trans-title=Is international law still relevant after Gaza? "We are entering a dark decade."}}</ref> The journalist Colin Jones interviewed lawyers affiliated with the US military and concluded that they see Gaza as a test case for what military conduct might be acceptable in a hypothetical war between the US and a peer power such as China.<ref name="Jones 2025"/>
During the [[2026 Iran war]], Benjamin Netanyahu and Itamar Ben-Gvir both made references to [[Amalek]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israeli minister invokes genocidal 'Amalek' call amid war on Iran |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-minister-invokes-genocidal-amalek-call-amid-war-iran |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311045032/https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-minister-invokes-genocidal-amalek-call-amid-war-iran |archive-date=11 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Malekafzali">{{cite news |last1=Malekafzali |first1=Séamus |date=6 March 2026 |title=Israel Is Using Its Genocidal Gaza Playbook on Iran |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-iran-holy-war-amalek-haman/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[The Nation]] |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312093054/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-iran-holy-war-amalek-haman/ |archive-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> According to Séamus Malekafzali, this represents an extension of Israel's "genocidal logic" from Gaza to its war on Iran.<ref name="Malekafzali" /> In ''The Guardian'', Ben Reiff warned that after "the world failed to prevent genocide in Gaza", Israel will employ similar tactics in the [[2026 Lebanon war]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2026 |last1=Reiff |first1=Ben |title=As Israel prepares to implement the 'Gaza model' in Lebanon, where is the international reaction? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/mar/18/israel-gaza-model-lebanon-international-reaction-sanctions |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260513100223/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/mar/18/israel-gaza-model-lebanon-international-reaction-sanctions |archive-date=13 May 2026}}</ref> Sonia Boulos and Raz Segal write that the US and Israel's war on Iran "underlines how genocidal regimes pose a threat on a global scale."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boulos |first1=Sonia |last2=Segal |first2=Raz |title=A Future Beyond Israeli Genocide in Palestine |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/05/review-bartov-gaza-genocide-zionism |access-date=15 May 2026 |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=10 May 2026}}</ref>
== See also == {{Portal|Israel|Palestine|Society|Current events|Politics }} {{Div col}} * {{annotated link|Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks}} * [[Casualties of the Gaza war]] * [[Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany]] * [[Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip]] * [[Gaza genocide denial]] * {{annotated link|Gaza Strip mass graves}} * {{annotated link|Gaza–Israel conflict}} * [[Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel]] * {{annotated link|Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war}} * [[List of genocides]] * [[Dehumanization of Palestinians in Israeli discourse]] * [[Timeline of the Gaza war]] {{End div col}} == Notes == {{Notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
=== Works cited === {{Refbegin|indent=yes|colwidth=30em}} <!-- AAA --> * {{cite journal |last=Abdo |first=Nahla |date=13 May 2024 |title=Israel's settler colonialism and the genocide in Gaza: Alternatives |journal=[[Studies in Political Economy]] |volume=105 |number=1 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.1080/07078552.2024.2325298}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abodahab |first1=Ahmad Mokhtar |last2=Elsergany |first2=AbdelAzim Nagdy |date=April 2025 |title=Children Disabilities, The Current and Upcoming Medical & Humanity Catastrophe in Gaza: Review Article |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine |volume=99 |pages=1705–1710 |doi=10.21608/ejhm.2025.423789 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite magazine |last=Abraham |first=Yuval |author-link=Yuval Abraham |date=3 April 2024 |title='Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010022042/https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Aftab |first1=Shiza |last2=Yaqoob |first2=Eesha |last3=Khan |first3=Shahzad Ali |last4=Javed |first4=Saad |date=April 2025 |title=Addressing emergency trauma care needs in the Gaza Strip |journal=Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal |volume=31 |number=4 |pages=226–227 |doi=10.26719/2025.31.4.226 |doi-access=free |pmid=40448484 |url=https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-31-2025/volume-31-issue-4/addressing-emergency-trauma-care-needs-in-the-gaza-strip.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919105123/https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-31-2025/volume-31-issue-4/addressing-emergency-trauma-care-needs-in-the-gaza-strip.html |archive-date=19 September 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite report |last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |author1-link=Francesca Albanese |date=25 March 2024 |title=Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128173148/https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2025 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Albanese|2024a}} }} * {{Cite report |last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |author1-link=Francesca Albanese |author-mask=3 |date=1 October 2024 |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese: Genocide as colonial erasure |url=https://docs.un.org/en/A/79/384 |publisher=[[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720033457/https://docs.un.org/en/A/79/384 |archive-date=20 July 2025 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Albanese|2024b}} }} * {{Cite report |last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |author1-link=Francesca Albanese |author-mask=3 |date=16 June 2025 |title=From economy of occupation to economy of genocide – Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc5923-economy-occupation-economy-genocide-report-special-rapporteur |publisher=[[United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726180600/https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc5923-economy-occupation-economy-genocide-report-special-rapporteur |archive-date=26 July 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=Al-Haq |author1-link=Al-Haq |author2=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |author2-link=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |others=et al. |title=Urgent: Issue Arrest Warrants, Investigate Israeli Crimes and Intervene to Deter Incitement to Commit Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/icc-letter-1697782247-pdf.pdf |via=[[Addameer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174452/https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/icc-letter-1697782247-pdf.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2023 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Al-Haq et al.|2023}} }} – {{cite web |title=Reprint of the full letter and signatories |url=https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46295 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192122/https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46295 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=[[Al Mezan Center for Human Rights]]}} * {{Cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_SkF1-rDl0 |title=Rashid Khalidi: This genocide 'worse than any phase of Palestinian history' {{!}} UpFront |date=29 November 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |type=Video |access-date=2 February 2026 |via=YouTube|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260228050824/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_SkF1-rDl0 |archive-date=28 February 2026 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera English|2024}} }} * {{Cite news |last=Al-Waheidi |first=Majd |date=25 September 2025 |title=A question of intent: Is what's happening in Gaza genocide? |url-status=live |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/09/25/g-s1-89678/israel-gaza-genocide-debates-united-nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926033333/https://www.npr.org/2025/09/25/g-s1-89678/israel-gaza-genocide-debates-united-nations |archive-date=26 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[NPR]] |language=en}} * {{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Soraya |date=20 April 2024 |title=Gaza hospitals coin WCNSF acronym: Wounded child, no surviving family |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-04-20/gaza-hospitals-coin-wcnsf-acronym-wounded-child-no-surviving-family.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[El País]] English |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722193125/https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-04-20/gaza-hospitals-coin-wcnsf-acronym-wounded-child-no-surviving-family.html |archive-date=22 July 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite report |date=January 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Amnesty International|2022}} }} * {{cite report |date=4 December 2024 |title='You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza |url=https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121850/https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Amnesty International report|2024}} }} * {{Cite news |last1=Antonio |first1=Raymund |date=23 October 2023 |title=Civilians not a target: Envoy decries 'genocide' tag of Israel–Hamas war |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/10/23/civilians-not-a-target-envoy-decries-genocide-tag-of-israel-hamas-war |url-status=live |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160309/https://mb.com.ph/2023/10/23/civilians-not-a-target-envoy-decries-genocide-tag-of-israel-hamas-war |archive-date=1 November 2023}} * {{cite news |date=2 December 2023 |title=Israeli offensive shifts to crowded southern Gaza, driving up death toll despite evacuation orders |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-2-2023-f300e8dac70d5309bf5f5a75bace7689 |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216054613/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-2-2023-f300e8dac70d5309bf5f5a75bace7689 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Associated Press|2023a}} }} * {{Cite news |last=Ayyash |first=M. Muhannad |date=2 November 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/2/a-genocide-is-under-way-in-palestine# |title=A genocide is under way in Palestine |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121162240/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/2/a-genocide-is-under-way-in-palestine |archive-date=21 November 2023 |url-status=live}} <!-- BBB --> * {{cite journal |last1=Bachman |first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Esther Brito |date=18 September 2025 |title=From East Timor to Gaza: How the United States Contributes to and Distances Itself from the Atrocities of Others (and How Genocide Studies Lets the United States Get Away with It) |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Roundtable: Gaza and Genocide Studies |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2556592}} * {{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Graeme |title=Israel Gaza: Hospitals caught on front line of war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67401064 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228234514/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67401064 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last1=Barghouti |first1=Mariam |author1-link=Mariam Barghouti |date=14 October 2023 |title=On October 7, Gaza broke out of prison |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128015454/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison |archive-date=28 November 2024}} * {{cite news |last=Bartov |first=Omer |author-link=Omer Bartov |date=10 November 2023 |title=Opinion: What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218055737/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html |archive-date=18 December 2023}} * {{Cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Brishti |date=1 November 2023 |title=Dwindling supplies, damaged hospitals in Gaza prompt growing calls for aid, ceasefire |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hospitals-supplies-gaza-aid-ceasefire-1.7014512 |work=[[CBC News]] |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205062514/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hospitals-supplies-gaza-aid-ceasefire-1.7014512 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last=Bateman |first=Tom |date=11 May 2024 |title=US says Israel may have breached international law with American weapons in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68984999 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711213807/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68984999 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last=Bayoumi |first=Moustafa |author-link=Moustafa Bayoumi |date=6 July 2025 |title=The destruction of Palestine is breaking the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/jul/06/destruction-of-palestine-is-breaking-the-world |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727165723/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/jul/06/destruction-of-palestine-is-breaking-the-world |archive-date=27 July 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite web |last=Beaklini |first=Bruno Lima Rocha |date=25 October 2023 |title='War propaganda' – Brazil's media has abandoned journalistic standards over Gaza |url=http://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2393 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Al Jazeera Media Institute |language=en 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120213933/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/12/israel-is-manufacturing-a-case-for-genocide |archive-date=20 November 2023}} * {{cite journal |last1=Bloxham |first1=Donald |author-link=Donald Bloxham |date=3 April 2025 |title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=17 November 2023 |title=Why are European governments clamping down on the right to protest? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/why-are-european-governments-clamping-down-right-to-protest |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227174043/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/why-are-european-governments-clamping-down-right-to-protest |archive-date=27 February 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last=Bouranova |first=Alene |date=6 June 2024 |title=Is Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza? New Report from BU School of Law's International Human Rights Clinic Lays Out Case |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605211111/https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=[[Boston University]] |language=en}} * {{cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[B'Tselem]] |ref={{harvid|B'Tselem|2021}} }} * {{cite web |author=B'Tselem |author-link=B'Tselem |date=6 December 2023 |title=Israel is not fighting against Hamas but against civilians, implementing a criminal policy of bombings [EN/AR/HE] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-not-fighting-against-hamas-against-civilians-implementing-criminal-policy-bombings-enarhe |website=[[Reliefweb]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312143816/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-not-fighting-against-hamas-against-civilians-implementing-criminal-policy-bombings-enarhe |archive-date=12 March 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite report |author1=B'Tselem |author1-link=B'Tselem |date=July 2025 |title=Our Genocide |url=https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202507_our_genocide_eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730041430/https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202507_our_genocide_eng.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine |last=Burga |first=Solcyré |date=13 November 2023 |title=Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In |url=https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022352/https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts/ |archive-date=25 November 2023 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last1=Buschek |first1=Christo |last2=Christoph |first2=Maria |last3=Kalisch |first3=Muriel |last4=Kollig |first4=Dajana |last5=Obermaier |first5=Frederik |last6=Retter |first6=Maria |date=25 June 2024 |title=(S+) The Gaza Project: Sie berichten aus der Todeszone – viele kostet das ihr Leben |language=de |trans-title=(S+) The Gaza Project: They report from the death zone – many lose their lives |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/journalisten-in-gaza-arbeiten-in-der-todeszone-a-449a6940-b3ad-40ef-ab7a-d746c01ef0eb |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726062632/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/journalisten-in-gaza-arbeiten-in-der-todeszone-a-449a6940-b3ad-40ef-ab7a-d746c01ef0eb |archive-date=26 July 2024}} * {{cite news |last=Bybelezer |first=Charles |date=3 November 2023 |title=Netanyahu writes to IDF soldiers ahead of Shabbat |url=https://www.jns.org/letter-from-netanyahu-to-idf-soldiers-fighting-hamas/ |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201222509/https://www.jns.org/letter-from-netanyahu-to-idf-soldiers-fighting-hamas/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |url-status=live}} <!-- CCC --> * {{cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=African Commission Urged to Refer Egypt to Court for Complicity in Gaza Blockade |url=https://www.cage.ngo/articles/african-commission-urged-to-refer-egypt-to-court-for-complicity-in-gaza-blockade |website=[[Cage (organisation)|Cage]] |access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619122053/https://www.cage.ngo/articles/african-commission-urged-to-refer-egypt-to-court-for-complicity-in-gaza-blockade |archive-date=19 June 2025 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Cage|2025}} }} * {{cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=16 May 2024 |title=Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240517001958/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Casciani|2024a}} }} * {{cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=28 May 2024 |author-mask=3 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c722zv1r5yro |title=Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean? |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529173848/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c722zv1r5yro |archive-date=29 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Casciani|2024b}} }} * {{Cite news |last1=Chacar |first1=Henriette |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-date=11 November 2023}} * {{cite news |last=Clayton |first=Freddie |date=27 May 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-icj-order-halt-rafah-offensive-what-next-rcna154102 |title=Isolated Israel argues U.N. court ruling leaves door open to Rafah offensive |work=[[NBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127025833/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-icj-order-halt-rafah-offensive-what-next-rcna154102 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Clayton|2024a}} }} * {{cite magazine |last1=Coghill |first1=Arianna |date=11 January 2024 |title=As It Formally Accuses Israel of Genocide, South Africa Condemns Netanyahu's Amalek Reference |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/01/south-africa-israel-amalek-netanyahu/ |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122223526/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/01/south-africa-israel-amalek-netanyahu/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Mari |date=19 December 2024 |title=Can Genocide Studies Survive a Genocide in Gaza? |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/can-genocide-studies-survive-a-genocide-in-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516081647/https://jewishcurrents.org/can-genocide-studies-survive-a-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=27 September 2025 |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |language=en}} * {{Cite web |last1=Condon |first1=Grace |last2=Condon |first2=Frankie |date=20 February 2024 |orig-date=4 February 2024 |title=Genocide is Never Justifiable: Israel and Hamas in Gaza |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-is-never-justifiable-israel-and-hamas-in-gaza |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=[[Genocide Watch]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825124707/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-is-never-justifiable-israel-and-hamas-in-gaza |archive-date=25 August 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last=Conley |first=Julia |date=3 January 2024 |title=100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ |work=[[Common Dreams]] |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123613/https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj}} * {{Cite news |last=Cook |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Cook |date=25 October 2024 |title=Israel kills the journalists. Western media kills the truth of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/gaza-israel-kills-journalists-western-media-killing-truth-genocide |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241025170735/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/gaza-israel-kills-journalists-western-media-killing-truth-genocide |archive-date=25 October 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last1=Cordall |first1=Simon Speakman |last2=Pedrosa |first2=Veronica |date=13 March 2024 |title=Not just the UNRWA report: Countless accounts of Israeli torture in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/after-the-unrwa-report-more-accounts-of-israels-torture-in-gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314115752/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/after-the-unrwa-report-more-accounts-of-israels-torture-in-gaza |archive-date=14 March 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=2 January 2024 |title=South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107013809/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Currie |first1=Robert J. |title=The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute. 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C. |last5=Lubbad |first5=Ismail |title=Life expectancy losses in the Gaza Strip during the period October, 2023, to September, 2024 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |date=February 2025 |volume=405 |issue=10477 |pages=478–485 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02810-1 |pmid=39864444}} * {{cite journal |last1=Gurmendi Dunkelberg |first1=Alonso |date=22 January 2025 |title=How to Hide a Genocide: Modern/Colonial International Law and the Construction of Impunity |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2454739 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Gvaryahu |first=Avner |date=4 March 2024 |title=The Myth of Israel's "Moral Army": The Failure of the IDF's Targeting Protocols Is Producing Massive Civilian Casualties |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/myth-israels-moral-army |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404223751/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/myth-israels-moral-army |archive-date=4 April 2024 |url-status=live}} <!-- HHH --> * {{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Dalia |date=4 December 2023 |title='Wounded child, no surviving family': The pain of Gaza's orphans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67614139 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524142337/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67614139 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hanbali |first1=Layth |last2=Kwong |first2=Edwin Jit Leung |last3=Neilson |first3=Amy |last4=Smith |first4=James |last5=Hafez |first5=Sali |last6=Khoury |first6=Rasha |date=February 2024 |title=Israeli necropolitics and the pursuit of health justice in Palestine |journal=[[BMJ Global Health]] |volume=9 |number=2 |page=((e014942)) |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014942 |pmid=38302196 |pmc=10836346}} * {{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Adil Ahmad |author-link=Adil Ahmad Haque |date=24 May 2024 |title=Halt: The International Court of Justice and the Rafah Offensive |website=Just Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/96123/icj-gaza-israeli-operations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117172555/https://www.justsecurity.org/96123/icj-gaza-israeli-operations/ |archive-date=17 November 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Haque|2024a}} }} * {{cite journal |last=Harghandiwal |first=Beheshta |date=22 April 2025 |title=Impact of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza on children's health: Evidence and recommendations for mitigation |journal=Global Public Health |volume=20 |number=1 |article-number=((2495326)) |doi=10.1080/17441692.2025.2495326 |doi-access=free |pmid=40260702}} * {{Cite news |last=Horn |first=Allyson |date=5 December 2023 |title=Inside Gaza's overwhelmed hospital system, doctors have coined a new term for wounded children arriving alone |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-06/inside-gaza-a-devastating-new-term-has-emerged-wcnsf/103161184 |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722193125/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-06/inside-gaza-a-devastating-new-term-has-emerged-wcnsf/103161184 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |url-status=live}} <!-- III --> * {{cite web |ref=ICJ-order-2024-01-26 |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf |title=Order of 26 January 2024, Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. 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Other allies face similar pressure |newspaper=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726180806/https://apnews.com/article/uk-israel-allies-arm-sales-19430d222e6a2f61ffd264e9e494bf63 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lederman |first1=Shmuel |date=29 January 2024 |title=Gaza as a Laboratory 2.0 |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2309706}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lederman |first1=Shmuel |author-mask=3 |date=19 September 2025 |title=A Not So Textbook Case of Genocide |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Roundtable: Gaza and Genocide Studies |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2556550}} * {{cite journal |last1=Levene |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Levene |title=Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |eissn=1469-9494 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It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]]}} * {{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |author1-link=Omar Shahabudin McDoom |date=25 April 2024 |title=Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community? |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |date=14 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |work=[[The Observer]] |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125041556/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |archive-date=25 November 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=MSF doctors killed in strike on Al-Awda hospital in northern Gaza |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-doctors-killed-strike-al-awda-hospital-northern-gaza-palestine |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112180453/https://www.msf.org/msf-doctors-killed-strike-al-awda-hospital-northern-gaza-palestine |archive-date=12 January 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2023}} }} * {{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Gaza: MSF strongly condemns deadly Israeli attack on staff and family shelter |url=https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-strongly-condemns-deadly-israeli-attack-staff-and-family-shelter |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193415/https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-strongly-condemns-deadly-israeli-attack-staff-and-family-shelter |archive-date=9 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024a}} }} * {{cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Gaza: MSF UK board member killed during Israeli offensive in Khan Younis |url=https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-uk-board-member-killed-during-israeli-offensive-khan-younis |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193837/https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-uk-board-member-killed-during-israeli-offensive-khan-younis |archive-date=9 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024b}} }} * {{cite report |date=December 2024 |title=Gaza: Life in a death trap |publisher=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |url=https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Report-Gaza-Life-in-a-death-trap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219091543/https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Report-Gaza-Life-in-a-death-trap.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024c}} }} * {{cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Gaza genocide |url=https://msf.org.uk/issues/gaza-genocide |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710113434/https://msf.org.uk/issues/gaza-genocide |archive-date=10 July 2025 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2025}} }} * {{cite journal |last=Moallem |first=Minoo |date=2023 |title=Bombs with Lies: Media Representation of Genocide in Gaza |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |volume=49 |number=2 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1353/fem.2023.a915928 |s2cid=266454168}} * {{Cite news |last1=Mohyeldin |first1=Ayman |last2=Hamdan |first2=Basel |date=10 December 2024 |url=https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |title=Why Amnesty International and other experts say Israel is committing genocide in Gaza |work=[[MSNBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703062158/https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Moolla |first1=M. S. |last2=Jacub |first2=A. |date=2024 |title=Healthcare and genocide: BDS as an entry point to health justice |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=2024 |number=1 |page=((e1961)) |doi=10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1961 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite news |last=Moor |first=Ahmed |date=27 March 2025 |title=There are more child amputees in Gaza than anywhere else in the world. What can the future hold for them? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/mar/27/gaza-palestine-children-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816034432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/mar/27/gaza-palestine-children-injuries |archive-date=16 August 2025}} * {{Cite report |title='More than a human can bear': Israel's systematic use of sexual, reproductive and other forms of gender-based violence since 7 October 2023 |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-israel-gender-based-violence-13march2025/ |date=13 March 2025 |publisher=[[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel]] |ref={{harvid|Independent International Commission of Inquiry|2025}} }} * {{cite journal |last1=Moses |first1=Jeremy |date=14 March 2024 |title=Gaza and the Political and Moral Failure of the Responsibility to Protect |journal=Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1080/17502977.2024.2304987 |issn=1750-2977}} * {{cite journal |last1=Moses |first1=A. 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Dirk Moses |date=19 September 2025 |title=Introduction: Gaza and the Problems of Genocide Studies |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |issue=Roundtable: Gaza and Genocide Studies |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2558401}} * {{Cite news |last1=Moutafa |first1=Laila Hussein |date=12 December 2023 |title=Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808195337/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing |archive-date=8 August 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Francois |date=10 June 2025 |title=Israel commits 'extermination' in Gaza by killing in schools, UN experts say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-commits-extermination-gaza-by-killing-schools-un-experts-say-2025-06-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=11 June 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250610214452/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-commits-extermination-gaza-by-killing-schools-un-experts-say-2025-06-10/ |archive-date=10 June 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last1=Muthumani |first1=Abirami |date=January 2024 |title=Safeguarding children through pediatric surgical care in war and humanitarian settings: a call to action for pediatric patients in Gaza |journal=World Journal of Pediatric Surgery |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=((e000719)) |doi=10.1136/wjps-2023-000719 |pmid=38440223 |pmc=10910480}} <!-- NNN --> * {{cite news |last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |date=25 October 2024 |title=Is Israel committing genocide? Reexamining the question, a year later. |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241027004251/https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |archive-date=27 October 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |last2=Samuel |first2=Sigal |date=13 November 2023 |title=How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124174721/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |archive-date=24 November 2023}} * {{cite news |last1=Nashed |first1=Mat |date=5 May 2025 |title=How RSF is adopting Israel's 'template for genocide' in Sudan 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December 2024 |website=www.gov.il |title=Letter from PM Netanyahu to Our Soldiers and Commanders in the Swords of Iron War |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250211090737/https://www.gov.il/en/pages/spoke-pmo031123 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last1=Neuman |first1=Scott |last2=Baba |first2=Anas |last3=Wood |first3=Daniel |title=In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/g-s1-1780/gaza-israel-infrastructure-water-schools-hospitals |work=[[NPR]] |date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822170339/https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/g-s1-1780/gaza-israel-infrastructure-water-schools-hospitals |archive-date=22 August 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza |language=en-US |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-un-envoy-accuses-israel-genocidal-campaign-against-gaza-2023-10-10/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114095429/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-un-envoy-accuses-israel-genocidal-campaign-against-gaza-2023-10-10/ |archive-date=14 November 2023}} * {{cite news |last=Nichols |first=Michelle |author-mask=3 |date=14 May 2025 |title=UN humanitarian chief slams aid plan for Gaza proposed by Israel, backed by US |language=en-US |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-aid-chief-slams-israels-gaza-aid-plan-cynical-sideshow-2025-05-13/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250520213436/https://www.reuters.com/world/un-aid-chief-slams-israels-gaza-aid-plan-cynical-sideshow-2025-05-13/ |archive-date=20 May 2025 |ref={{harvid|Nichols|2025a}} }} * {{cite journal |last=Nijim |first=Mohammed |date=8 October 2024 |title=Gazacide: Palestinians From Refugeehood to Ontological Obliteration |journal=[[Critical Sociology (journal)|Critical Sociology]] |volume=51 |issue=7–8 |article-number=08969205241286530 |doi=10.1177/08969205241286530 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last=Novic |first=Elisa |date=2016 |title=The Concept of Cultural Genocide: An International Law Perspective |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Concept_of_Cultural_Genocide/zhg1DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=genocide+cultural+definition+genocide+convention |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} <!-- OOO --> * {{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Melanie |author-link=Melanie O'Brien |title=Is Genocide Happening in Gaza? |website=[[Opinio Juris (blog)|Opinio Juris]] |date=4 August 2025 |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2025/08/04/is-genocide-happening-in-gaza/ |access-date=21 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116045345/https://opiniojuris.org/2025/08/04/is-genocide-happening-in-gaza/ |archive-date=16 November 2025 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=States and companies must end arms transfers to Israel immediately or risk responsibility for human rights violations: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-companies-must-end-arms-transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk |access-date=16 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108100305/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-companies-must-end-arms-transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk |archive-date=8 January 2025 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024c}} }} * {{cite web |date=20 September 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a79363-report-special-committee-investigate-israeli-practices-affecting |title=A/79/363: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211143127/https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a79363-report-special-committee-investigate-israeli-practices-affecting |archive-date=11 December 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024d}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Ohlin |first1=Jens |author-link=Jens David Ohlin |date=15 October 2009 |chapter=Attempt to Commit Genocide |title=The UN Genocide Convention |editor-last=Gaeta |editor-first=Paola |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=193–206 |doi=10.1093/law/9780199570218.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-957021-8}} * {{Cite news |last=O'Reilly |first=Gem |date=17 October 2023 |title=In Gaza, wounded children with no surviving family |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67121414 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722193124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67121414 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Oxfam sues the Danish state to stop arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-sues-danish-state-stop-arms-exports-israel |publisher=[[Oxfam]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312142103/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-sues-danish-state-stop-arms-exports-israel |archive-date=12 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Oxfam|2024}} }} <!-- PPP --> * {{Cite news |last1=Perry |first1=Tom |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |date=7 October 2023 |title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Jan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007105909/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine |last1=Perugini |first1=Nicola |author1-link=Nicola Perugini |last2=Gordon |first2=Neve |author2-link=Neve Gordon |date=17 July 2024 |title=A Legal Justification for Genocide |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/human-shields-gaza-israel-a-legal-justification-for-genocide |magazine=[[Jewish Currents]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722191648/https://jewishcurrents.org/human-shields-gaza-israel-a-legal-justification-for-genocide |archive-date=22 July 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Khadder |first2=Kareem |last3=Rebane |first3=Teele |last4=Zabadne |first4=Zohair |title=Gaza hospital 'surrounded by tanks' as other healthcare facilities say they've been damaged by Israeli strikes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/10/middleeast/gaza-hospital-surrounded-tanks-reported-israeli-strikes-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113144927/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/10/middleeast/gaza-hospital-surrounded-tanks-reported-israeli-strikes-intl/index.html |archive-date=13 January 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{Cite news |last=Porras |first=Simón Rodríguez |date=25 October 2023 |title=Aimé Césaire reminds us why Western powers accept the genocide committed in Gaza |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-western-powers-accept-israels-genocide-gaza |work=[[The New Arab]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117190839/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-western-powers-accept-israels-genocide-gaza |archive-date=17 January 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |work=[[Vice News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024 |url-status=live}} * {{cite press release |date=20 October 2023<!-- date more signatures added --> |orig-date=Statement released 15 October 2023 |title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123124815/https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |publisher=Third World Approaches to International Law Review |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|"Public Statement: Scholars Warn"|2023}} }} <!-- QQQ --> * {{cite web |last=Quigley |first=John B. |date=14 March 2024 |title=Legal Standard for Genocide Intent: An Uphill Climb for Israel in Gaza Suit |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/legal-standard-for-genocide-intent-an-uphill-climb-for-israel-in-gaza-suit/ |website=EJIL: Talk! |publisher=[[European Journal of International Law]] |access-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413220614/https://www.ejiltalk.org/legal-standard-for-genocide-intent-an-uphill-climb-for-israel-in-gaza-suit/ |archive-date=13 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Quigley|2024a}} }} * {{cite web |last=Quigley |first=John |date=3 July 2024 |title=The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-lancet-and-genocide-by-slow-death-in-gaza/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713161805/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-lancet-and-genocide-by-slow-death-in-gaza/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Quigley|2024b}} }} * {{cite journal |last=Qutami |first=Loubna |date=2023 |title=A Feminist Practice of Bearing Witness to Genocide |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |volume=49 |number=2 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1353/fem.2023.a915923 |s2cid=266441159}} <!-- RRR --> * {{cite journal |last=Repo |first=Jemima |date=25 November 2024 |title=Genocide and the destruction of the means of social reproduction in Gaza |journal=European Journal of Politics and Gender |volume=8 |number=2 |pages=492–499 |doi=10.1332/25151088Y2024D000000061}} * {{cite SSRN |last=Rifai |first=Sulaiman Lebbe |date=24 January 2024 |title=The Genocide in Gaza and the Contempt of International Law: Some Reflections |ssrn=4704652}} * {{Cite news |last1=Roelf |first1=Wendell |last2=Sterling |first2=Toby |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court 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==Further reading== * "All they will find is sand: [[Eyal Weizman]] on the demolition of Gaza", ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 48, no. 7 (23 April 2026), pp. 23–26. * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Adam H. |date=2026|title= How to Sell a Genocide: The Media's Complicity in the Destruction of Gaza |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |location= |isbn= 978-0745351650<!-- --> |page= |url= |access-date=}}
== External links == * {{cite web |title=UN panel discussion: 2023 War on Gaza: The Responsibility to Prevent Genocide |url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1v/k1vpr1yczg |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=12 December 2023}} * "[https://besacenter.org/debunking-the-genocide-allegationsa-reexamination-of-the-israel-hamas-war-2023-2025/ Debunking the Genocide Allegations: A Reexamination of the Israel-Hamas War from October 7, 2023 to June 1, 2025]" – by Danny Orbach, Jonathan Boxman, Yagil Henkin and Jonathan Braverman
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