{{Infobox mountain | name = Gamalama | other_name = Pulau Ternate | image = Pulau Ternate and Gamalama Volcano from the North-west Coast of Pulau Tidore (Tidore Island), The Moluccas (Maluku) (15199602802).jpg | image_caption = | elevation_m = 1715 | elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|vn=268060|title=Gamalama|accessdate=2006-12-13}}</ref> | prominence_m = 1715 | prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist">[http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/indonesia.html "Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago"] Listed as Pulau Ternate. Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2012-01-22.</ref> | listing = Ultra<br />Ribu | range = | location = Ternate, Maluku Islands, Indonesia | map = Indonesia | map_caption = Location in Indonesia of the island | coordinates = {{coord|00|48|33|N|127|20|00|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/> | topo = | type = Stratovolcano | age = | last_eruption = 2022 (ongoing) | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }}
'''Gamalama''' is a near-conical active stratovolcano that comprises the entire Ternate island in Indonesia. The island lies off the western shore of Halmahera island in the north of the Maluku Islands. For centuries, Ternate was a center of Portuguese and Dutch forts for spice trade, which have accounted for thorough reports of Gamalama's volcanic activities.
== Geology == Mount Gamalama is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. Between 1550 and 2015, 77 different eruptions have been documented. The 2015 eruption gave very short precursor signs (less than 24 hours). Eruptions range from basaltic effusive lava flows to more violent andesitic eruptions that are characterized with large and dangerous pyroclastic flows.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hidayat |first1=Agung |last2=Marfai |first2=Muh Aris |last3=Hadmoko |first3=Danang Sri |title=The 2015 eruption of Gamalama volcano (Ternate Island–Indonesia): precursor, crisis management, and community response |journal=GeoJournal |date=February 2022 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s10708-020-10237-w |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/92704545/s10708-020-10237-w20221019-1-1emr577-libre.pdf?1666189027=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_2015_eruption_of_Gamalama_volcano_Te.pdf&Expires=1763687778&Signature=Wfni43vd42f2GoAuKDjTHQpgpKocNZD2vw9zDtBrxgJnL24kJ1odVVIwSS3ay0JMzmbYhLObL7WHxu9AKyjXT69JvIKQU9zuYy~CBBAQOVyU~Y114IJHTIc3yYzPRzkmYxFvxxo~q7JdUmQgudTa7n4JN2zj3AAIEGwHFGL62~-gtxiUoeUaO4vzChoaIXi91RzkHio2p--2qZuO-drs344tsVNzUzzFDZ9yoqIU9gZ3mOC~oaqn4yeZDviO2rNbHil3rHXD~JOLRQCNE9ehTbnDl~qIslJfYDlc73z7NSY0Klp~1~39trJD03y-DtpBL3n~q-7eqGGg44~JgY6GcA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=21 November 2025 |publisher=Springer Nature B.V |language=en}}</ref>
An eruption in 1775 caused the deaths of approximately 1300 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthquake-report.com/2011/12/05/eruption-of-the-gamalama-volcano-ternate-indonesia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212090252/http://earthquake-report.com/2011/12/05/eruption-of-the-gamalama-volcano-ternate-indonesia/ |archive-date=2012-02-12 |url-status=usurped |title=Eruption of the Gamalama volcano |website=earthquake-report.com |date=December 7, 2011}}</ref>
On December 4, 2011 Mount Gamalama erupted, ejecting material up to 2,000 meters into the air. Thousands of residents in nearby Ternate City fled due to ash and dust particles raining down on the town.<ref name=111205abc>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-05/thousands-flee-as-indonesian-volcano-erupts/3713652 |title=Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano erupts |newspaper=ABC News |date=December 5, 2011}}</ref> Finally on December 27 some 4 people died and dozens injured from debris falls (lahar) after a month of activity.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-12-28/Indonesia-lava-flood/52248368/1 | work=USA Today | title=Most Popular E-mail Newsletter | date=2011-12-28}}</ref>
More eruptions occurred in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-19628498 |title=Indonesia's Mount Gamalama erupts spewing ash and lava | work=BBC News | date=2012-09-17}}</ref>
An eruption on December 18, 2014, deposited five centimeters of ash on the runway of Babullah Airport in Ternate, closing the airport.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/12/19/055629730/Babullah-Airport-Shut-as-Mount-Gamalama-Erupts |title=Babullah Airport Shut as Mount Gamalama Erupts | date=2014-12-19}}</ref>
thumb|Depiction of Gamalama erupting in the early 1700s with a Portuguese fort shown.|left {{clear|left}}
== See also == {{portal|Indonesia}} * List of volcanoes in Indonesia * List of ultras of the Malay Archipelago
== References == {{reflist}}
== External links == * [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12993 "Gamalama, Indonesia" on Peakbagger]
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Category:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia Category:Active volcanoes of Indonesia Category:Mountains of Indonesia Category:Ternate Category:Landforms of North Maluku Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia
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