{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Speciesbox | image = Galbula dea - Paradise Jacamar.JPG | image_caption = At Novo Mundo, Mato Grosso State, Brazil | name = Paradise jacamar | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Galbula dea'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22682221A92936005 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22682221A92936005.en |access-date=October 7, 2023}}</ref> | genus = Galbula | species = dea | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonyms = ''Alcedo dea'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} | range_map = Galbula dea map.svg }}
The '''paradise jacamar''' ('''''Galbula dea''''') is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.<ref name=IOC11.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |last1=Gill |first1= F. |last2=Donsker|first2=D.|last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=PAJA-BOW>Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, G. M. Kirwan, and A. Bonan (2020). Paradise Jacamar (''Galbula dea''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.parjac1.01 retrieved May 11, 2021</ref>
==Taxonomy== The paradise jacamar was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae''. He placed it with the kingfishers in the genus ''Alcedo'' and coined the binomial name ''Alcedo dea''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=116 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727021 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1948 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=6 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=8 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477441 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his entry on the "swallow-tail'd king-fisher" that had been described and illustrated in 1743 by the English naturalist George Edwards in his multivolume ''A Natural History of Uncommon Bird''. Edwards had examined a specimen that had been collected in the Dutch colony of Surinam.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1743 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=1 | page=10. Plate 10 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240522 }}</ref> The paradise jacamar is now one of ten species placed in the genus ''Galbula'' that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/jacamars/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=16 June 2024 }}</ref> The genus name ''Galbula'' is from the Latin {{Lang|la|galuba}}, a word for a small yellow bird. The specific epithet ''dea'' is Latin meaning "goddess".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n169/mode/1up 169], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n131/mode/1up 131]}}</ref>
Four subspecies are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> * ''G. d. dea'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Venezuela, the Guianas and Brazil (north of the Amazon) * ''G. d. amazonum'' (Sclater, PL, 1855) – north Bolivia and southwest Brazil * ''G. d. brunneiceps'' (Todd, 1943) – east Colombia, east Peru and west Brazil * ''G. d. phainopepla'' (Todd, 1943) – central west Brazil
Early in the 20th century the paradise jacamar was placed in the monotypic genus ''Urogalba'', but it has been in ''Galbula'' since the middle of the century.<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 19 January 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 19, 2021</ref> It is possible that the subspecies are actually clinal variations.<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
[[File:Galbula dea Keulemans.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration by Keulemans]]
==Description== The paradise jacamar is {{convert|25.5|to|34|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|25|to|32.5|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Both sexes of the nominate have a dark brown crown and are glossy black on the rest of the upper parts. They have a white throat and upper breast; the rest of the underparts are blackish. The other subspecies differ in a few ways. ''G. d. amazonum''{{apostrophe}}s crown is lighter and the white throat more extensive, and ''G. d. phainopepla'' is similar to it. ''G. d. brunneiceps''{{apostrophe}}s crown is lighter and its upper parts have a bronzy greenish sheen.<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
==Distribution and habitat==
The paradise jacamar is found throughout most of the Amazon Basin. The subspecies are distributed thus:<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
*''G. d. dea'': from the upper Orinoco River in southern Venezuela east through the Guianas and in Brazil north of the Amazon River. *''G. d. amazonum'': north central Brazil south to northern Mato Grosso state and northern Bolivia. *''G. d. brunneiceps'': southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru, and western Brazil south of the Amazon and west of the Negro River. *''G. d. phainopepla'': western Brazil south of the Amazon and west of the Madeira River.
The paradise jacamar mostly inhabits ''terra firme'', ''várzea'', and savanna forests, both primary and secondary. It is also found in dry forest and gallery forest. It is most often found along edges or in open areas such as clearings and treefalls, and rarely in the forest interior. Unusually for a jacamar, it is mostly seen in the canopy rather than the mid level. It is most often found below {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} of elevation but locally occurs up to {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
==Behavior== ===Feeding===
The paradise jacamar's diet is primarily Lepidoptera, Odonata, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, but it also takes other flying insects. It perches on exposed branches by itself, in pairs, or in small groups and sallies out to catch its prey. It sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks in the canopy.<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
===Breeding===
A pair of paradise jacamars was seen excavating a burrow in an arboreal termite nest, and pairs have often been seen near such nests. No other information about the species' breeding phenology has been recorded.<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
===Vocalization===
The paradise jacamar's song is "a well-spaced "peep peep peep peep peep peep pee pee pe pe", usually descending, becoming slightly faster and weaker towards [the] end" [https://www.xeno-canto.org/633035]. Its calls are variously "a single 'pip', 'peeap' or 'glewweh{{'"}} [https://www.xeno-canto.org/247075].<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
==Status==
The IUCN has assessed the paradise jacamar as being of Least Concern.<ref name=IUCN/> It varies from rare to common throughout its range and has been recorded in many protected areas. "No immediate threats are known, but general habitat destruction presumably continues to reduce populations."<ref name=PAJA-BOW/>
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == *{{EBirdSpecies|parjac1|Paradise Jacamar}} *[https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/paradise-jacamar-galbula-dea BirdLife Species Factsheet] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000919050323/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/9901700.htm Stamps]}} (for Guyana) with range map (not accurate) *[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=paradise+jacamar&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Paradise jacamar photo gallery] VIREO [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/species_image.php?species=Galbula+dea Photo-High Res]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q942459}}
paradise jacamar Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest paradise jacamar paradise jacamar