{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}} {{Infobox gene}} '''Progonadoliberin-2''' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GNRH2'' gene.<ref name="pmid9419371">{{Cite journal |vauthors=White RB, Eisen JA, Kasten TL, Fernald RD |date=Feb 1998 |title=Second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=305–9 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95..305W |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.1.305 |pmc=18209 |pmid=9419371 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid12447356">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen A, Ganor Y, Rahimipour S, Ben-Aroya N, Koch Y, Levite M |date=Nov 2002 |title=The neuropeptides GnRH-II and GnRH-I are produced by human T cells and trigger laminin receptor gene expression, adhesion, chemotaxis and homing to specific organs |journal=Nat Med |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1421–6 |doi=10.1038/nm801 |pmid=12447356}}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{Cite web |title=Entrez Gene: GNRH2 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2797}}</ref>
The protein encoded by this gene is a preproprotein that is cleaved to form a secreted 10 aa peptide hormone, <code>QHWSHGWYPG</code>.<ref name="uniprot">{{Cite web |title=GNRH2 - Progonadoliberin-2 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - GNRH2 gene & protein |url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43555 |access-date=19 January 2019 |website=uniprot}}</ref> The secreted decapeptide regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. Three transcript variants that encode unique proproteins but the same peptide hormone have been found for this gene.<ref name="entrez" /> The peptide belongs to gonadotropin-releasing hormone family.{{cn|date=January 2025}}
Most vertebrate species possess two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressed in three distinct brain regions. Although the function of the hypothalamic form (GnRH1; common to many vertebrates), in controlling the reproductive axis has been defined, the functions of the other two isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) remain largely unknown.<ref>[http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/en.2009-1207?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed The Highly Conserved Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-2 Form Acts as a Melatonin-Releasing Factor in the Pineal of a Teleost Fish, the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles, but the absence of GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140114/srep03676/full/srep03676.html Comprehensive Analysis of GnRH2 Neuronal Projections in Zebrafish]</ref>
A relatively well-documented function of GnRH2 is that the administration of GnRH2 has anorexigenic effects in female musk shrew,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kauffman AS, Rissman EF | title = The evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II modifies food intake | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 145 | issue = 2 | pages = 686–691 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14576176 | doi = 10.1210/en.2003-1150 | doi-access = }}</ref> mouse,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kauffman AS, Rissman EF | title = A critical role for the evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II: mediation of energy status and female sexual behavior | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 145 | issue = 8 | pages = 3639–3646 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15105381 | doi = 10.1210/en.2004-0148 | doi-access = free }}</ref> goldfish <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda K, Nakamura K, Shimakura S, Miura T, Kageyama H, Uchiyama M, Shioda S, Ando H | display-authors = 6 | title = Inhibitory effect of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone II on food intake in the goldfish, Carassius auratus | journal = Hormones and Behavior | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–89 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18342861 | doi = 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.011 | s2cid = 23262968 }}</ref> and zebrafish,<ref>[http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fendo.2012.00122/full Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 suppresses food intake in the zebrafish, Danio rerio]</ref> but the mechanisms are still unclear.
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin | 2}} *{{Cite journal |last=Neill JD |year=2002 |title=GnRH and GnRH receptor genes in the human genome |journal=Endocrinology |volume=143 |issue=3 |pages=737–43 |doi=10.1210/endo.143.3.8705 |pmid=11861490 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Leung PC, Cheng CK, Zhu XM |year=2004 |title=Multi-factorial role of GnRH-I and GnRH-II in the human ovary |journal=Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. |volume=202 |issue=1–2 |pages=145–53 |doi=10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00076-5 |pmid=12770744 |s2cid=24945436}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Limonta P, Moretti RM, Marelli MM, Motta M |year=2004 |title=The biology of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone: role in the control of tumor growth and progression in humans |journal=Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=279–95 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.10.003 |pmid=14726258 |s2cid=33327806}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bloch B, Gaillard RC, Culler MD, Negro-Vilar A |year=1992 |title=Immunohistochemical detection of proluteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptides in neurons in the human hypothalamus |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=135–8 |doi=10.1210/jcem.74.1.1727812 |pmid=1727812}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen A, Laskar-Levy O, Ben-Aroya N, Koch Y |year=2001 |title=Transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene is mediated by a putative cAMP response element |journal=Endocrinology |volume=142 |issue=8 |pages=3483–92 |doi=10.1210/endo.142.8.8302 |pmid=11459794 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J |year=2002 |title=The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20 |journal=Nature |volume=414 |issue=6866 |pages=865–71 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..865D |doi=10.1038/414865a |pmid=11780052 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gründker C, Günthert AR, Millar RP, Emons G |year=2002 |title=Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone II (GnRH-II) receptor in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells and effects of GnRH-II on tumor cell proliferation |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=1427–30 |doi=10.1210/jcem.87.3.8437 |pmid=11889221 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen A, Zi K, Laskar-Levy O, Koch Y |year=2002 |title=The transcription of the hGnRH-I and hGnRH-II genes in human neuronal cells is differentially regulated by estrogen |journal=J. Mol. Neurosci. |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1385/JMN:18:1-2:65 |pmid=11931351 |s2cid=289773}} *{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH |year=2003 |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue=26 |pages=16899–903 |bibcode=2002PNAS...9916899M |doi=10.1073/pnas.242603899 |pmc=139241 |pmid=12477932 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheng CK, Hoo RL, Chow BK, Leung PC |year=2004 |title=Functional cooperation between multiple regulatory elements in the untranslated exon 1 stimulates the basal transcription of the human GnRH-II gene |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=1175–91 |doi=10.1210/me.2002-0418 |pmid=12663744 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Islami D, Bischof P, Chardonnens D |year=2004 |title=Possible interactions between leptin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I and II) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=169–75 |doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(03)00185-4 |pmid=12969578}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chou CS, Beristain AG, MacCalman CD, Leung PC |year=2004 |title=Cellular localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I and GnRH II in first-trimester human placenta and decidua |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=1459–66 |doi=10.1210/jc.2003-031636 |pmid=15001648 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA |year=2004 |title=The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue=10B |pages=2121–7 |doi=10.1101/gr.2596504 |pmc=528928 |pmid=15489334}} *{{Cite journal |vauthors=An BS, Choi JH, Choi KC, Leung PC |year=2005 |title=Differential role of progesterone receptor isoforms in the transcriptional regulation of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH I) receptor, GnRH I, and GnRH II |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=1106–13 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-0318 |pmid=15562029 |doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Tanriverdi F, Gonzalez-Martinez D, Silveira LF |year=2005 |title=Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone type-I (GnRH-I) and type-II (GnRH-II) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and regulation of B-lymphoblastoid cell proliferation by GnRH-I and GnRH-II |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes |volume=112 |issue=10 |pages=587–94 |doi=10.1055/s-2004-830404 |pmid=15578334}} {{refend}}
Category:Precursor proteins Category:Decapeptides
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