{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox automobile engine | name = GM Medium Diesel Engine | image = Opel Motor 16 CDTI ecoFLEX Einlass aufgeschnitten.jpg | caption = Section of the Opel 1.6 CDTI ecoFLEX engine from 2013 | manufacturer = [[General Motors]] | production = {{Start date|2013}}–present | predecessor = [[GM Family B engine|Family B]]/[[Circle L engine]] | configuration = {{unbulleted list | [[Straight-three engine|Straight-3]] ({{Start date|2019}}) | [[Inline-four engine|Straight-4]] ({{Start date|2013}}) }} | displacement = {{unbulleted list | {{convert|1496|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} | {{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} | {{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} }} | bore = {{convert|79.7|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|84|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} | stroke = {{convert|80.1|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|90|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} | block = Aluminium | head = Aluminium | valvetrain = [[DOHC]] [[Multi-valve#Four valves|4 valves x cyl.]] | compression = 16.0:1 | fuelsystem = [[Common rail]] | fueltype = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]] | coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]] | power = {{convert|95-160|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} | torque = {{convert|280-356|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} | emissions level = [[Euro 6]] | emissions control = [[Selective catalytic reduction|SCR]], [[Diesel exhaust fluid|AdBlue]] | turbocharger = [[Twin-turbo]] (in 2016 [[Opel Astra#Astra K|Opel Astra K]]) }}
The '''Medium Diesel Engine''' (MDE) is a four-cylinder diesel engine developed by [[General Motors]] and branded "1.6 CDTI [[Ecotec]]" in most markets. [[Opel]] also adds the marketing term "Whisper Diesel" in some markets, claiming relatively low levels of [[noise, vibration, and harshness]]. Production commenced in late 2013 at [[Szentgotthárd]], Hungary. The MDE is Opel's first all-aluminum diesel engine and offers a power density of {{convert|85|hp|0|abbr=on}} per liter {{convert|136|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} in its most powerful version. Maximum power and torque have been increased versus the previous-generation 1.7-liter engine, while [[Fuel consumption in automobiles|fuel consumption]] has been reduced by up to 10 percent compared with a 2.0-liter CDTI engine of similar power output.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/vauxhall/63557/vauxhall-reveals-radical-new-engine-strategy|date=17 April 2013|title=Vauxhall reveals radical new engine strategy|work=Auto Express |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> This new 1.6 CDTI engine will replace the current 1.7-liter and lower-powered 2.0-liter diesel engines in a wide range of Opel models, with more- and less-powerful versions to come. The most powerful version of this engine, delivering {{convert|136|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 3,500–4,000 rpm and {{convert|320|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 2,000 rpm, was first introduced in the 2013 [[Opel Zafira#Zafira Tourer C (2011–present)|Opel Zafira Tourer]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/vauxhall/zafira-tourer/65800/vauxhall-zafira-tourer-16-diesel|date=31 August 2013|title=Vauxhall Zafira Tourer 1.6 diesel|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> and later in the 2014 [[Opel Astra#Astra J|Opel Astra J]] and restyled 2014 [[Opel Meriva#Meriva B (2010-present)|Opel Meriva B]]. In 2014, versions were released with power outputs of {{convert|110 and 95|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}.
The engine's displacement is {{convert|1598|cc|L|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} and it has a bore/stroke ratio of {{convert|79.7x80.1|mm|2|abbr=on}}, attaining cylinder pressures of {{convert|180|bar|psi|abbr=on}} and a compression ratio of 16.0:1. It uses an aluminum engine block, die-cast aluminum bedplate, and an aluminum cylinder head. A [[chain drive]]n [[DOHC|dual overhead camshaft]], employing weight-saving hollow sections and lobes, operates [[Multi-valve#Four valves|four valves per cylinder]] with low-friction, hydraulic roller finger followers. The pistons are made from aluminum for reduced reciprocating mass, feature a concave, shallow-bowl profile to facilitate efficient combustion, and are cooled by under-skirt oil spraying. The [[crankshaft]] employs four counterweights to minimize mass, and both it and the [[Connecting rod|con-rods]] are made of [[forged steel]]. The engine features multiple improvements to reduce [[Noise, vibration, and harshness|NVH]], such as a cam cover made of [[Fiberglass|GRP]] and fully decoupled from the engine to reduce noise and vibration, while also saving weight compared to aluminum; a composite [[Inlet manifold|intake manifold]] encapsulated in acoustic padding as well as an external plastic shield that both significantly reduce noise emissions; a mechanical crankshaft isolator which reduces radiated noise and torsional vibrations in the accessory drive system; and scissor gears for the timing drive system, incorporating tooth profiles ground with a Low Noise Shifting (LNS) process for optimal noise reduction. More than 150 patented diesel control functions are deployed by the engine's [[Engine control unit|ECU]], which was developed in-house by General Motors and jointly engineered in Italy (by [[GM Powertrain Torino]]), Germany, and the United States, and will be used in all future GM four-cylinder diesel engines.
Low fuel consumption and [[Euro 6]]-standard emissions (effective from September 2015) are also made possible by the use of Opel's "BlueInjection" [[Selective catalytic reduction]] (SCR) system, which injects [[Diesel exhaust fluid|AdBlue]], a urea-and-water solution, into the exhaust stream. The solution decomposes into ammonia, which is then stored on a catalyst substrate. When [[nitrogen oxide]] ({{NOx}}) from the exhaust gases enters the catalyst, it is then selectively reduced to nitrogen and water.
From 2013, this engine replaced the [[Circle L engine|1.7 L CDTI]] as well as lower-powered variants of the [[GM Family B engine|2.0 L CDTI]] Ecotec {{convert|110 and 130|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} engines in Opel cars, and also superseded the [[JTD engine#1.3|1.3 L CDTI]] engines in the Corsa, Meriva and Astra. GM also introduced the MDE engine in the 2017 [[Chevrolet_Cruze#Second_generation_(J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]] and the 2018 [[Chevrolet_Equinox#Third_generation_(2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] and [[GMC_Terrain#Second_generation_(2018)|GMC Terrain]] sold in the United States.
[[File:Astra K B16DTH.jpg|thumb|[[Opel Astra K]] uses the B16DTH engine variant of GM Medium Diesel engine]]
== Applications and usage == The applications of these engines are summarized below:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" ! Variant ! Cylinder arrangement ! Displacement ! Bore and stroke (mm) ! Charging ! Power <br />hp/rpm ! Torque<br />[[Newton per metre|N⋅m]]/rpm ! ! Production<br />year |- |'''F15DVC''' | rowspan="3" |Inline 3|| rowspan="3" |1496||rowspan="3"|84 x 90||rowspan="24"|Turbodiesel<br>Direct injection<br>common rail||105/3250||260/<br>1500–2500||[[Opel Astra K]] 1.5 CDTI 105 HP||from 08/2019 |- |rowspan="2"|'''F15DVH'''||rowspan="2"|122/3500||rowspan="2"|300/<br>1750–2500||Opel Astra K 1.5 CDTI 122 HP||from 08/2019 |- |[[Opel Insignia B]] 1.5 CDTI (122 HP)||from 03/2020 |- |'''B16DTC''' | rowspan="24" |Inline 4 | rowspan="23" |1598||rowspan="23"|79,7 x 80,1||rowspan="2"|95/3500||rowspan="2"|280/<br />1500–1750||[[Opel Meriva]] B 1.6 CDTI 95 HP||2014–17 |- |'''B16DTE'''||Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI 95 HP||07/2015-06/2018 |- |rowspan="4"|'''B16DTL'''||rowspan="7"|110/4000||rowspan="3"|300/<br>2000–2250||Opel Insignia B 1.6 CDTI (110 HP)||02/2017-10/2019 |- |[[Opel Mokka]] 1.6 CDTI 110HP||06/2015-08/2016 |- |Opel Mokka X 1.6 CDTI 110 HP||09/2016-06/2019 |- |rowspan="4"|300/<br />1750–2000|||[[Opel Astra J]] 1.6 CDTI 110 HP||2014–18 |- |'''B16DTN'''||Opel Meriva B 1.6 CDTI 110 HP ||2014–17 |- |'''B16DTU'''||Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI 110 HP||07/2015-06/2018 |- |'''D16DTU'''||Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI 110 HP||06/2018-07/2019 |- |rowspan="2"|'''B16DTJ'''||rowspan="2"|120/4000||rowspan="12"|320/<br>2000–2250||[[Opel Insignia A]] 1.6 CDTI 120 HP||08/2015-02/2017 |- |[[Opel Zafira Tourer]] 1.6 CDTI 120 HP||06/2014-11/2018 |- |rowspan="9"|'''B16DTH'''||rowspan="10"|136/4000||''Opel Astra J 1.6 CDTI 136 HP 5p''||05/2014-08/2015 |- |Opel Astra J 1.6 CDTI 136 HP Sedan, Sports Tourer e GTC||05/2014-11/2018 |- |Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI 136 HP||07/2015-06/2018 |- |Opel Insignia A 1.6 CDTI 136 HP||08/2015-02/2017 |- |Opel Insignia B 1.6 CDTI 136 HP||02/2017-02/2020 |- |Opel Meriva 1.6 CDTI 136 HP||02/2014-05/2017 |- |Opel Zafira Tourer 1.6 CDTI 136 HP||06/2013-07/2019 |- |Opel Mokka 1.6 CDTI (136 HP)||04/2015-08/2016 |- |Opel Mokka X 1.6 CDTI (136 HP)||09/2016-06/2019 |- |'''D16DTH'''||Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI (136 HP)||06/2018-07/2019 |- |'''B16DTR'''||rowspan="2"|Biturbodiesel<br>direct injection<br>common rail||160/4000||rowspan="2"|350/<br />1500–2250||Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI Biturbo||10/2015-06/2018 |- |'''D16DTR'''||150/4000||Opel Astra K 1.6 CDTI Biturbo||06/2018-04/2019 |- |'''F20DVH'''||1995||84 x 90||Turbodiesel<br>Direct injection<br>common rail||174/3500||381/<br>1500–2750||Opel Insignia B 2.0||from 03/2020 |}
== Timing chain malfunction == The engine is prone to early timing chain wear and failure, early symptoms include a rattling sound during start up and during operation eventually leading to total engine failure. This issue has never been addressed by the manufacturer and appears to affect all production years. The timing chain is located at the rear of the engine and as such replacement is significantly harder and expensive than a typical (front) timing chain.{{fact|date=July 2021}}
This issue is easily averted by using [[SAE J300|0w20]] oil as now recommended by Vauxhall/Opel and the chain replacement tends to be carried out alongside clutch replacement as the gearbox will already be removed from that side of the engine. Replacing the stock chain tensioner with a part from the GM Duramax 3.0 engine also helps as the chain tensioner from the larger engine is a more robust part.
The rattle has been known to start as early as 50 000 miles, but this is similar to the issue with the 1.3 LSF engine used in previous Astras. If the oil and filter is changed regularly, the replacement window becomes significantly larger – as much as 100 000 miles. Some customers reported that the rattle sound appear briefly during startup and at the range between 1 500 and 2 500 rpm.
Vauxhall recommends 20 000 miles or 12 month oil services, it is suggested halving that to 10 000 or 6 months. The typical repair times of the timing chain are 14 to 16 hours within a workshop with a two post vehicle lift.
==See also== *[[GM Medium Gasoline Engine]] *[[GM Small Gasoline Engine]] *[[List of GM engines]]
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== * http://gmpowertrain.com * [http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/04/page/17/ Green Car Congress] * http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/01/opel-20130116.html * http://media.opel.com/content/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2013/opel/02-13-opel-zafira-seven-seater.html * http://media.opel.com/content/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2013/opel/01_16_new_opel_diesel.html {{GM late engine timeline}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Medium diesel engine}} [[Category:General Motors engines]] [[Category:Opel engines]] [[Category:Straight-three engines]] [[Category:Straight-four engines]] [[Category:Diesel engines by model]] [[Category:2010s automobile engines]]