Motion Picture Association film rating system

{{Short description|American film rating system}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use American English|date=October 2023}}

The '''Motion Picture Association''' '''film rating system''' is used in the United States and its territories to rate a motion picture's suitability for certain audiences based on its content. The system and the ratings applied to individual motion pictures are the responsibility of the Motion Picture Association (MPA), previously known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 1945 to 2019. The MPA rating system is a voluntary scheme that is not enforced by law; films can be exhibited without a rating, although most theaters refuse to exhibit non-rated or NC-17 rated films. Non-members of the MPA may also submit films for rating.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.rialtocinemas.com/index.php?location=sebastopol&page=faq|work=Rialto Cinemas|publisher=Rialto Cinemas™|access-date=August 1, 2012|author=Rialto Cinemas|year=2012|archive-date=July 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705194752/https://www.rialtocinemas.com/index.php?location=sebastopol&page=faq|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other media, such as television programs, music and video games, are rated by other entities such as the TV Parental Guidelines, the RIAA and the ESRB, respectively.

In effect as of November 1968,<ref name=desques>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-2Y1AAAAIBAJ&pg=5106%2C7197294 |work=Deseret News |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |agency=(The Moviegoer) |title=Questionable ratings to gain patronge |date=October 31, 1968|page=10A}}</ref> following the Hays Code of the classical Hollywood cinema era, the MPA rating system is one of various motion picture rating systems that are used to help parents decide what films are appropriate for their children. It is administered by the Classification & Ratings Administration (CARA), an independent division of the MPA.<ref name="rating rules" />

== Ratings == {{Redirect2|PG-13|NC-17|other uses of "PG-13"|PG-13 (disambiguation)|other uses of "NC-17"|NC-17 (disambiguation)}}  === MPA film ratings === The MPA film ratings are as follows:<ref name="film ratings">{{cite web |title=Film Ratings |publisher=Motion Picture Association of America |url=https://www.motionpictures.org/film-ratings/ |access-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" |- ! scope="col" style="width: 35%;" | Rating block ! scope="col" | Meaning |- |{{anchor|G|G-rated|G rating}}center|frameless|upright=1.2|G rating symbol and block|| ; G – General Audiences : ''All ages admitted''. Nothing that would offend parents for viewing by children. |- |{{anchor|PG|PG-rated|PG rating}}center|frameless|upright=1.2|PG rating symbol and block|| ; PG – Parental Guidance Suggested : ''Some material may not be suitable for children''. Parents urged to give "parental guidance". May contain some material parents might not like for their young children. |- |{{anchor|PG-13|PG-13-rated|PG-13 rating}}center|frameless|upright=1.2|PG-13 rating symbol and block|| ; PG-13 – Parents Strongly Cautioned : ''Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13''. Parents are urged to be cautious. Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers. |- |{{anchor|R|R-rated|R rating}}center|frameless|upright=1.2|R rating symbol and block|| ; R – Restricted : ''Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian''. Contains some adult material. Parents are urged to learn more about the film before taking their young children with them. |- |{{anchor|NC-17|NC-17-rated|NC-17 rating}}center|frameless|upright=1.2|NC-17 rating symbol and block|| ; NC-17 – Adults Only : ''No one 17 and under admitted''. Clearly adult. Children are not admitted. |}

In 2013, the MPA ratings were visually redesigned, with the rating displayed on a left panel and the name of the rating shown above it. A larger panel on the right provides a more detailed description of the film's content and an explanation of the rating level is placed on a horizontal bar at the bottom of the rating.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bowles |first1=Scott |title=Film-rating descriptors to add detail |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/04/16/cinemacon-ratings-mpaa-nato-dodd/2088439/ |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=August 18, 2018 |date=April 16, 2013}}</ref>

=== Content descriptors === Film ratings often have accompanying brief descriptions of the specifics behind the film's content and why it received a certain rating. They are displayed in trailers, posters, and on the backside of home video releases. Film rating content descriptors are used for films rated from PG to NC-17; they are not used for G-rated films, because the content in them is suitable for all audiences, even if it contains mildly objectionable content.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmratings.com/History|title = History}}</ref>

{{anchor|UR}} === Other labels === If a film has not been submitted for a rating or is an uncut version of a film that was submitted, the labels '''Not Rated''' ('''NR''') or '''Unrated''' ('''UR''') are often used. Uncut/extended versions of films that are labeled "Unrated" also contain warnings saying that the uncut version of the film contains content that differs from the theatrical release and might not be suitable for minors.

If a film has not yet been assigned a final rating, the label '''This Film Is Not Yet Rated''' is used in trailers and television commercials.

== Regulation of promotional materials and releases == {{multiple image  | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220  | image1 = MPA greenband intro card (Toy Story 4 greenband trailer).png | alt1 = | caption1 = A green band card for trailers that are suitable for general audiences | image2 = MPA yellowband intro card (The Unborn (2009) yellowband trailer).png | alt2 = | caption2 = A yellow band card used for internet trailers | image3 = MPA redband intro card (Snowpiercer redband trailer).png | alt3 = | caption3 = A red band trailer card reserved for restricted or mature audiences }} The MPA also rates film trailers, print advertising, posters, and other media used to promote a film.<ref name=AAR /> {{Anchor|Rating cards|MPAA rating cards for theatrical trailers}} ===Theatrical trailers=== {{Hatnote group|{{redirect|Red band}}{{Broader|Trailer (promotion)|topic=cinema trailers}}}}   '''Rating cards''' appear at the head of trailers in the United States which indicate how closely the trailer adheres to the MPA's (and prior to November 2019, the MPAA's) standards.<ref name=Halbfinger />

* '''Green band''': When the trailer accompanies another rated feature, the wording on the green title card states, as of May 2013, "The following preview has been approved to accompany this feature." For trailers hosted on the Internet, the wording is tweaked to "The following preview has been approved for appropriate audiences."<ref name=AAR>{{cite web |title=Advertising Administration Rules |date=October 8, 2019 |publisher=Motion Picture Association |url=https://www.filmratings.com/Content/Downloads/advertising_handbook.pdf |access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref><!-- per H:LIST guidelines on paragraphs

-->{{pb}} Until April 2009, these cards indicated that they had been approved for "all audiences" and often included the film's MPAA rating. This signified that the trailer adhered to the standards for motion picture advertising outlined by the MPAA, which included limitations on foul language and violent, sexual, or otherwise objectionable imagery.<!-- per H: LIST guidelines on paragraphs

-->{{pb}} In April 2009, the MPAA began to permit the green band language to say that a trailer had been approved for "appropriate" audiences, meaning that the material would be appropriate for audiences in theaters, based on the content of the film they had come to see.<!-- per H: LIST guidelines on paragraphs

-->{{pb}} In May 2013, the MPAA changed the trailer approval band from "for appropriate audiences" to "to accompany this feature", but only when accompanying a feature film; for bands not accompanying a feature film, the text of the band remained the same. The font and style of the text on the graphic bands (green and red) was also changed at the time the green band was revised in 2013.<ref name="Dodd">{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/check-the-box-to-decide-i_b_3110024 |last=Dodd |first=Chris |title=Check the Box to Decide if a Film Is Right for Your Family |date=April 18, 2013 |website=Huffington Post |access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Slate">{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/06/trailer-tags-sport-new-font-and-other-design-changes-heres-why-red-band-and-green-band-movie-previews-look-different.html |title=Have You Noticed Trailers Looking Different? |last=Wickman |first=Forrest |date=June 11, 2013 |website=Slate |access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> * '''Yellow band''': A yellow title card was introduced in 2007 for trailers with restricted content hosted on the Internet, with the message "The following preview has been approved only for age-appropriate Internet users."<ref name=Halbfinger/> The MPAA stipulated that yellow-band trailers hosted on studio websites should only be available between 9:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. (i.e., 21:00 through 04:00 local time), and that for other websites hosting the trailers, at least 80% of its typical user base should be adults. The yellow card was reserved for trailers previewing films rated PG-13 or stronger.<ref name=Halbfinger>{{cite news |first=David M. |last=Halbfinger |date=June 13, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/movies/13yell.html |title=Attention, Web Surfers: The Following Film Trailer May Be Racy or Graphic |work=The New York Times |page=E1 |access-date=July 15, 2016}}</ref> An early example was a yellow-band trailer for Rob Zombie's ''Halloween'' (2007).<ref name=Halbfinger /> Yellow-band trailers were not widely adopted and were apparently abandoned within a few years: in 2013, ''Variety'' reported that age-restricted trailers online were released with red bands.<ref name = Debruge>{{cite news|url = https://variety.com/2013/film/features/red-band-trailers-1200391717/|title = Trailers Jump on the Age-Restricted Red-Band Wagon|last = Debruge|first = Peter|date = May 2, 2013|accessdate = December 2, 2024|work = Variety}}</ref> The 2019 edition of CARA's advertising guidelines reference only green and red bands for internet trailers.<ref name = AAR/> * '''Red band''': A red title card is issued to trailers which do not adhere to the MPA/CARA guidelines.<ref name=AAR /> It indicates that the trailer is approved for only "restricted" or "mature" audiences, and when it accompanies another feature, the wording states "The following restricted preview has been approved to accompany this feature only." For trailers hosted on the Internet, the wording is tweaked to "The following restricted preview has been approved for appropriate audiences."<ref name=AAR /> The red title card is reserved for trailers previewing R and NC-17 rated films: these trailers may include nudity, profanity, or other material deemed inappropriate for children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cat-and-Mouse for a Trashy Trailer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/movies/24kick.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 23, 2010 |first=Brooks |last=Barnes |access-date=February 24, 2010}}</ref> Such trailers are officially meant to be locked behind age verification systems.<ref name=Halbfinger /> However, these "age gates" have been described as "ineffective"<ref name = Debruge/> and an "honor system";<ref name = Halbfinger/> furthermore, many YouTube channels which exist to syndicate film and television trailers do not feature any check, which has led to criticism from watchdog groups like Common Sense Media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/youtube/what-are-red-band-trailers-on-youtube|title=What are red-band trailers on YouTube? |publisher=Common Sense Media |access-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121083207/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/youtube/what-are-red-band-trailers-on-youtube |archive-date=January 21, 2019}}</ref> In 2007, red-band trailers were said to be virtually absent from theaters, due to worries that they would accidentally be shown before films released at a less-restrictive rating.<ref name = Halbfinger/> However, by the following year, they were noted as increasingly prevalent as the adoption of digital projection had largely alleviated these concerns.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://variety.com/2008/more/news/regal-greenlights-red-band-trailers-1117983114/|title = Regal greenlights red band trailers|last = McClintock|first = Pamela|date = May 28, 2008|accessdate = December 2, 2024|work = Variety}}</ref> These trailers may only be shown theatrically before R-rated, NC-17-rated, or unrated movies.<ref name=AAR />{{rp|10}}

=== Releases === [[File:MPA blue feature tag (Edge of Tomorrow (2014) feature).png|thumb|An example of the blue feature tag for ''Edge of Tomorrow'']] The MPA also creates blue feature tags for theatrical and home media use. Theatrical releases show the blue tag after the film, with home media releases showing it prior to the film.<ref name=AAR /> They feature the rating block and any content descriptors as assigned by the Classification and Rating Administration, the MPA logo, and links to MPA websites along the bottom.

== History == === Replacement of the Hays Code === Jack Valenti, who had become president of the Motion Picture Association of America in May 1966, deemed the Motion Picture Production Code, which had been in place since 1930 and rigorously enforced since July 1, 1934, out of date and bearing "the odious smell of censorship". Filmmakers were pushing at the boundaries of the code with some even going as far as filing lawsuits against the "Hays Code" by invoking the First Amendment. Valenti cited examples such as ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'', which used prohibited language including "hump the hostess", and ''Blowup'', which was denied Code approval due to nudity, resulting in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, then a member studio of the MPAA, releasing it through a subsidiary. Valenti revised the Code to include the "SMA" (Suggested for Mature Audiences) advisory as a stopgap measure. To accommodate "the irresistible force of creators determined to make 'their films'{{-"}}, and to avoid "the possible intrusion of government into the movie arena", he developed a set of advisory ratings which could be applied after a film was completed.

On November 1, 1968, the voluntary MPAA film rating system took effect,<ref name=desques/> with three organizations serving as its monitoring and guiding groups: the MPAA, the National Association of Theatre Owners (NATO), and the International Film Importers & Distributors of America (IFIDA).<ref name="valenti">{{cite web|title=Re: The MPAA|url=https://www.skepticfiles.org/en001/mpaarate.htm|work=The Skeptic Tank|access-date=August 1, 2012|author=vbcsc03l@vax.csun.edu (snopes)|date=May 25, 1993|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818092954/http://www.skepticfiles.org/en001/mpaarate.htm|archive-date=August 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Only films that premiered in the United States after that date were affected by this.<ref name=Variety>{{cite news|work=Daily Variety|title=MPAA Ratings in Effect But Not Being Widely Advertised - Yet|date=November 4, 1968|page=1}}</ref> Walter Reade was the only one of 75 top U.S. exhibitors who refused to use the ratings.<ref name=Variety/> Warner Bros.-Seven Arts' ''The Girl on a Motorcycle'' was the first film to receive the X rating, and was distributed by their Claridge Pictures subsidiary.<ref>{{cite news|work=Daily Variety|title='X' Marks Spot For Only 1 of 1st MPAA Group: W7 'Girl'|date=October 22, 1968|page=1}}</ref> Two other films were rated X by the time the MPAA published their first weekly bulletin listing ratings: Paramount's ''Sin With a Stranger'' and Universal's ''Birds in Peru''. Both films were subsequently released by subsidiaries.<ref>{{cite news|work=Daily Variety|first=A.D.|last=Murphy|title=Coding Old Pix New Wrinkle|date=November 20, 1968|page=1}}</ref>

The ratings used from 1968 to 1970 were:<ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=Kennedy |title=Roadshow!: The Fall of Film Musicals in the 1960s |date=2014 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=9780199925674 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9Xj1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 183] }}</ref><ref>''Life'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a08EAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22X+Persons+Under+16+Not+Admitted%22&pg=PA55 55], May 30, 1969.</ref> * '''Rated G''': Suggested for general audiences. * '''Rated M''': Suggested for mature audiences – Parental discretion advised. * '''Rated R''': Restricted – Persons under 16 not admitted, unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian. * '''Rated X''': Persons under 16 not admitted.

This content classification system originally was to have three ratings, with the intention of allowing parents to take their children to any film they chose. However, the National Association of Theatre Owners urged the creation of an adults-only category, fearful of possible legal problems in local jurisdictions. The "X" rating was not an MPAA trademark and would not receive the MPAA seal; any producer not submitting a film for MPAA rating could self-apply the "X" rating (or any other symbol or description that was not an MPAA trademark).<ref name="valenti" />

=== From M to GP to PG === In 1970, the ages for "R" and "X" were raised from 16 to 17.<ref name="Krämer (2005)">{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Krämer |title=The New Hollywood: From Bonnie and Clyde to Star Wars |year=2005 |series=Short Cuts Series |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-85005-6 |oclc=952779968|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=29Y3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49]}}</ref> Also, due to confusion over whether "M"-rated films were suitable for children,<ref name="Krämer (2005)" /> "M" was renamed to "GP" (for General audiences, Parental guidance suggested),<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard W. |last=Kroon |title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms|oclc=910109344 |date=2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=9780786457403 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 316]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Jane M. |title=The Motion Picture Rating System of 1968: A Constitutional Analysis of Self-Regulation by the Film Industry |journal=Columbia Law Review |date=1973 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=185–240 |doi=10.2307/1121227|jstor=1121227 }}</ref> and in 1971, the MPAA added the content advisory "Some material not generally suitable for pre-teenagers".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Austin |first=Bruce A. |title=The Influence of the MPAA's Film-Rating System on Motion Picture Attendance: A Pilot Study |journal=The Journal of Psychology |date=September 1980 |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=91–99 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1980.9915174 |s2cid=144395298 |language=en |issn=0022-3980}}</ref> On February 11, 1972,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Robesonian|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/128727667/|access-date=November 5, 2017|date=February 11, 1972}}</ref> "GP" was revised to "PG".<ref name="Krämer (2005)" />

The ratings used from 1970 to 1972 were: * '''Rated G''': All ages admitted – General audiences. * '''Rated GP''': All ages admitted – Parental guidance suggested. * '''Rated R''': Restricted – Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian. * '''Rated X''': No one under 17 admitted.

The ratings used from 1972 to 1984 were:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Brief Reviews: MPAA Rating Guide |date=February 2, 1981 |journal=New York |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HOYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 64]}}</ref> * '''Rated G''': General audiences – All ages admitted. * '''Rated PG''': Parental guidance suggested – Some material may not be suitable for pre-teenagers (1972–1977) / children (1977–1984).<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 30, 1977 |title=Wording Changed in Classification of PG Movies |pages=34 |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref> * '''Rated R''': Restricted – Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian. * '''Rated X''': No one under 17 admitted.

=== Addition of the PG-13 rating === {{update section|reason=The section should mention [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/18/movies/movie-ratings-sex-violence-drugs.html the rationale for the choice of PG-13 for certain films]|date=November 2025}} In the 1980s, complaints about violence and gore in films such as ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' and ''Gremlins'', both of which received PG ratings, refocused attention on films seen by younger children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Show Business: Gremlins in the Rating System|url=https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926639,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029133825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926639,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 29, 2010|access-date=August 1, 2012|newspaper=Time|date=June 25, 1984|author=Richard Zoglin|author2=Meg Grant/Los Angeles|author3=Timothy Loughran/New York|agency=Time Inc}}</ref> According to author Filipa Antunes, this revealed the conundrum of a film that "could not be recommended for all children but could also not be repudiated for all children uniformly," leading to speculation that the rating system's PG classification "no longer matched a notion of childhood most parents in America could agree on."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Antunes|first1=Filipa|title=Rethinking PG-13: Ratings and the Boundaries of Childhood and Horror|journal=Journal of Film and Video|date=Spring 2017|volume=69|issue=1|page=11|doi=10.5406/jfilmvideo.69.1.0027|s2cid=152216521|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/62095/1/Accepted_manuscript.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307114312/https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/62095/1/Accepted_manuscript.pdf|archive-date=March 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Steven Spielberg, director of ''Temple of Doom'' and executive producer of ''Gremlins'', suggested a new intermediate rating between "PG" and "R".<ref>{{citation | url = https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/02/spielberg_qanda200802 |title = Q&A: Steven Spielberg on Indiana Jones | magazine = Vanity Fair | date = January 2, 2008 | first= Jim|last= Windolf}}</ref> The "PG-13" rating was introduced on July 1, 1984, with the advisory "Parents Are Strongly Cautioned to Give Special Guidance for Attendance of Children Under 13 – Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Young Children". The first film to be released with this rating was the John Milius war film ''Red Dawn''.<ref name="thr01">{{cite news |title='Red Dawn' redo lands director, scribe; MGM will remake the 1984 action drama |first=Jay A. |last=Fernandez |author2=Borys Kit |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/red-dawn-redo-lands-director-115292/ |date=July 8, 2008 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> In 1985, the wording was simplified to "Parents Strongly Cautioned – Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Children Under 13".<ref>{{cite web |title=PG-13 Parents Strongly Cautioned Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Children Under 13 – Trademark Details |publisher=Justia |url=https://trademarks.justia.com/735/61/pg-13-parents-strongly-cautioned-some-material-may-be-inappropriate-for-children-under-13-73561730.html |access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Around the same time, the MPAA won a trademark infringement lawsuit against the producers and distributors of ''I Spit on Your Grave'' over a fraudulent application of its R rating to the uncut version of the film,<ref>[http://elr.carolon.net/BI/V05N10.PDF Entertainment Law Reporter – Business Affairs for March 1984] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221808/http://elr.carolon.net/BI/V05N10.PDF |date=February 1, 2014 }}</ref> and forced its member studios and several other home video distributors to put MPAA ratings on the packaging of MPAA-rated films via a settlement that would come into effect by fall that year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dealers will label ratings on cassettes|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19840811&id=TqxQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6885,2609406|access-date=January 31, 2014|newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard|date=August 11, 1984}}</ref>

The ratings used from 1984 to 1990 were: * '''Rated G''': General audiences – All ages admitted. * '''Rated PG''': Parental guidance suggested – Some material may not be suitable for children. * '''Rated PG-13''': Parents strongly cautioned – Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. * '''Rated R''': Restricted – Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian. * '''Rated X''': No one under 17 admitted.

=== Tennessee law === In 1989, Tennessee state law set the minimum age to view a theatrically exhibited R-rated film without adult accompaniment at 18, instead of 17, and categorized the admission of minors to X-rated films as a misdemeanor. The statute remained in force until 2013, when it was ruled to be in violation of the First Amendment. The law was amended in 2013 as to prohibit persons under the age of 18 only if the film was considered "harmful to minors".<ref>{{cite web |title=TN Law: 18 to buy R-rated movie tickets |date=February 19, 2009 |work=Action News |publisher=WMC-TV |location=Tennessee |url=https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/story/9867382/tn-law-18-to-buy-r-rated-movie-tickets/ |access-date=February 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first1=Robert E. Jr. | last1=Cooper |first2=William E. |last2=Young |first3=James E. |last3=Gaylord |title=Opinion No. 13-101 – Constitutionality of Criminal Statute Regarding Admission of Minors to Movies |date=December 6, 2013 |publisher=Tennessee Attorney General |location=Nashville, Tennessee |url=https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/attorneygeneral/documents/ops/2013/op13-101.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716212307/https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/attorneygeneral/documents/ops/2013/op13-101.pdf |archive-date=July 16, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== X replaced by NC-17 === thumb|"X"-rating as it appeared in theatrical posters prior to being retired and replaced by NC-17 In the rating system's early years, "X"-rated films such as ''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969) and ''A Clockwork Orange'' (1971) were understood to be unsuitable for children, but non-pornographic and intended for the general public. However, pornographic films often self-applied the non-trademarked "X" rating, and it soon became synonymous with pornography in American culture.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://lasr.cs.ucla.edu/lasr-members/reiher/film_miscellany/ratings.html |title = The MPAA Rating Systems | date = September 16, 1994}}</ref> In late 1989 and early 1990, respectively, ''Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer'' and ''The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover'', two critically acclaimed art films featuring strong adult content, were released. Neither film was approved for an MPAA rating, limiting their commercial distribution and prompting criticism of the rating system's lack of a designation for such films.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (No MPAA Rating)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990101/REVIEWS/901010301/1023|work=RogerEbert.com|access-date=August 1, 2012|author=Roger Ebert|date=January 1, 1999}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (Unrated)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19900914/REVIEWS/9140301/1023|work=RogerEbert.com|access-date=August 1, 2012|first=Roger|last=Ebert|date=September 14, 1990}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In September 1990, the MPAA introduced the rating NC-17 ("No Children Under 17 Admitted").<ref name="articles.latimes.com">{{cite news|title=X Film Rating Dropped and Replaced by NC-17 : Movies: Designation would bar children under 17. Move expected to clear the way for strong adult themes.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-27-mn-1406-story.html|access-date=August 20, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 27, 1990|author=David J. Fox}}</ref> ''Henry & June'', previously to be assigned an X rating, was the first film to receive the NC-17 rating instead.<ref name="articles.latimes.com" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Henry Miller Meets the MPAA : Movies: Philip Kaufman's very adult 'Henry & June,' a tale of the controversial author's days in Paris, apparently is the latest recipient of the dreaded X rating. Its U.S. release is in limbo.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-27-ca-117-story.html|access-date=August 20, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 27, 1990|author=Jack Mathews}}</ref> Although films with an NC-17 rating had more mainstream distribution opportunities than X-rated films, many theaters refused to screen them, most entertainment media did not accept advertising for them, and many large video outlets refused to stock them.<ref name="Weinraub">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/21/movies/first-major-film-with-an-nc-17-rating-is-embraced-by-the-studio.html |title = First Major Film With an NC-17 Rating Is Embraced by the Studio | first = Bernard | last = Weinraub | date = July 21, 1995 | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref> Additionally, the MPAA started to include explanations, or "descriptors", of why each film received an "R" rating, allowing parents to know what type of content the film contained. For example, the descriptor for ''The Girl Who Played with Fire'' read "Rated [R] for brutal violence including a rape, some strong sexual content, nudity and language."<ref>{{cite news |title=MPAA ratings: June 30, 2010 |date=June 30, 2010 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/mpaa-ratings-june-30-2010-25128/ |access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MPAA ratings: Sept. 1, 2010 |date=September 1, 2010 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/mpaa-ratings-sept-1-2010-27323/ |access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

The ratings used from 1990 to 1996 were: * '''Rated G''': General audiences – All ages admitted. * '''Rated PG''': Parental guidance suggested – Some material may not be suitable for children. * '''Rated PG-13''': Parents strongly cautioned – Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. * '''Rated R''': Restricted – Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian. * '''Rated NC-17''': No children under 17 admitted.

In 1996,<ref>{{cite book |title=Video Watchdog |issue=31–36 |year=1996 |publisher=Tim & Donna Lucas |page=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=nJEGUuvMA8uQ0QW45oCwDw&id=8I-GAAAAIAAJ&q=%22no+children+under+17%22 80]|title-link=Video Watchdog }}</ref> the minimum age for NC-17-rated films was raised to 18,<ref>{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Masters |title=Will Shame change the game for the NC-17 rating? |date=30 November 2011 |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15921903 |access-date=January 10, 2021 |quote=The rating restricts anyone under the age of 18 from attending a film.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Brooks |title=NATO Threatens Weinstein Co With NC-17 Rating For 'Bully' |date=February 28, 2012 |website=Deadline Hollywood |url=https://deadline.com/2012/02/in-bully-fight-nato-threatens-twc-with-nc-17-237532/ |access-date=January 10, 2021 |quote=In most cases, that means enforcement as though the movies were rated NC-17 — where no one under the age of 18 can be admitted even with accompanying parents or guardians."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Zeitchik |title=High hopes, low notes for film world's NC-17 rating |date=August 18, 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-mn-ca-nc-17-20120819-story.html |access-date=January 10, 2021 |quote=Formally instituted in 1990, the restrictive rating aimed to signal moviegoers that a film included adult-oriented — but not necessarily pornographic — content and made those movies off-limits to anyone under 18.}}</ref> by rewording it to "No One 17 and Under Admitted".<ref>{{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Sandler |title=The Naked Truth: Why Hollywood Doesn't Make X-rated Movies |year=2007 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4146-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzaLu7-YETEC&pg=PA85 85]}}</ref> The ratings used since 1996 are:<ref name="film ratings" /> * '''Rated G''': General audiences – All ages admitted. * '''Rated PG''': Parental guidance suggested – Some material may not be suitable for children. * '''Rated PG-13''': Parents strongly cautioned – Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. * '''Rated R''': Restricted – Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian. * '''Rated NC-17''': Adults only – No one 17 and under admitted.

By the early 2000s, the MPAA also began applying rating explanations for PG, PG-13, and NC-17-rated films.<ref name="ratingmpaa">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/19/backstreet-boys-plan-new-album-and-tour/|title=The Backstreet Boys plan a new album and tour|author=Josh Wolk|date=November 19, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=October 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021014740/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,84811,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.motionpictures.org/Ratings_hstry_Rvsns.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090530061222/http://mpaa.org/Ratings_hstry_Rvsns.asp |title = Changes in the Rating System | publisher = Motion Picture Association of America|archive-date= May 30, 2009}}</ref>

== Rating components == === Violence === Depictions of violence are permitted under all ratings but must be moderated for the lower ones. Violence must be kept to a minimum in G-rated films and must not be intense in PG-rated films. Depictions of intense violence are permitted under the PG-13 rating, but violence that is both realistic and extreme or persistent will generally require at least an R rating.<ref name="rating rules">{{cite web |title=Classification and Rating Rules |date=January 1, 2010 |publisher=Classification and Rating Administration |pages=[https://www.filmratings.com/content/downloads/rating_rules.pdf#page=8 6]–8 |url=https://www.filmratings.com/content/downloads/rating_rules.pdf |access-date=November 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204235546/http://filmratings.com/downloads/rating_rules.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

=== Language === Snippets of language that go "beyond polite conversation" are permitted in G-rated films, but no stronger words are present. Mild profanity may be present in PG rated films. The use of the word "''fuck''", described in the board's guidelines as "one of the harsher sexually-derived words", will initially incur at least a PG-13 rating.<ref name = Jacobs>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/12/19/arts/swearing-pg13-r-rating.html|title = The Filthy Word That Filmmakers Swear By|last = Jacobs|first = Julia|date = December 19, 2025|accessdate = December 19, 2025|newspaper = The New York Times|url-access = limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Byrd|first=Matthew|date=2018-04-02|title=Ready Player One's F-Bomb Is One of the Best Ever|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/ready-player-ones-f-bomb-is-one-of-the-best-ever/|publisher=Den of Geek|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref> More than one occurrence will usually incur an R rating as will the usage of such an expletive in a sexual context.<ref name="rating rules" /> Known as the "automatic language rule",<ref name = Vaughan>{{Cite book |last=Vaughn |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7MkaxKGTGAC&dq=automatic+language+rule+motion+pictures+movies+film&pg=PA48 |title=Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85258-6 |pages=47–51 |language=en}}</ref> it is widely known among filmmakers, and significant attention can be devoted to determining the most effective use of the word in a film intended to receive a PG-13 rating.<ref name = Jacobs/> The board's guidelines allow exceptions to this rule if two-thirds of the members agree "that most American parents would believe that a PG-13 rating is appropriate because of the context of the manner in which the words are used or because the use of these words in the motion picture is inconspicuous".<ref name="rating rules" /><ref name = Jacobs/> The automatic language rule is arguably the rule that can most often be successfully appealed.<ref name = Vaughan/> For example, ''All the President's Men'' (1976), produced before the PG-13 rating's introduction, received a PG rating after appealing it from an R, despite multiple instances of strong language, likely because of its historic subject matter.<ref name = Vaughan/><ref name = Jacobs/>

Films rated PG-13 with multiple occurrences of the word ''fuck'' include ''Adventures in Babysitting,'' where the word is used twice in the same scene;<ref>{{cite interview|title=Keith Coogan, Star of Adventures in Babysitting and Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead, Indulges Our Nostalgia |date=December 12, 2011 |work=Vulture.com |interviewer=Patti Greco |subject=Keith Coogan |url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/12/keith-coogan-star-of-dont-tell-mom-the-babysitters-dead-indulges-our-nostalgia.html |access-date=August 3, 2014}}</ref> ''Antwone Fisher'' which has three uses;<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Ben|date=November 12, 2010|title='How Do You Know' Likely to Be Re-cut to Avoid R-Rating for Language|url=https://collider.com/how-do-you-know-mpaa-rating/|publisher=Collider|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref> ''Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour'', which has four uses (six in the "Taylor's Version" cut), all in song lyrics;<ref name = Jacobs/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharpe |first=Lynn |date=2024-03-15 |title=Every F-Bomb In Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour Movie & Timestamps For When They Happen |url=https://screenrant.com/taylor-swift-eras-tour-movie-disney-plus-f-bomb-timestamps/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> ''The Hip Hop Project'', which has seventeen uses;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/04/27/the-hip-hop-project-rated-pg-13-despite-17-f-words/|title='The Hip Hop Project' Rated PG-13, Despite 17 F-Words – The Moviefone Blog|access-date=March 31, 2012|date=April 27, 2007|archive-date=May 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504162310/http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/04/27/the-hip-hop-project-rated-pg-13-despite-17-f-words/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''Gunner Palace'', a documentary of soldiers in the Iraq War, which has 42 uses of the word with two used sexually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenit.com/movies/2005/gunner_palace.html|publisher=screenit.com|title=Screen It! Parental Review: Gunner Palace|access-date=July 26, 2007|date=March 11, 2005}}</ref> Both ''Bully'', a 2011 documentary about bullying, and ''Philomena''—which has two instances of the word—released in 2013, were originally given R ratings on grounds of the language but the ratings were dropped to PG-13 after successful appeals (albeit ''Bully'' needed some cuts).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/bully-rating-weinstein-edits-307418/ |work=The Hollywood Reporter |title=Weinstein Co. Changes Course, Edits 'Bully' for PG-13 Rating |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |date=April 5, 2012 |access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/nov/14/philomena-weinstein-wins-ratings-appeal-steve-coogan|title=Philomena: Weinsteins win MPAA appeal against R rating|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=April 2, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|last1=Pulver|first1=Andrew}}</ref> ''The King's Speech'', however, was given an R rating for one scene using the word ''fuck'' several times in a speech therapy context; the MPAA refused to re-certify the film on appeal, despite the British Board of Film Classification reducing the British rating from a 15 rating to a 12A on the grounds that the uses of the expletive were not directed at anyone.<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-11-01|title=To the MPAA ratings board, 'The King's Speech' is just as bad as 'Saw 3D'|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/the_big_picture/2010/11/the-mpaa-cracks-down-on-bad-language-in-the-kings-speech.html|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref>

This was satirized in the 2005 film ''Be Cool'', in which the film producer Chili Palmer (John Travolta) says: "Do you know that unless you're willing to use the R rating, you can only say the 'F' word once? You know what I say? Fuck that. I'm done."<ref name="dog">{{cite web|date=March 25, 2013|title=Using the F-word in PG-13/12A movies|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/using-the-f-word-in-pg-1312a-movies/|publisher=Den of Geek|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref> Often film producers will use the word for a scene of gravitas or humor and then bleep out any further instances with sound effects.<ref name="dog" />

Some forms of media are cut post-release so as to obtain a PG-13 rating for home media release or to feature on an Internet streaming service that will not carry films rated higher than PG-13. In 2020, a recording of ''Hamilton'' was released on Disney+ after cuts by Lin-Manuel Miranda to remove two of the three instances of ''fuck'' in the musical to qualify it as PG-13 under MPAA guidelines.<ref name="ham">{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=2020-06-23|title=Hamilton drops two uses of "fuck" to land on Disney Plus|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/23/21300393/hamilton-disney-plus-lin-manuel-miranda-fuck-mpaa-rating-streaming|publisher=The Verge|access-date=2022-01-01}}</ref>

A study of popular American teen-oriented films rated PG and PG-13 from 1980 to 2006 found that in those films, teenaged characters use more and stronger profanity than adult ones in the same movies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Cressman |first1=Dale L. |last2=Callister |first2=Mark |last3=Robinson |first3=Tom |last4=Near |first4=Chris |date=May 2009|title=Swearing in the cinema: An analysis of profanity in US teen-oriented movies, 1980–2006 |journal=Journal of Children and Media |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1080/17482790902772257 |s2cid=38118008 |issn=1748-2798 }}</ref> However, the study found that the overall amount of such language had declined somewhat since the 1980s.<ref name=":0" />

=== Substances === {{See also|Product placement#Tobacco}} Drug use content is restricted to PG-13 and above.<ref name="rating rules" /> An example of an otherwise PG film being assigned a PG-13 rating for a drug reference (momentary, along with brief language) is ''Whale Rider''. The film contained only mild profanity, but was rated PG-13 because of a scene where drug paraphernalia were briefly visible. Critic Roger Ebert criticized the MPAA for the rating and called it "a wild overreaction".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20031116/ANSWERMAN/311160302|title=Movie Answer Man|date=November 16, 2003|access-date=July 26, 2007|first=Roger|last=Ebert|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002627/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20031116%2FANSWERMAN%2F311160302|archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref>

In May 2007, the MPAA announced that depictions of cigarette smoking would be considered in a film's rating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpaa.org/press_releases/mpaa%20statement%20smoking%20as%20a%20rating%20factor%20_2_.pdf|title=Film Rating Board to Consider Smoking as a Factor|date=May 10, 2007|access-date=July 26, 2007|publisher=MPAA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612173748/http://mpaa.org/press_releases/mpaa+statement+smoking+as+a+rating+factor+_2_.pdf  |archive-date=June 12, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.universalpictures.com/legal/tobacco|title=Universal Pictures Policy Regarding Tobacco Depictions in Films|date=April 16, 2007|access-date=August 5, 2008|publisher=Universal Studios}}</ref> Anti-smoking advocates stated that the child-friendly PG rating was inappropriate for the 2011 Nickelodeon-animated film ''Rango'', which included over 60 depictions of characters smoking.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/2011-03-08-rango08_ST_N.htm|work=USA Today|first=Rita|last=Rubin|title=PG-rated 'Rango' has anti-smoking advocates fuming|date=March 8, 2011}}</ref>

=== Nudity === Nudity is restricted to PG and above, and anything that constitutes more than brief nudity will require at least a PG-13 rating. Nudity that is sexually oriented will generally require an R rating.<ref name="rating rules" /> Since 2006, films have been flagged by the MPAA for carrying nudity. In 2010, the MPAA flagged three films specifically for "male nudity", precipitated by parental pressure in response to ''Brüno''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spanglemagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=551 |title=Spangle Magazine |date=October 11, 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2011 |first=Brian |last=Thompson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716113755/http://www.spanglemagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=551 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref> In 2018, MPAA Ratings Chair Joan Graves clarified the MPA's position by stating that "we don't usually define [nudity] as male or female ... usually, we just mention partial nudity, [or] graphic nudity."<ref>{{cite interview |subject=Joan Graves |publisher=Motion Picture Association|title=Rating Nudity|date=October 23, 2018|url=https://vimeo.com/296708983|access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref>

=== Sex === The MPAA does not have any explicit criteria for sexual content other than excluding sex scenes from G-rated films.<ref name="rating rules" />

== Effects of ratings == === ''The Exorcist'' === {{main|The Exorcist}}

Prior to the release of ''The Exorcist'' at the end of 1973, CARA president Aaron Stern took the unusual step of calling director William Friedkin to tell him that since it was an "important film", it would be rated R and could be released without any cuts.<ref name="Shock Value">{{cite book |last1=Zinoman |first1=Jason |author-link1=Jason Zinoman |title=Shock Value: How a Few Eccentric Outsiders Gave Us Nightmares, Conquered Hollywood, and Invented Modern Horror |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9781101516966 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKMQiZOQc04C&pg=PT51|access-date=March 3, 2019|chapter=Chapter Five: 'Shock or Awe'}}</ref> The film drew huge crowds upon its release, many of whom were horrified by the film; some vomited and/or fainted,<ref name="Klemesrud NYT article">{{cite news|last=Klemesrud|first=Judy|author-link=Judy Lee Klemesrud|title=They Wait Hours to Be Shocked|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/27/archives/they-wait-hoursto-be-shocked-the-exorcist-got-mixed-reviews-why-has.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 27, 1974|access-date=March 1, 2019}}</ref> and a psychiatric journal would later document four cases of "cinematic neurosis" induced by the film.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bozzuto |first1=James C. |title=Cinematic neurosis following "The Exorcist": Report of four cases. |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |date=July 1, 1975 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1097/00005053-197507000-00005 |pmid=1151359 |s2cid=9570535 |issn=0022-3018}}</ref>

Among those patrons were many children, not always accompanied by adults. This left many commentators incredulous that the ratings board would have found that a film with disturbing scenes such as a possessed 12-year-old girl masturbating with a crucifix was acceptable for children to see. Roy Meacham, a Washington, D.C., critic who had praised the film while admonishing parents not to take their children to it, recalled those children he did see leaving showings "drained and drawn afterward; their eyes had a look I had never seen before." Authorities in Washington invoked a municipal ordinance that would have prevented ''any'' minors from seeing the film, threatening theater owners with arrest if they did.<ref name="Meacham NYT piece">{{cite news|last=Meacham|first=Roy|title=How Did 'The Exorcist' Escape an X Rating?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/03/archives/how-did-theexorcist-escape-an-x-rating-movies.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 3, 1974|access-date=March 1, 2019}}</ref>

Meacham insinuated that the board had succumbed to pressure from Warner Brothers, which had spent $10 million, more than twice its original budget, making the film; an X rating would have seriously limited ''The Exorcist''{{'}}s commercial prospects. ''New Yorker'' critic Pauline Kael echoed his criticism. "If ''The Exorcist'' had cost under a million or been made abroad," she wrote, "it would almost certainly be an X film. But when a movie is as expensive as this one, the [board] doesn't dare give it an X."<ref name="Shock Value" />

In 1974, Richard Heffner took over as president of the board. During his interview process, he had asked to screen recent films that had sparked ratings controversies, including ''The Exorcist''. "How could anything be worse than this?" he recalled thinking later. "And it got an R?" After he took over as head, he would spearhead efforts to be more aggressive with the X rating, especially over violence in films. In 1976, he got the board to give the Japanese martial arts film ''The Street Fighter'' an X rating for its graphic violence, the first time a film had earned that rating purely for violence.<ref name="Shock Value" />

=== Commercial viability of the NC-17 rating === The NC-17 rating has been described as a "kiss of death" for any film that receives it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jul/25/2|title=Dead cert: the NC-17 rating|newspaper=The Guardian|date=July 25, 1999|access-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref> Like the X rating it replaced, NC-17 limits a film's prospects of being marketed, screened in theaters and sold in major video outlets.<ref name="Weinraub"/> In 1995, MGM/UA released the big-budget film ''Showgirls''; it became the most widely distributed film with an NC-17 rating (showing in 1,388 cinemas simultaneously), but it was a box office failure that grossed only 45% of its $45 million budget.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greatest Box-Office Bombs, Disasters and Film Flops: The Most Notable Examples 1995 – 2|url=https://www.filmsite.org/greatestflops16.html|work=filmsite|publisher=AMC Network Entertainment LLC|access-date=October 1, 2012|first=Tim |last=Dirks|year=2012}}</ref> Some modest successes can be found among NC-17 theatrical releases, however; Fox Searchlight Pictures released the original NC-17-rated American edition of the European film ''The Dreamers'' (2003) in theaters in the United States, and later released both the original NC-17 and the cut R-rated version on DVD. A Fox Searchlight spokesman said the NC-17 rating did not give them much trouble in releasing this film (they had no problem booking it, and only the Salt Lake City newspaper ''Deseret News'' refused to take the film's ad), and Fox Searchlight was satisfied with this film's United States box office result.<ref name="lahiding">{{cite news|title=NC-17 comes out from hiding|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-20-et-dutka20-story.html|access-date=October 1, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=April 20, 2004|first=Elaine |last=Dutka}}</ref> Another notable exception is ''Bad Education'' (2004), an NC-17 foreign-language film that grossed $5.2 million in the United States theatrically<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1581614593/ | title = Bad Education | website = Box Office Mojo}}</ref> (a moderate success for a foreign-language film<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000724461 |title=Foreign affairs |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703133158/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000724461 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 }}</ref>).

In 2000, the Directors Guild of America called the NC-17 rating an "abject failure", for causing filmmakers to re-edit films to receive an R rating, rather than accept an NC-17 rating. They argued that this was "not only compromising filmmakers' visions, but also greatly increasing the likelihood that adult-oriented movies are seen by the very groups for which they are not intended."<ref>{{cite web |title=DGA Task Force on Violence and Social Responsibility Statement in Response to FTC Report on Violence |url=https://www.dga.org/News/PressReleases/2000/0914-DGA-Task-Force-on-Violence-and-Social-Responsibility-Statement.aspx|publisher=Directors Guild of America|date=September 14, 2000|access-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref> As of March 2007, according to ''Variety'', MPAA chairman Dan Glickman had been made aware of the attempts to introduce a new rating, or find ways to reduce the stigma of the NC-17 rating. Film studios have pressured the MPAA to retire the NC-17 rating, because of its likely impact on their film's box office revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=MPAA Creating 'Hard-R', A More PC Version of NC-17|url=https://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/8386|work=Bloody Disgusting|publisher=Bloody Disgusting LLC|access-date=October 1, 2012|date=March 12, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010230811/http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/8386/|archive-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MPAA Wants New Rating For 'Hard R'|url=http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/03/10/mpaa-wants-new-rating-for-hard-r/|work=Moviefone|publisher=AOL Inc|access-date=October 1, 2012|first=Ryan |last=Stewart |date=March 10, 2007}}</ref>

In 2010, the MPAA controversially decided to give the film ''Blue Valentine'' an NC-17 rating. The Weinstein Company challenged this decision, and the MPAA ended up awarding the same cut an R rating on appeal. Actor Ryan Gosling, who stars in the film, noted that NC-17 films are not allowed wide advertisement and that, given the refusal of major cinema chains like AMC and Regal to show NC-17 rated movies, many such films will never be accessible to people who live in markets that do not have art house theatres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ryan Gosling Says NC-17 Rating 'Stigmatizes' 'Blue Valentine'|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1653780/ryan-gosling-says-nc-17-rating-stigmatizes-blue-valentine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007223634/http://www.mtv.com/news/1653780/ryan-gosling-says-nc-17-rating-stigmatizes-blue-valentine/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2014|work=MTV News|publisher=Viacom International Inc|access-date=June 4, 2015|first=Jocelyn |last=Vena |date=December 8, 2010}}</ref>

Legal scholar Julie Hilden wrote that the MPAA has a "masterpiece exception" that it has made for films that would ordinarily earn an NC-17 rating, if not for the broader artistic masterpiece that requires the violence depicted as a part of its message. She cites ''Saving Private Ryan'', with its bloody depiction of the D-Day landings, as an example. This exception is troubling, Hilden argues, because it ignores context and perspective in evaluating other films and favors conventional films over edgier films that contribute newer and more interesting points to public discourse about violence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hilden |first=Julie |author-link= Julie Hilden|title=Free Speech and the Concept of "Torture Porn": Why are Critics So Hostile to "Hostel II"?|url=http://writ.news.findlaw.com/hilden/20070716.html|access-date=March 22, 2011|agency=FindLaw's Writ|date=July 16, 2007}}</ref>

In 2022, the Netflix film ''Blonde'' received an NC-17 rating, becoming the first film produced for a streaming service to earn the rating. As a result of primarily being released through a streaming service (outside of a limited theatrical release to qualify for awards), the film did not receive the same amount of commercial stigma that a film produced for a regular theatrical release would have otherwise received. In a piece for ''GQ'', Keith Phipps argues that as a result, ''Blonde'' could usher in a new era of films and filmmakers that will "push beyond the restrictions of the R rating", writing, "In theory, the NC-17 rating could thrive on services like Netflix, Hulu, and HBO Max and ''Blonde'' could be a sign of things to come, possibly serving as a cue for other filmmakers to push beyond the restrictions of the R rating."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phipps |first=Keith |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Blonde Could Make the World Safe for NC-17 Films Again |url=https://www.gq.com/story/blonde-ana-de-armas-netflix-marilyn-monroe-nc-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011614/https://www.gq.com/story/blonde-ana-de-armas-netflix-marilyn-monroe-nc-17 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=GQ}}</ref>

=== Issuance of "R Cards" === Starting in 2004, GKC Theatres (since absorbed into AMC Theatres) introduced "R Cards", which parents could obtain for their children under 17 to see R-rated films without adult accompaniment. The cards generated much controversy; MPAA president Jack Valenti said in a news article: "I think it distorts and ruptures the intent of this voluntary film ratings system. All R-rated films are not alike."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131693&page=1|title='R-Cards' Let Teens See Racy Movies: Some in Industry Say Cards Defeat Purpose of Ratings|date=June 1, 2004|publisher=ABC News |access-date=July 7, 2018 |first=Barbara|last=Pinto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202123025/https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131693&page=1 |archive-date=February 2, 2011}}</ref> John Fithian, the president of the National Association of Theatre Owners, also said that the cards can be harmful. He noted in a news article for the ''Christian Science Monitor'' that the R rating is "broad enough to include relatively family-friendly fare such as ''Billy Elliot'' and ''Erin Brockovich'' (which were both rated R for language) along with films that push the extremes of violence, including ''Pulp Fiction'' and ''Kill Bill''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0524/p12s02-lifp.html |title=Under 17 not admitted without R-card|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|first=Amanda|last=Paulson|date=May 24, 2004|access-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref>

== Criticisms == === Emphasis on sex and language versus violence === The film rating system has had a number of high-profile critics. Film critic Roger Ebert called for replacing the NC-17 rating with separate ratings for pornographic and non-pornographic adult film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/ugly-reality-in-movie-ratings|title=Ugly reality in movie ratings|publisher=RogerEbert.com|date=September 24, 2000|access-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref> Ebert argued that the system places too much emphasis on sex, while allowing the portrayal of massive amounts of gruesome violence. The uneven emphasis on sex versus violence is echoed by other critics, including David Ansen, as well as many filmmakers. Moreover, Ebert argued that the rating system is geared toward looking at trivial aspects of the film (such as the number of times a profane word is used) rather than at the general theme of the film (for example, if the film realistically depicts the consequences of sex and violence). He called for an A (adults only) rating, to indicate films high in violence or mature content that should not be marketed to teenagers, but do not have NC-17 levels of sex. He also called for the NC-17 rating to be removed and to have the X rating revived. He felt that everyone understood what X-rated means, while fewer people understood what NC-17 meant.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Paul |last=Tassi |date=December 14, 2010 |url=https://www.joblo.com/movie-news/roger-ebert-thinks-the-mpaas-ratings-are-useless |title=Roger Ebert thinks the MPAA's ratings are useless |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=February 24, 2004 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040224/REVIEWS/402240301/1023 |title=The Passion of the Christ |magazine=Time }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=December 11, 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703766704576009343432436296 |title=Getting Real About Movie Ratings |magazine=Time}}</ref>

MPAA chairman Dan Glickman has disputed these claims, stating that far more films are initially rated NC-17 for violence than for sex, but that these are later edited by studios to receive an R rating.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Gilbert |last=Cruz |date=October 30, 2008 |url=https://time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1854732,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102053346/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1854732,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 2, 2008 |title=Happy 40th Birthday, Movie Ratings |magazine=Time}}</ref>

Despite this, an internal critic of the early workings of the ratings system is film critic and writer Stephen Farber, who was a CARA intern for six months during 1969 and 1970. In ''The Movie Ratings Game'',<ref name="Farber1972">{{cite book | first = Stephen |last = Farber |url = https://archive.org/details/movieratinggame00farb | url-access = registration |title = The Movie Rating Game |edition = Paperback | publisher = Public Affairs Press |year = 1972 |access-date = October 3, 2011 | isbn =978-0-8183-0181-0}}</ref> he documents a prejudice against sex in relation to violence. The 2006 documentary ''This Film Is Not Yet Rated'' also points out that four times as many films received an NC-17 rating for sex as they did for violence according to the MPAA's own website, further mentioning a bias against homosexual content compared to heterosexual content, particularly with regards to sex scenes. Filmmaker Darren Stein further insists that his tame teen comedy ''G.B.F.'', which features multiple same-sex kisses but no intercourse, strong language, violence, or nudity, was "rated R for being gay."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gawker.com/g-b-f-was-rated-r-for-being-gay-1485807841|title=G.B.F. Was Rated R for Being Gay|author=Rich Juzwiak|publisher=Gawker.com|date=December 18, 2013|access-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref>

The 2011 documentary ''Bully'' received an R rating for the profanity contained within the film, which prevented most of the intended audience, middle and high schoolers, from seeing the film. The film's director, Lee Hirsch, has refused to recut the film, stating, "I feel a responsibility as a filmmaker, as the person entrusted to tell (these kids') stories, to not water them down." A petition collected more than 200,000 signatures to change the film's rating<ref>{{cite web|title=Teenager petitions to change R rating for 'Bully'|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57393162/teenager-petitions-to-change-r-rating-for-bully/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103210108/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57393162/teenager-petitions-to-change-r-rating-for-bully/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 3, 2013|work=CBS News|publisher=CBS|access-date=August 20, 2012|author=Sandy Cohen|date=March 8, 2012}}</ref> and a version with less profanity was finally given a PG-13 rating. However, the 1995 teen drama ''Kids'', which director Larry Clark wanted rated R so parents could take their kids to it for educational purposes, still received an NC-17 rating due to its content of teen sex, and the MPAA turned down Clark's appeal.<ref name="x786">{{cite web | last=Sandler | first=Adam | title=MPAA FIRM ON ‘KIDS’ TAG | website=Variety | date=1995-07-17 | url=https://variety.com/1995/film/features/mpaa-firm-on-kids-tag-99129316/ | access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref> The film was then released unrated by Miramax<ref name="y138">{{cite web | title=NC-17 rating stands for 'Kids' | website=UPI | date=1995-07-12 | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/07/12/NC-17-rating-stands-for-Kids/8414805521600/ | access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref> (under Shining Excalibur Films because Miramax, formerly owned by Disney, hesitated to release it as an NC-17 film).<ref name="Evans">{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Greg |title=It's Lights Out at Shining Excalibur |url=https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets-festivals/it-s-lights-out-at-shining-excalibur-99128726/ |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Variety |date=October 16, 1995}}</ref>

=== Inconsistent standards for independent studios === Many critics of the MPA rating system, especially independent distributors, have charged that major studios' releases often receive more lenient treatment than independent films.

The independent film ''Saints and Soldiers'', which contains no nudity, almost no sex (although there is a scene in which a German soldier is about to rape a French woman), very little profanity, and a minimum of violence, was said to have been rated R for a single clip where a main character is shot and killed, and required modification of just that one scene to receive a PG-13 rating.<ref>{{cite news|title=R rating stuns 'Saints' makers|newspaper=Deseret News|url=https://www.deseret.com/dn/view/0,1249,590041363,00.html|access-date=March 15, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LDS Cinema Gets Better and Gets a Bum Rating |first=Thomas |last=Baggaley |url=http://www.meridianmagazine.com/arts/040220mpaa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040229103927/http://www.meridianmagazine.com/arts/040220mpaa.html |archive-date=February 29, 2004 |work=meridianmagazine.com}}</ref> Eric Watson, producer of the independently distributed ''Requiem for a Dream'' (initially rated NC-17 before having its rating surrendered and released unrated) complained that the studios are paying the budget of the MPAA, which gives the studios leverage over the MPAA's decisions.<ref name="Atschison">Atschison, Doug. "Separate and Unequal? How the MPAA Rates Independent Films." ''The Best American Movie Writing 2001''. Ed. John Landis. 59–69.</ref>

The comedy ''Scary Movie'', released by Dimension Films, at the time a division of The Walt Disney Company, contained "strong crude sexual humor, language, drug use and violence," including images of ejaculation, fellatio and an erect penis, but was rated R, to the surprise of many reviewers and audiences; by comparison, the comparatively tame porn spoof ''Orgazmo'', an independent release by ''South Park'' creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker and distributed by October Films (since absorbed into Focus Features), contained "explicit sexual content and dialogue" and received an NC-17 (the only on-screen penis seen in the film is a dildo). Parker and Stone did not have the time and money to edit the film, so it retained its NC-17 rating, the duo later stated that the MPAA refused to note specific scenes to remove and theorized that the organization cared less because it was an independent release which would bring it significantly less money.<ref name=Playboy>{{Cite journal |first=Steve |last=Pond |date=June 2000 |title=Interview: Trey Parker and Matt Stone |journal=Playboy |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=65–80}} {{cite web|url=http://treyparker.info/archives_playboy_00jun00.htm |title=[ shpadoinkle ] Trey Parker |access-date=June 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727232806/http://treyparker.info/archives_playboy_00jun00.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2011 }}</ref> In contrast, Parker and Stone's following feature film, ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'', was distributed by a major studio (Paramount Pictures) and, after multiple submissions and notes from the MPAA, received an R rating.<ref name="Atschison" />

=== Inconsistent standards between G and PG === Disney's 1996 film ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'' has been criticized for its depiction of lust, antiziganism, and genocide, despite being rated G. Twenty-five years after its release, one of the screenwriters for the film, Tab Murphy, talked about its rating in an interview with ''The New York Times'', saying, "That's the most R-rated G you will ever see in your life."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bahr |first=Sarah |date=June 21, 2021 |title='The Hunchback of Notre Dame' at 25: 'The Most R-Rated G You Will Ever See' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/21/movies/the-hunchback-of-notre-dame.html |access-date=July 6, 2023}}</ref> Pixar's 2011 film ''Cars 2'' has been criticized similarly for featuring on-screen gun violence and a torture scene, despite being rated G.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rorie|first1=Matt|title=Was Cars 2 Too Violent For A G-Rating?|url=http://www.screened.com/news/was-cars-2-too-violent-for-a-g-rating/2473/|publisher=Screened|access-date=September 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629141858/http://www.screened.com/news/was-cars-2-too-violent-for-a-g-rating/2473/|archive-date=June 29, 2011|date=June 27, 2011}}</ref> Former vice president, Joan Graves, claimed in an interview with ''The Hollywood Reporter'' that she regretted rating the film as G and that parents actually care more about ratings at the lower level. She says: “We had a divided vote on Cars 2 but the G’s won. I had misgivings because as they’re going around the track, there’s a lot of ‘kill em’, kill em,’ but I thought, ‘OK, well, it’s animated’ and I talked myself down the cliff. The parents did not. They felt very very misled. It was our fault.”<ref name = THR>{{cite news|url = https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lessons-30-years-movie-ratings-angry-phone-calls-1213531|title = Lessons From 30 Years of Movie Ratings and Angry Phone Calls|work = The Hollywood Reporter|last1 = McClintock|first1 = Pamela|last2 = Noble|first2 = Alexandra|date = May 25, 2019|accessdate = April 15, 2020}}</ref> In contrast, critics of the system have accused the ratings board of giving PG ratings to family-friendly films such as ''Frozen'' and ''Finding Dory'', despite seemingly having no justification.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=2016-05-11 |title='Finding Dory' And 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2' Get Surprising Ratings |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2016/05/11/finding-dory-and-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-get-surprising-ratings/?sh=66facf7379dd |access-date=2023-10-11 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=2013-11-26 |title=Disney's 'Frozen' Proves Failure Of PG Rating |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/11/26/disneys-frozen-proves-worthlessness-of-pg-rating/?sh=66a653256d35 |access-date=2023-10-11 |work=Forbes}}</ref>

=== Call for publicizing the standards === Many critics of the system, both conservative and liberal, would like to see the MPAA ratings unveiled and the standards made public. The MPAA has consistently cited nationwide scientific polls (conducted each year by the Opinion Research Corporation of Princeton, New Jersey), which show that parents find the ratings useful. Critics such as Matt Stone in Kirby Dick's documentary ''This Film Is Not Yet Rated'' respond this proves only that parents find the ratings more useful than nothing at all.<ref name="This Film is not Yet Rated">{{cite video|title=This Film is not Yet Rated|people=Kirby Dick|date=January 25, 2006|medium=Film}}</ref> In the film, it is also discussed how the MPAA will not reveal any information about how or why certain decisions are made, and that the association will not even reveal to the filmmaker the specific scenes that need to be cut in order to get an alternative rating.

=== Accusation of "ratings creep" === Although there has always been concern about the content of films,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tobias|first=Patricia Eliot|date=November 1999|title=Who Put the Sin in Cinema?|journal=Written by|url=https://www.wga.org/WrittenBy/1199/sinema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030416145339/http://www.wga.org/WrittenBy/1199/sinema.html|archive-date=April 16, 2003|access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> the MPAA has been accused of a "ratings creep", whereby the films that fell into specific ratings categories in 2010 contained more objectionable material than those that appeared in the same categories two decades earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ncregister.com/site/article/ratings_creep_or_a_case_of_once_bitten_twice_shy|title='Ratings Creep' – or a Case of 'Once Bitten, Twice Shy'?|first=Steven D.|last=Greydanus|date=October 24, 2004|newspaper=National Catholic Register|access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref> A study put forward by the Harvard School of Public Health in 2004 concluded that there had been a significant increase in the level of profanity, sex and violence in films released between 1992 and 2003.<ref name=pmid15520625>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Kimberly M. |last2=Yokota |first2=Fumie |title=Violence, sex and profanity in films: correlation of movie ratings with content |journal=MedGenMed |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=3 |year=2004 |pmid=15520625 |pmc=1435631 |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/480900}} *{{cite press release |date=July 13, 2004 |title=Study Finds "Ratings Creep": Movie Ratings Categories Contain More Violence, Sex, Profanity than Decade Ago |website=Harvard School of Public Health |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/archives/2004-releases/press07132004.html}}</ref> Kimberly Thompson, director of the study, stated: "The findings demonstrate that ratings creep has occurred over the last decade and that today's movies contain significantly more violence, sex, and profanity on average than movies of the same rating a decade ago."<ref name=pmid15520625 />

=== Questions of relevance === In 2010 ''Slashfilm'' managing editor David Chen wrote on the website: "It's time for more people to condemn the MPAA and their outrageous antics. We're heading towards an age when we don't need a mommy-like organization to dictate what our delicate sensibilities can and can't be exposed to. I deeply hope that the MPAA's irrelevance is imminent."<ref name="Chen2010">{{cite web |url= https://www.slashfilm.com/mpaa-rating-nc-17-blue-valentine-tillman-story-kings-speech/ |title=Why the MPAA Should Be Ashamed of Itself |last=Chen |first=David |work=slashfilm.com |access-date=October 3, 2011 |date=November 8, 2010}}</ref>

''Chicago Tribune'' film critic Michael Phillips wrote in 2010 that the MPAA ratings board "has become foolish and irrelevant, and its members do not have my interests at heart, or yours. They're too easy on violence yet bizarrely reactionary when it comes to nudity and language."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-xpm-2010-11-04-chi-talking-pictures-1105-story.html|title=There's a word for the MPAA...|last=Phillips|first=Michael|date=November 4, 2010|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=February 8, 2012}}</ref>

=== Trademark infringement === In 2005, the MPAA sent cease-and-desist letters to some writers of fan fiction regarding their usage of the film ratings;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Licalzi O'Connell |first=Pamela |date=2005-04-18 |title=Please Don't Call It a G-Rated Dispute (Published 2005) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/18/business/media/please-dont-call-it-a-grated-dispute.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=New York Times |language=en}}</ref> many related websites now use alternate ratings systems designed as parallels to those of the MPAA.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finn |first=Kavita Mudan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQPsEAAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PA92&dq=%22mpaa%22%20%22ratings%22%20%22fanfiction%22&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q=%22mpaa%22%20%22ratings%22%20%22fanfiction%22&f=false |title=Fan Phenomena: Game of Thrones |date=2017-05-01 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=978-1-78320-785-5 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, the MPAA sent a cease-and-desist letter to Meta Platforms after it announced that Instagram content for teenagers would be "guided by PG-13 ratings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simonetti |first=Isabella |date=2025-11-05 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Motion Picture Trade Group Pans Instagram's Use of 'PG-13' With Cease and Desist |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/motion-picture-trade-group-pans-instagrams-use-of-pg-13-with-cease-and-desist-6003a62d |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=isolomons |date=2025-10-14 |title=New PG-13 Guidelines for Instagram Teen Accounts {{!}} Meta |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2025/10/instagram-teen-accounts-pg-13-ratings/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Meta Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title=Opinion {{!}} Meta's misappropriation of PG-13 threatens a trusted system |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/11/06/meta-instagram-pg-13-content-moderation/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== External links == {{Wikidata property|P1657}} * [https://www.filmratings.com/ Classification and Ratings Administration] Official Website with ratings database * [https://www.motionpictures.org/film-ratings/ MPA Film Ratings website] {{Motion picture content rating systems}} Category:Motion picture rating systems Film rating system Category:Film censorship in the United States Category:Certification marks Category:Cinema of the United States Category:Media content ratings systems Category:1968 introductions Category:1968 establishments in the United States