{{Short description|17th century treatise on air pollution}} {{italic title}} '''''Fumifugium, or, {{not a typo|The inconveniencie of the aer and smoak of London dissipated together with some remedies humbly proposed by J.E. esq. to His Sacred Majestie, and to the Parliament now assembled}}''''' is a pamphlet published in London in 1661 by John Evelyn. It is one of the earliest known works on air pollution and is still considered a significant contribution to the literature on the subject over three and half centuries after its publication.<ref name="brimblecombe">{{cite book |last1=Brimblecombe |first1=Peter |title=The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times |date=1987 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136703294 |pages=40,47 |quote="Fumifugium... is an outstanding work and cannot fail to remind the reader that [Evelyn] was a man with extraordinary powers of perception."}}</ref><ref name="woodford">{{cite book |last1=Woodford |first1=Chris|author1-link=Chris Woodford (author) |title=Breathless: Why Air Pollution Matters and How it Affects You |date=2021 |publisher=Icon |location=London |isbn=9781785787102 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lEXEAAAQBAJ|quote="The world’s first book on air pollution, it makes fascinating reading to this day."}}</ref><ref name="cavert">{{cite book |last1=Cavert |first1=William M. |title=The Smoke of London Energy and Environment in the Early Modern City |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2e67CwAAQBAJ |access-date=3 December 2021 |chapter=11: Evelyn's place: Fumifugium and the royal retreat from urban smoke |isbn=9781107073005 |quote="... the most extensive, sophisticated, and ambitious analysis of urban air pollution produced anywhere during the early modern period."}}</ref><ref name="fuller">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Gary |title=The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution – and How We Can Fight Back |date=2019 |publisher=Melville House |location=London |isbn=9781911545514 |pages=7–11|quote="In a way akin to modern epidemiologists, Evelyn looked at death records to see the impact of London's air on the health of its population."}}</ref> The letter was specifically addressed to King Charles II of England and discussed problems with the capital's air pollution dating back to medieval times.<ref name=Perspectives>{{cite book|last=Sarah|first=Staniforth|title=Historical Perspectives on Preventive Conservation|date=2013|publisher=Getty Conservation Institute|isbn=9781606061428|page=262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35yp4G8E2gC&q=fumifugium&pg=PA262}}</ref> Evelyn refers to Greek philosophers, who once believed that air was the principle of the earth and primary substance of the soul up until the time that air pollution began to cause ill health.<ref name=Perspectives/>

thumb|right|Original title page of John Evelyn's ''Fumifugium''

== Background ==

Evelyn was appointed to the newly formed Royal Society, and both Society and pamphlet are celebrated in the 1663 "Ballad of Gresham College". Stanza 23 (given here in modern English) describes how Evelyn <blockquote>[...] shows that 'tis the sea-coal smoke<br> That always London does environ, <br> Which does our lungs and spirits choke, <br> Our hanging spoil, and rust our iron. <br> Let none at ''Fumifuge'' be scoffing <br> Who heard at Church our Sunday's coughing.<ref name=Evelyn>{{cite book|last=Evelyn|first=John|title=Fumifugium|date=1661|publisher=His Majesties' Command|location=London, England|isbn=9780904617061 |url=https://archive.org/details/fumifugium00eveluoft}}</ref> </blockquote>

The sea-coal to which Evelyn referred was appropriately named because it came by sea from Newcastle. When burned, it gave off a terrible smell because of high amounts of sulfur in its composition.<ref name=Perspectives/> When burned the sea coal released sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, soot, and particulates of organic matter into the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobson|first=Mark|title=Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=9781107691155|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeGlmU2F8_8C&q=sea+coal+burning+in+London&pg=PA74|author-link=Mark Z. Jacobson}}</ref> The pamphlet suggests that burning wood, particularly aromatic woods, will be less harmful to the lungs and recommends relocating some of London's more polluting industries outside the capital, in particular lime-burning and brewing.

== Structure and contents ==

''Fumifugium'' is broken down into three parts which explain the problem, a proposed solution, and a way of improvement upon the air in London.

===Part One=== The first part of Evelyn's letter describes the details of the problem with the air pollution in London and its effect on human health.<ref name=Perspectives/> He explains that many philosophers believed that air was the most important for the soul and the Earth for we benefit it and therefore it is necessary for survival by the respiration of clean air through the lungs: <blockquote>It is not without some considerable ''Analogy'', that sundry of the ''Philosophers'' have named the ''Aer'' the ''Vehicle of the Soul'', as well as of the Earth, and this frail Vessell of ours which contains it; since we all of us finde the benefit which we derive from it. Not onely for the necessity of common Respiration and functions of the Organs; but likewise for the use of ''Spirits'' and ''Primigene Humors'', which doe most neerly approach that Divine particle.<ref name=Perspectives/><ref name=Evelyn/></blockquote>

===Part Two=== The second part of the letter proposes a solution to the current air pollution problem by recommending a removal of all pollution trades from the capital.<ref name=Perspectives/>

===Part Three=== In the third part of Evelyn's letter, he describes ways of improving the air quality of London by way of plantations, sweet-smelling flowers and vegetation placed near the city.<ref name=Perspectives/>

==Significance==

''Fumifugium'' is considered a milestone in the development of air pollution science. In ''The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times'', Peter Brimblecombe comments that "''Fumifugium''... is an outstanding work and cannot fail to remind the reader that [Evelyn] was a man with extraordinary powers of perception".<ref name="brimblecombe"/> William M. Cavert, a historian of early British environmental history, considers it "... the most extensive, sophisticated, and ambitious analysis of urban air pollution produced anywhere during the early modern period".<ref name="cavert"/> Todd Andrew Borlik, a specialist in Renaissance literature, argues that ''Fumifugium'' is "one of the first sustained polemics against air pollution, and not only diagnoses the crisis but also formulates a sophisticated urban planning scheme to combat it".<ref name="borlik">{{cite book |last1=Borlik |first1=Todd Andrew |title=Literature and Nature in the English Renaissance: An Ecocritical Anthology |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108247009 |page=488 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgCjDwAAQBAJ |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

On the other hand, Mark Jenner, a specialist in early modern history, has argued that it is "too simple" to consider ''Fumifugium'' "as a precocious example of environmental concern"; in his view: "Evelyn's celebrated account of London smoke pollution in the 1660s, has consistently been misinterpreted... it was a highly political text centrally concerned with Charles II's recent Restoration". According to Jenner, ''Fumifugium'' is not only "suffused with politicized symbolism" and "closely related to the panegyric literature of the early 1660s", but also part of a growing scientific interest in the study of air, including the work of Robert Boyle and Nathaniel Henshaw.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenner |first1=Mark |title=The politics of London air : John Evelyn's 'Fumifugium' and the Restoration |journal=The Historical Journal |date=1995 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=535–551 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00019968 |s2cid=154439587 |issn=1469-5103|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1550/1/jennerm1.pdf }}</ref>

==See also== * Smog

==References== {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * [https://archive.org/details/fumifugium00eveluoft Text of ''Fumifugium'']. Internet Archive. Retrieved 7 January 2010. * [http://www.gyford.com/archive/2009/04/28/www.geocities.com/Paris/LeftBank/1914/fumifug.html HTML text of ''Fumifugium'']. Retrieved 7 March 2010. * {{cite book |last1=Brimblecombe |first1=Peter |title=The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times |date=1987 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136703294 |pages=39–62 |chapter=3: Evelyn and his circle}}

Category:1661 works Category:Air pollution in the United Kingdom Category:Charles II of England Category:English pamphlets Category:Environmental history of the United Kingdom Category:Books by John Evelyn