{{Short description|"bucket shop"}} {{Infobox court case |name = E. M. Fuller and Co. bankruptcy trial |court = New York Court |image = |imagesize = |imagelink = |imagealt = |caption = |full name = |date decided = <!-- {{start date|yyyy|mm|dd|df=}} --> |citations = |ECLI = |transcripts = |judges = |number of judges = |decision by = |concurring = |dissenting = |concur/dissent = |prior actions = |appealed from = Edward M. Fuller, William F. Mcgee |appealed to = |subsequent actions = |related actions = |opinions = |keywords = <!-- {{hlist | }} --> |italic title = }} '''''E. M. Fuller and Co. bankruptcy trial''''', or the '''''Fuller case''''', was a criminal trial referring to the prosecution of Edward M. Fuller and William F. McGee for using their brokerage firm E. M. Fuller and Co. as a "bucket shop" in the early 1920s. United States Attorney William Hayward was assisted in the case by assistant US Attorney John E. Joyce.<ref name=nyt-joyce>{{cite news |title=John E. Joyce, 74, Federal Referee – Bankruptcy Specialist for Manhattan and Bronx Dies |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1963/11/18/archives/john-e-joyce-74-federal-referee-bankruptcy-specialist-for-manhattan.html| work=The New York Times |date=November 18, 1963 |access-date=May 25, 2017|page=33}}</ref> The case started when the firm went bankrupt in 1922, and creditors petitioned to recover assets from E. M. Fuller & Co., as the assets "mysteriously disappeared" when the firm went bankrupt.<ref name=sell-seat/> Ultimately Fuller and McGee pled guilty,<ref name=nyt-shot/> and were convicted of operating a bucketshop in connection with E.M. Fuller Co., for defrauding its customers around $4,000,000<ref name=nyt-paroles/> by bucketing the orders of customers.<ref name=nyt-full/> The case also resulted in trials for high-profile New Yorkers such as Consolidated Exchange president William S. Silkworth,<ref name=nyt-sought/> attorney William J. Fallon, sports broker Charles A. Stoneham, and gambler Arnold Rothstein.<ref name=nyt-full/>
==History== ===1922: Bankruptcy and petition===
The New York City brokerage firm Edward M. Fuller & Company was founded in 1914,<ref name=nyt-reckless/> and by 1922 it was the largest brokerage house on the Consolidated Exchange, with only two members of the firm: Edward M. Fuller and W. F. McGee. There were two offices in New York, one uptown and one at 50 Broad Street.<ref name=nyt-reckless>{{cite news |title=E.M. Fuller & Co. Fail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/28/archives/em-fuller-co-fail-brokers-owe-over-a-million-suspended-from.html | work=The New York Times |date=June 28, 1922 |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> Em. M. Fuller & Co. failed three times on the Consolidated Exchange, and was tried three times in court but never convicted<ref name=vf/> due to mistrial.<ref name=nyt-shot/> In February 1922 all trading records at the Consolidated Stock Exchange were broken after months of good business. Later that month, however, several brokerages and firms within the exchange failed "without warning," shocking the industry.<ref name=amex>{{cite book |last=Sobel |first=Robert |title=AMEX: A History of the American Stock Exchange |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzJ39Bi9G6oC&q=%22William+Silkworth%22+consolidated+-duncan&pg=PA31 |page=30 |isbn= 9781893122482}}</ref> Edward M. Fuller & Company failed on June 27, 1922<ref name=nyt-reckless/> for $6,000,000.<ref name=outsiders-nyt>{{cite news|title=Hint Outsiders Got Fuller's Millions – Creditors' Attorney Calls on Federal and County Prosecutors to Investigate – Ex-Manager Surrenders – McHugh Held in $2,500 Bail as Participant in Bucketing Operations – Reveals Cause of Crash – Firm Did Legitimate Business, He is Reported to Have Said, Until Caught in the Market|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/06/28/archives/hint-outsiders-got-fullers-millions-creditors-attorney-calls-on.html|work=New York Times|date=June 28, 1923|access-date=May 29, 2017|page=5}}</ref> As the brother of the president of the Consolidated Exchange had been a partner at Fuller, accusations of insider corruption abounded.<ref name=amex/> Fuller of Great Neck, New York did not comment on the failure, while his partner William F. McGee of 73rd Street was also unavailable that day. According to the ''Times'', the next day employees filtered in to find no executives explaining the failure, and everything except furniture removed from the office spaces. The ''Times'' also repeated the rumor that the firm's private files had been broken into and circulated directly after the failure, possibly by a clerk. In the bankruptcy petition filed in the U.S. District Court in New York, assets were estimated at $250,000 and liabilities at $500,000, with customer claims totaling $1,250,000. Hays, St. John & Moore of 43 Exchange Place were hired as attorneys for the firm.<ref name=nyt-reckless/> The Fuller case started when creditors petitioned to recover assets from E. M. Fuller & Co., as the assets "mysteriously disappeared" when the firm went bankrupt.<ref name=sell-seat/> On August 2, 1922, District Attorney Banton was denied access to the books of E. M. Fuller Co. to use in pursuing a case against the firm.<ref name=nyt-access>{{cite news |date=August 3, 1922 |title=Court Denies Banton Use of Fuller Books; Stipulation Made by Brokers When They Failed Upheld by Judge Hand. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1922/08/03/archives/court-denies-banton-use-of-fuller-books-stipulation-made-by-brokers.html| work=The New York Times |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref>
===1922–1923: Federal inquiries===
Albert Ottinger began working on an investigation into the Fuller bankruptcy in December 1922 out of the Anti-Fraud Bureau in New York.<ref name=amex/> In the spring of 1923, ''Vanity Fair'' writes that William Randolph Hearst assigned Nat Ferber, a reporter for Hearst's ''New York American'', to find "who was protecting the bucket-shops." With permission from the New York County district attorney, Ferber was allowed to examine records under federal guard at the vacated office of Fuller and McGee. Coming upon canceled checks, he noticed some were made out to high-profile New York gambler Arnold Rothstein. Between November 10, 1920, and November 9, 1921, the Fuller firm wrote $187,000 worth of checks to Rothstein. Furthermore, Ferber discovered that lawyer Bill Fallon had hung the jury in the third trial against Fuller, by bribing a juror to hold out for acquittal. Fallon worked for Rothstein as well as Fuller and McGee.<ref name=vf>{{cite news |last=Tosches |first=Nick |date=January 1, 2007 |title=A Jazz Age Autopsy |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2005/05/tosches200505 | work=Vanity Fair }}</ref> Around April 12, 1923, the office of Carl Austrian and Francis L. Kohlman, counsel for Trustee George C. Sprague, begin attempting to serve subpoenas to the Silkworth brothers. The trustee wanted to question the Silkworths in the search for assets, particularly $6,612,000 worth of securities which had allegedly been possessed by the Fuller firm at the time of its bankruptcy. On April 26, 1923, the ''New York Times'' reported that for two weeks, process servers had failed to find and serve the Silkworths with the subpoenas. At the time, the trial concerning the E. M. Fuller & Co. bankruptcy was awaiting the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court on the right to use record-books of the firm. The books were sought by the prosecution to help in seeking a bucketing indictment.<ref name=nyt-sought>{{cite news |title=Silkworths Sought in Fuller Smash; Process Servers Can't Find President of the Consolidated and His Brother. Creditors Hunt $6,612,000 Fuller's Trial Awaits Decision of U.S. Supreme Court on Right to Use Books. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/26/archives/silk-worths-sought-in-fuller-smash-process-servers-cant-find.html | work=The New York Times |date=April 26, 1923 |page=21}}</ref>
===May 1923: Investigation and trial=== The Ottinger investigation began in late May.<ref name=amex/> On May 17, 1923, McGee and Fuller were indefinitely committed to the Ludlow Street Jail for contempt of the Federal court, when they failed to return certain papers connected to the investigation.<ref name=silkworth-target/> On May 21, 1923, W. S. Silkworth told Federal Receiver Harold P. Coffin at a hearing on the bankruptcy case, that confidential reports about the firm received by the exchange had recently disappeared.<ref name=nyt-infolost>{{cite news|title=Reports on Fuller to Exchange Lost – Made When Broker Now in Jail Applied for Membership in the Consolidated|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/05/22/archives/reports-on-fuller-to-exchange-lost-made-when-broker-now-in-jail.html|work=New York Times|date=May 22, 1923|access-date=May 29, 2017|page=1}}</ref> William Silkworth testified on June 6<ref name=amex/> in the Criminal Courts Building to be questioned regarding the recent bankruptcy.<ref name=silkworth-target>{{cite news |date=June 7, 1923 |title=Silkworth, Target of Censure, to Quit the Consolidated – New Exchange Committee May Demand President's Immediate Resignation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/06/07/archives/silkworth-target-of-censure-to-quit-the-consolidated-new-exchange.html | work=The New York Times |pages=1, 2 |access-date=March 4, 2017}}</ref> Although Assistant Attorney General William F. McKenna failed to implicate Silkworth in the Fuller bankruptcy, he did uncover irregularities in Silkworth's personal finances. The irregularities showed he had made large deposits in March 1922, some related to the Fuller account.<ref name=amex/> On June 6, 1923, Fuller and McGee were sentenced to fifteen months to four years, to begin serving in June 1927.<ref name=nyt-paroles/> That day, Judge Henry W. Goddard signed an unusual order for Fuller to be brought from the Ludlow Street Jail each day under armed guard to the General Sessions of the Fuller trial, concerning the indictment charging him with bucketing a stock order.<ref name=silkworth-target/> They were on trial for twelve grand larceny and bucketing indictments.<ref name=silkworth-target/>
===June 1923: Fuller's confessions=== On June 7, the ''Times'' wrote that "each new exposure of bucketing among brokerage firms brings its new crop of rumors, and it is predicted that the really sensational developments are still pending.<ref name=silkworth-target/> William M. Chadbourne continued to act as counsel for the 4,000 Fuller creditors in the hearings.<ref name=silkworth-target/> In mid-June 1923, Edward M. Fuller plead guilty to bucketing customers orders. He appeared on June 18, 1923 before Coffin to "reveal the methods of his firm" and the names of his superiors, and the superiors of his partner W. Frank McGee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fuller to Reveal 'Higher-Ups' Today – Bucket Shop Disclosures Expected if Broker is Well Enough to Leave Jail – Sentence May Be Put Off – President Cromwell of the Stock Exchange Denies Plan to Remove Consolidated Tickers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/06/18/archives/fuller-to-reveal-higherups-today-bucket-shop-disclosures-expected.html|work=New York Times|date=June 18, 1923|access-date=May 29, 2017|page=1}}</ref> However, on June 18, 1923, Fuller's confession failed to materialize in implicating persons "higher up" in the bucket shop ring, with Hayward failing to get any useful information in examination. Fuller refused to give names without immunity.<ref name=nyt-immunity>{{cite news |title=Fuller Won't Name Bucket Ring Heads Without Immunity – Federal Prosecutor Says He Doesn't Feel Justified in Making the Bargain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/06/19/archives/fuller-wont-name-bucket-ring-heads-without-immunity-federal.html | work=The New York Times |date=June 19, 1923 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref>
William Silkworth resigned as Consolidated president on June 21, 1923, and soon after went on a "long vacation."<ref name=amex/> On June 24, 1924, Arnold Rothstein testified that he borrowed $187,000 from Fuller in 1921, and then testified that he had returned the amount within a few days. Other questions, Rothstein refused to answer or stated "I don't remember." Thomas Foley and Charles Stoneham were also at the proceedings under subpoena.<ref name=sell-seat>{{cite news |title=Silkworth Resigns From Consolidated and Sells His Seat |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1923/06/26/105920298.html?pageNumber=1| work=The New York Times |date=June 26, 1923 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> After examining the papers of the firm, on June 27, 1923, William M. Chadbourne, counsel for the 4,000 creditors of E.M. Fuller Co., informed United States District Attorney William Hayward and District Attorney Joab H. Banton that the firm had committed "crimes other than bucketing."<ref name=outsiders-nyt/>
===July 1923: Expanded indictments=== On July 2, 1923, the Federal Grand Jury released four more indictments in the Fuller case, with the charges and names kept secret. It was revealed the indictments were linked with the seizure of documents from the baggage of William Frank McGee's ex-wife Nellie Shechan McGee several days earlier.<ref name=nyt-mcgeepapers>{{cite news |title=Four More Indicted in the Fuller Case – Nature of Charges and Names of Persons Kept Secret by Federal Authorities – Linked with McGee Papers – But Officials Plead Ignorance of Letters Seized From Broker's Ex-Wife on Ship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/07/03/archives/four-more-indicated-in-the-fuller-case-nature-of-charges-and-names.html | work=The New York Times |date=July 3, 1923 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> On July 26, 1923, the bankruptcy hearing in the Fuller case was being held at 217 Broadway at the office of bankruptcy referee Harold P. Coffin. That day there was a conflict between Coffin and Foley's counsel Edward E. McCall, when a reference to William R. Hearst was ordered stricken from the record. McCall mentioned in proceedings that Hearst had offered money to McGee's ex-wife in Europe, asking her to return to New York. When she had asked Foley what it was about, he had theorized to her that Hearst had wanted to obtain press materials for his newspapers from her. McCall objected strongly to Coffin's choice to strike the statement from the record, with Coffin in turn threatening to force McCall to leave the proceedings.<ref name=nyt-hearst>{{cite news |title=Foley Raps Hearst; Cut From Record – Part of His Testimony at Fuller Hearing Stricken Out by Referee Coffin – His Counsel Indignant – Edward E. McCall Threatened With Ejection From Courtroom After Colloquy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/07/27/archives/foley-raps-hearst-cut-from-record-part-of-his-testimony-at-fuller.html | work=New York Times |date=July 27, 1923 |access-date=May 25, 2017|page=28}}</ref>
After Fuller and McGee gave "sensational" full disclosures to the police on bucketshop operations in early August 1923, Federal authorities put both men in seclusion, to protect against "attack by gunman who may have been employed by men fearing exposure."<ref name=nyt-berry>{{cite news |title=Fuller Disclosures Called Sensational – Bucketshop Confessions Will Be Made Public Before End of Next Week – New Witnesses Examined – Testimony Said to Have Supplemented Revelations Made by Prisoners – Brokers Fear For Lives – Reports That Gunmen Are on Their Trail Lead Federal Officials to Seclude Them|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/09/archives/fuller-disclosures-called-sensational-bucketshop-confessions-will.html | work=The New York Times |date=August 9, 1923 |access-date=May 23, 2017|page=15}}</ref> The August Federal Grand Jury's investigation into Fuller and Mcgee's confessions was completed on August 27, 1923, with indictments drawn up the next day in the Federal Building.<ref name=nyt-stoneham>{{cite news |title=Stoneham Lawyer Demands Immunity – Leo J. Bondy, Testifying Before Fuller Jury, Refuses to Waive Right |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/08/28/archives/stoneham-lawyer-demands-immunity-leo-j-bondy-testifying-before.html | work=The New York Times |date=August 28, 1923 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref>
===1924: Exposure of Rothstein, Fallon, Stoneham=== In February 1924, the press reported that a key witness in the trial was gone missing, with friends fearing foul play.<ref name=nyt-bribe>{{cite news |date=February 26, 1924 |title=Jury Bribe Witness Reported Missing; Friends Fear for Safety of Eidlitz, Who Testified in Fuller and Fallon Cases. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/02/26/archives/jury-bribe-witness-reported-missing-friends-fear-for-safety-of.html | work=The New York Times |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref>
On July 17, 1924, it was indicated that Fuller and McGee had "at last made a complete confession of their criminal activities," involving other individuals they had previously protected. They were released on bail the day after at Hayward's request. The press reported that they had exposed William J. Fallon, Charles A. Stoneham, and Arnold Rothstein.<ref name=nyt-full>{{cite news |title=Fuller and McGee to Testify Against Former Associates; Convicted Brokers Will Be Released on Bail Today at Hayward's Request |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/07/18/archives/fuller-and-mgee-to-testify-against-former-associates-convicted.html | work=The New York Times |date=July 18, 1924 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> It was explained that Hayward had pushed for the bail, as he needed both Fuller and McGee as government witnesses in the forthcoming trials of Fallon, Stoneham, and Rothstein on indictments stemming from the Fuller bankruptcy investigation. At the time, Fuller and McGee were being held in contempt of court for failing to return documents their attorney, Fallon, had been given to prepare their defense. They had been Federal prisoners on Governors Island for almost a year.<ref name=nyt-full/>
===1927–1932: Prison terms and ongoing Rothstein trial=== Edward M. Fuller and William F. McGee were sent to jail on June 6, 1927, by General Session Judge Charles C. Nott, after their appeal for a further stay of sentence was refused.<ref name=nyt-prisontoday>{{cite news |title=Fuller and M'Gee Go To Prison Today – Judge Refuses Appeal for a Further Stay of Sentence Imposed Four Years Ago – Banton Urges Action – Says Brokers Won Immunity in Other Cases – Term in Sing Sing Is From 15 Months to 4 Years |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EEDE133FE03ABC4F53DFB066838C639EDE&legacy=true| work=New York Times |date=June 7, 1927 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> They both received parole from Sing Sing Prison the day before June 1, 1928.<ref name=nyt-paroles>{{cite news |title= Fuller and McGee Win Sing Sing Paroles; Served Year for $4,000,000 Bucketing Frauds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/01/archives/fuller-and-mcgee-win-sing-sing-paroles-served-year-for-4000000.html | work=New York Times|date=June 1, 1928 |access-date=May 25, 2017|page=1}}</ref> They each earned $9.30 working at Sing Sing Prison.<ref name=nyt-yearspay>{{cite news |title=Earned $9.30 In Sing Sing – Fuller and McGee to Draw Year's Pay as They Quit Prison Wednesday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/04/archives/earned-930-in-sing-sing-fuller-and-mcgee-to-draw-years-pay-as-they.html | work=The New York Times |date=June 4, 1928 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> On June 19, 1928, it was reported that the Division of Licenses had refused to give McGee and Fuller licenses as realty brokers, which had been their "reported intention." The division felt the two men had lost their citizenship through their felony conviction, and that a provision of law deemed them unfit.<ref name=nyt-tobar>{{cite news |title=To Bar Fuller and McGee – Division of Licenses Reported Averse to Them as Realty Brokers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/19/archives/to-bar-fuller-and-mcgee-division-of-licenses-reported-averse-to.html | work=The New York Times |date=June 18, 1928 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref>
In June 1928, George C. Sprague as receiver in bankruptcy for Edward M. Fuller and William F. McGee was suing Arnold Rothstein to recover $366,768 allegedly paid in gambling debts by McGee and Fuller to Rothstein. Rothstein fought the suit, arguing the checks were cashed as a favor to the brokers.<ref name=nyt-favor-case>{{cite news |title=Rothstein Fights Suit For $366,768 – Receiver Contends Payments by Fuller and McGee Were for Gambling Debts – Holds Them Recoverable – Defendant Argues the Checks Were Cashed as a Favor to the Two Brokers |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E1D6143CE73ABC4A51DFB0668383639EDE&legacy=true | work=The New York Times |date=June 22, 1928 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> After Rothstein died on November 6, 1928, Rothstein's estate continued to fight the Fuller case in October 1929, arguing his seven "little black books" contained no secrets, even as his counsel fought to stop the inspection of his records by the prosecution.<ref name=yt-nosecrets>{{cite news |title=Says Rothstein Books Contain No Secrets – Estate Counsel Fights Move of E.M. Fuller & Co. Trustee to Inspect Gambler's Records |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/16/archives/says-rothstein-books-contain-no-secrets-estate-counsel-fights-move.html | work=The New York Times| date=October 16, 1929 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref>
On October 7, 1932, Fuller was in critical condition in a Miami hospital after a gunshot wound to the head. Press reported the bullet wound appeared self-inflicted.<ref name=nyt-shot>{{cite news|title=Fuller, Ex-Broker, Shot in Florida – Found With a Wound Believed Self-inflicted in Miami Home He Was About to Lose – Jailed Here With McGee – Served in Sing Sing With Associate for Bucketing That Led to $4,000,000 Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/10/08/archives/fuller-exbroker-shot-in-florida-found-with-a-wound-believed.html | work=The New York Times|via=Associated Press |date=October 8, 1932 |access-date=May 29, 2017|page=36}}</ref>
==References== {{reflist|40em}}
==Further reading== *{{cite news |title=Fuller and McGee to Testify Against Former Associates; Convicted Brokers Will Be Released on Bail Today at Hayward's Request |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/07/18/archives/fuller-and-mgee-to-testify-against-former-associates-convicted.html | work=The New York Times |date=July 18, 1924 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}
Category:20th-century American trials Category:Trials in New York (state) Category:Arnold Rothstein