{{Short description|German violinist, pianist and composer (1739–1796)}} <!-- {{about|the 18th-century composer|the 20th-century composer|Friedrich Wilhelm Rust (1902–1972)}} - restore when there is such an article --> {{Infobox person | name = Friedrich Wilhelm Rust | image = Friedrich Wilhelm Rust.jpg | birth_name = Friedrich Wilhelm Rust | birth_date = {{birth date|1739|7|6|df=yes}} | birth_place = Wörlitz, Anhalt-Dessau, Holy Roman Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1796|2|28|1739|7|6|df=yes}} | death_place = Wörlitz, Holy Roman Empire | spouse = Henriette Niedhart }} '''Friedrich Wilhelm Rust''' (6 July 1739{{spaced ndash}}28 February 1796) was a German violinist, pianist and composer.<ref name=grove/> He hailed from a renowned musical family in Germany.<ref name="Bach">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Rust-Friedrich-Wilhelm.htm |title=Friedrich Wilhelm Rust (Composer)|accessdate=3 May 2013|publisher= Library of Bach-cantatas.com/}}</ref> He was the father of the pianist and organist Wilhelm Karl Rust and the grandfather of Thomaskantor, composer and Bach scholar Wilhelm Rust.<ref name="BC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Rust-Wilhelm.htm|title=Wilhelm Rust (Composer, Thomaskantor)|publisher=Bach Cantatas|accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref>
== Life == He was born in Wörlitz in Anhalt-Dessau (now in Saxony-Anhalt) on 6 July 1739. Encouraged to study violin, Rust was taught early on by his older brother, Johann Ludwig Anton, who was an accomplished musician with J.S. Bach's orchestra and played as a violinist in Leipzig.<ref name=Bach/> Rust also studied piano, particularly the works of Johann Sebastian Bach; he was able to play his collection of preludes and fugues in all keys ''Das Wohltemperierte Clavier'' from memory at the age of 13<ref name="Bach" /> or 16, according to other sources.<ref name="Bach" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tureckbach.com/publication-documentation/page/rust-variant-2 |title=The Rust Variant: Its Appearance and Disappearance |publisher=Tureck Bach Research Institute |accessdate=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172614/http://www.tureckbach.com/publication-documentation/page/rust-variant-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His father, a princely ''Kammerrat'' and bailiff, died in 1751, and he moved with his mother and brother to Gröbzig.<ref name=grove>{{cite book|chapter=Rust|title=Grove Music Online|last=Buchmann|first= Lutz|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> He attended the Lutheran gymnasium in Cöthen beginning in 1755, and from 1758 took law at University of Halle.<ref name=grove/> During this period, he studied composition and organ with Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who he described as "stingy with his art".<ref>{{cite book|last=Schulenberg|first=David|title=The music of Wilhelm Friedemann Bach|url=https://archive.org/details/musicofwilhelmfr0000schu|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=University of Rochester Press|isbn=9781580463591|page=[https://archive.org/details/musicofwilhelmfr0000schu/page/9 9]}}</ref> From 1762, he took music lessons with Carl Höckh in Zerbst, and with Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Franz Benda in Berlin and Potsdam.<ref name=grove/>
In 1765–66, he accompanied Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, on a trip to Italy. While there, he trained with Giovanni Battista Martini, Pietro Nardini, Gaetano Pugnani, Giuseppe Tartini and Georg Benda.<ref name=grove/><ref name="Bach" /> He also became interested in the viola d'amore, for which he would compose at least nine pieces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Danks|first=Harry|title=The Viola D'Amore|year=1979|publisher=Theodore Front Music|isbn=9780900998164|page=54}}</ref>
In 1766, he returned to Dessau, where he worked as an educator and music organizer. He created a subscription concert series in 1769,<ref name=grove/> and on September 24, 1774, he founded an opera theatre.<ref name="Bach" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of Music|year=1985|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00kenn|url-access=registration|chapter=Rust, Friedrich Wilhelm|editor-last=Kennedy|editor-first= Michael|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-311333-6 }}</ref> In 1774, Rust was made court music director and married Henriette Niedhardt, a former pupil, who was a singer, with whom he had eight children.<ref name=grove/> His eldest son died in a drowning accident and his youngest son, Wilhelm Karl, became a well known music instructor.<ref name="Bach" /> He met Goethe in 1776, who was "deeply impressed" by the composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harpandco.be/parution/cd19.php|accessdate=2 May 2013|publisher=Harp and Co|title=German Recital|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003357/http://www.harpandco.be/parution/cd19.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> His ''Sonata per il Clavicordio all imitazione de Timpani del Salterio e del Liuto'' (1792) was considered interesting in part because of its imitation of the timpani by the tremolo effect.<ref name="Kipnis2013">{{cite book|last=Kipnis|first=Igor|title=The Harpsichord and Clavichord: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eN1buc3n54C&pg=PT156|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94977-8|pages=156}}</ref>
Rust died in Dessau on 28 February 1796, aged 56.<ref name="Bach" />
== Legacy == After his death, Rust's music was largely unknown and unrecognized. In 1882, W. Hofäus and Dr. E. Prieger published a pamphlet titled "F.W. Rust, ein Vorgänger Beethovens", with a monograph.<ref name="Bach" /> Rust re-emerged in the public consciousness after 1885,<ref name="Kelly2008">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Barbara L|title=French Music, Culture, and National Identity: 1870-1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzhkmfo4PsC&pg=PA103|year=2008|publisher=University Rochester Press|isbn=978-1-58046-272-3|pages=103}}</ref> when his grandson Wilhelm Rust edited and republished fourteen of his sonatas. Wilhelm claimed that his grandfather deserved to be recognized as a key precursor to Romantic music, although some critics challenged his assessment because of a lack of clarity over what elements in the edited works were original and which were added by Wilhelm.<ref name=calv/> The sonatas were of interest as they appeared to be advanced for Rust's time, incorporating harmonic changes as well as counterpoint and even measures.<ref name=Kelly2008 /> Vincent d'Indy was also a proponent of Rust's work. He suggested that Rust was "the connecting link between Haydn and Mozart on the one hand, Beethoven on the other".<ref name=calv/> Edmund van der Straeten wrote on "Some Unpublished Compositions of F. W. Rust" in 1896 and "The Violin Sonatas of Frederic Wilhelm Rust" in 1926.<ref name="Katz2006">{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Mark|title=The Violin: A Research And Information Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScAPGsv8W5gC&pg=PA251|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8153-3637-2|pages=251}}</ref> Two recitals of Rust's compositions were presented in Paris in 1897 by Marie-Aimée Roger-Miclos.<ref name="Novello1897">{{cite journal|title=Music in Paris|journal=The Musical Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aco7mI9EM50C&pg=PA476|accessdate=3 May 2013|edition=Public domain|year=1897|publisher=Novello|pages=476|volume= 38|issue= 653 |jstor=3367118}}</ref>
Wilhelm bequeathed his grandfather's autograph manuscripts to the Royal Library of Berlin.<ref name=calv>{{cite journal|journal=The Musical Times|title=Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, his editors and his critics|volume=55|issue=851|last=Calvocoressi|first= MD|date=1 January 1914|pages=14–16|doi=10.2307/905699|jstor=905699|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449984}}</ref> Rust also had a large collection of works by J.S. Bach, which Wilhelm used in his edited publications for the Bachgesellschaft (Bach Society).<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles Sanford|last= Terry|chapter=Introduction |title=Bach's Chorals|volume= 3 The Hymns and Hymn Melodies of the Organ Works|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1921|page=17}}</ref> His collection contained handwritten transcripts, copies of other contemporaries, as well as printed copies, of more than 90 individual works (including BWV 525–530, 802–805, 846–869), and exclusively instrumental works, mainly for keyboard. After Rust's death, the collection was initially owned by the family and is now part of the Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Institut in Göttingen.
== Works == Rust's oeuvre comprises every genre of the time except symphony. He wrote several large choral works, 100 lieder, and pieces for clavichord, viola d'amore, harp, lute, and "nail violin".<ref name=grove/> His cantatas, included ''Herr Gott, wir loben dich'' and ''Allgnädiger, in allen Höhen'', and songs included Goethe's ''Wanderers Nachtlied''. He composed a ''Schäferspiel'', ''Korylas und Lalage'', and technically demanding violin and piano works (including six sonatas). During the last twelve years of his life he composed more sacred music. His musical forte covered psalm settings for solo, chorus and orchestra, duodramas and monodramas. He also composed music for dramas and operas.<ref name="Bach" />
== References == {{Wikisourcelang|de|ADB:Rust, Friedrich Wilhelm}} {{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* {{DNB portal|115666494}} * {{IMSLP|Rust, Friedrich Wilhelm}} * {{AllMusic|id=mn0001275468}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rust, Friedrich}} Category:1739 births Category:1796 deaths Category:People from Wörlitz Category:People from Anhalt-Dessau Category:German classical violinists Category:German male classical violinists Category:18th-century German composers Category:18th-century German male musicians Category:18th-century German violinists