{{Short description|Austrian Nazi activist and Schutzstaffel (SS) officer (1910–1943)}} '''Fridolin Glass''', also '''Glaß''' (14 December 1910, in Lemberg – 21 February 1943, in the Soviet Union) was an Austrian Nazi activist and Schutzstaffel (SS) officer. Glass came to prominence in 1934 when he became the effective leader of the July Putsch, a failed coup attempt by the Nazis in Austria.
==Early years== Glass served with the Austrian Army and was highly decorated.<ref name="Sachar206"/> He became a member of the Nazi Party in 1931, with the membership number 440 452.<ref>Wolfgang Graf, ''Österreichische SS-Generäle. Himmlers verlässliche Vasallen'', Klagenfurt/ Ljubljana/ Vienna, 2012, p. 70</ref> After joining the party, Glass, who held the rank of sergeant-major, attempted to build up a force of Nazis within the Austrian Army, but was expelled from the army in 1933 as a result.<ref>Nigel Cawthorne, ''The Story of the SS'', Arcturus Publishing, 2012, p. 170</ref><ref>Heinz Höhne, ''The Order of the Death's Head'', Secker & Warburg, 1969, p. 267</ref>
==Coup d'état attempt== In late 1933, under direct orders of Adolf Hitler, the Austrian Nazis had established the ''SS Standarte 89'' as a group of highly organised shock troops designed to create chaos on the streets of the country. Glass was chosen to command this new unit and given the rank of Sturmbannführer in the SS.<ref name="Sachar206">Howard M. Sachar, ''The Assassination of Europe, 1918-1942: A Political History'', University of Toronto Press, 2014, p. 206</ref> Glass at this time enjoyed a fairly close relationship with Heinrich Himmler, who was keen to establish a strong SS presence in Austria, where the rival Sturmabteilung was strong, and felt Glass was the ideal man to aid him in this aim.<ref>Eugene Davidson, ''The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler'', University of Missouri Press, 2004, p. 94</ref>
On 25 June 1934 Glass held a meeting in Zurich with Theodor Habicht, Rudolf Weydenhammer, Otto Wächter and other Austrian Nazi leaders to discuss strategy. Taking the lead, Glass outlined his plan to use ''SS Standarte 89'' to launch an attack that would see Prime Minister Engelbert Dollfuss, President Wilhelm Miklas and the entire cabinet taken hostage, whilst the rest of the group launched assaults on Vienna's radio and telephone operations.<ref name="Sachar206"/> With Glass insisting the secret Nazi networks within the army would ensure wide support from soldiers, the plot was agreed and Glass returned to Austria to initiate his ideas.<ref name="Sachar206"/> In fact Glass's insistence that he had close links to members of the army general staff sympathetic to Nazism had been exaggerations.<ref>Davidson, ''The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler'', p. 93</ref> They met again on 16 July to finalise what they dubbed Operation Sommerfest and agreed a date of 24 July for the plan to happen.<ref>Sachar, ''The Assassination of Europe, 1918-1942'', p. 207</ref>
Delayed until the following day after the cabinet meeting that they planned to attack was postponed, and with Miklas out of town, the plot was carried out but largely failed. Whilst they managed to capture the cabinet and kill Dollfuss, Anton Rintelen did not replace him as planned, the army did not rise up in support and in the end the rebels were forced to surrender.<ref>Sachar, ''The Assassination of Europe, 1918-1942'', pp. 211-214</ref>
Glass was arrested in the aftermath of the coup attempt but escaped custody and fled to Czechoslovakia, from where he made his way to Nazi Germany.<ref>Graf, ''Österreichische SS-Generäle'', p. 71</ref> He was allowed to live in Germany under the assumed name Karl Merkmann and worked full-time for the SS.<ref>Graf, ''Österreichische SS-Generäle'', p. 76</ref>
==Post-Anschluss== Following the Anschluss in 1938 Glass became a councillor in Vienna and was appointed ''Gaupropagandaredner'' and ''Kreisleiter''.<ref name="Graf188">Graf, ''Österreichische SS-Generäle'', p. 188</ref> He also became owner of ''Unternehmens Vereinigte Chemische Fabriken Kreidl, Heller & Co'', a highly profitable chemical company.<ref>Maren Seliger, ''Scheinparlamentarismus im Führerstaat. "Gemeindevertretung" im Austrofaschismus und Nationalsozialismus. Funktionen und politische Profile Wiener Räte und Ratsherren 1934–1945 im Vergleich'', Vienna/Münster 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-643-50233-9}}, p. 442f</ref>
==War service and death== Upon the outbreak of the Second World War he joined the Luftwaffe and took part in the invasion of Poland. While there, he ordered the killings of three or four Polish civilians, including a local mayor, as a platoon commander. Glass suspected the civilians of being insurgents responsible for a recent attack on the platoon. After it was discovered that the regular Polish military was responsible, Glass was arrested by the Wehrmacht and charged with murder. However, the court-martial was soon disbanded, and Glass was later applauded for his actions by the SS.<ref name="Graf188"/><ref name="Graf188ff">Wolfgang Graf: ''Österreichische SS-Generäle. Himmlers verlässliche Vasallen'', Klagenfurt/ Ljubljana/ Wien 2012, S. 188ff. und Andrea Hurton und Hans Schafranek: ''Wiener SS-Angehörige im „Arisierungs“-Rausch'', S. 63.</ref>
He was later transferred to the Waffen-SS, with the rank of Untersturmführer and served on the Eastern Front as a war reporter. It was here that he was killed in action in February 1943 in Dniprodzerzhynsk (now Kamianske) in the Soviet Union.<ref>Graf, ''Österreichische SS-Generäle'', p. 190</ref> Following his death, Glass was posthumously promoted to the rank of Oberführer.<ref name="Graf188"/>
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Glass, Fridolin}} Category:1910 births Category:1943 deaths Category:Austrian murderers Category:Austrian escapees Category:Austrian war criminals Category:Austrian Waffen-SS personnel killed in action Category:Escapees from Austrian detention Category:Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II Category:Luftwaffe personnel who were court-martialed Category:Military personnel from Lviv Category:Politicians from Vienna Category:German war correspondents Category:SS-Oberführer Category:Austrian Nazi propagandists Category:Nazi war criminals Category:Nazis who participated in the July Putsch Category:People indicted for war crimes Category:20th-century murderers