{{Short description|American curator}}[[File:F_A_Lucas_1918.jpg|thumb|Lucas in 1918]]'''Frederic Augustus Lucas''' (March 25, 1852 – February 9, 1929) was a zoologist and taxidermist who served as a curator of the Brooklyn Museum and director of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]. He was an expert on the osteology and anatomy of birds. He wrote several popular book on extinct animals.
== Biography == Lucas was the son of Eliza Oliver and Augustus Henry, a [[Merchant Navy|merchant seaman]] and captain of a [[sailing ship|sailing vessel]], whose grandmother Ruby Fuller was a descendant of Dr Samuel Fuller of the [[Mayflower]]. He accompanied his father on two long voyages, the first (1861-1862) at the age of nine and the second (1869-1870) when he was 17. He became fascinated with [[sea life]], especially the marine birds, many of which he was able to snare, skin and prepare as mounted specimens. From this he developed an ambition to become a [[taxidermist]] and entered [[Ward's Natural Science Establishment]] at [[Rochester, New York]], to learn the techniques involved.
He did not have a formal training in science and after 11 years spent at Ward's, he bragged that, "during those days he never read through any scientific book, never attended a course of scientific lectures, never did an hour's laboratory work, nor made a [[microscope slide]]", his interests being confined to [[Bird|avian]] [[osteology]] and the mounting and tagging of specimens for exhibition. Yet his competency in this area was sufficient to provide him an appointment to mount and prepare avian specimens at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in [[Washington, DC]] in 1882, at the age of 30, where he was given the title of [[curator]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Townsend, C.H.|year=1930|title=In Memoriam: Frederick Augustus Lucas. Born March 25, 1852 - Died February 9, 1929|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v047n02/p0147-p0158.pdf|journal=The Auk|volume=47|issue=2|pages=147–158|doi=10.2307/4075918|jstor=4075918}}</ref>
Lucas was prominent figure in the development of American museums, which sought to bring [[Natural Science]] to the American public. Lucas served as [[Osteology|osteologist]] and curator for the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. from 1882 to 1904. Lucas served as Curator-in-Chief of the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[Brooklyn]], New York from 1904 to 1911, and subsequently enjoyed an appointment as director at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[Manhattan]] from 1911 to 1923 and honorary director from 1924 to his death in 1929.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Frederic A. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.94498 |title=Fifty years of museum work. Autobiography, unpublished papers, and bibliography of Frederic A. Lucas, SC. D |date=1933 |publisher=The American Museum of Natural History |location=New York|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.94498 }}</ref>
== Career == [[File:PSM V79 D419 Frederic Augustus Lucas.png|thumb|Frederic A. Lucas in 1911|left]] Lucas came to be recognized by his contemporaries as an authority on ancient animals. His description of himself was that of "all round" [[naturalist]], a specimen he regarded regretfully as fast disappearing. Because of his associations at the National Museum and his past experience at Ward's Establishment, he was able associate and work with many men of this type including [[William Temple Hornaday|William Hornaday]], [[Carl Akeley]], [[Henry Baldwin Ward|Henry B. Ward]], [[Arthur Holmes Howell|Arthur Howell]], among others, people whose recognition was based on their writings as [[explorer]]s rather than as [[academician]]s. Lucas never regarded himself as deficient in that respect.
=== Marine Animal Advocacy ===
==== Great Auk Expedition ==== In 1885, Lucas proposed a collection expedition to [[Funk Island]] to the National Museum, for the purpose of collecting skeletal remains of the [[great auk]], which had been extinct since 1852. The proposal was not carried out due to the expected time and investment required. However, on 2 July 1887, Lucas was detailed to join the [[USFC Grampus|USFC ''Grampus'']] on an expedition north to investigate reports of mackerel. While the ship passed northern islands, he collected biological specimens, aiming primarily to retrieve any remains of the extinct bird. The expedition returned September 2, partially successful in collection efforts. Thousands of bones of varying quality were collected but were able to only form around a dozen complete skeletons of the extinct bird, which were then distributed to various natural history museums.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Frederic A. |date=1888 |title=The expedition to Funk Island, with observations upon the history and anatomy of the great auk |url=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/29937 |journal=Report of the United States National Museum for the Year Ending June 30, 1888 (Pt. 2 of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ending June 30, 1888.)|hdl=10088/29937 }}</ref> The great auk was later included, among other [[Endangered species|endangered]] and extinct animals, in a report by Lucas assessing representation of the animals in the collection of the National Museum. He also decried the mass death of animals from manmade causes and argued for protective measures to prevent extinction within the report.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Frederic A. |date=1889 |title=Animals recently extinct or threatened with extermination, as represented in the collections of the U. S. National Museum |url=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/29832 |journal=Report of the United States National Museum for the Year Ending June 30, 1889|hdl=10088/29832 }}</ref>
==== Fur Seal Commission Member ==== In 1896, due to his experience in the National Museum, Lucas was appointed by President [[Grover Cleveland]] to the Joint High Commission of the Fur Seal, alongside American scientists [[Charles Haskins Townsend|Charles H. Townsend]], [[Leonhard Stejneger]], and [[David Starr Jordan|David S. Jordan]], the leader of the commission, and British scientists [[D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson|D'Arey W. Thompson]] and James M. Macoun.<ref name=":0" /> The commission was tasked with investigating the condition of [[fur seal]] herds at the [[Pribilof Islands]] in the [[Bering Sea]]. In seeing firsthand the decimation of the herds, Lucas began a personal campaign advocating for the animal, interjecting environmentalist themes into the label of a fur seal taxidermy group directed by him and displayed in the Brooklyn Museum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sciences |first=Brooklyn Institute of Arts and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgkVc6yIFP8C |title=The Museum News |date=1905 |publisher=The Institute. |pages=46, 51 |language=en}}</ref> In 1909, Lucas was appointed to the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor Fur Seal Advisory Board, alongside fellow members from past commissions including Jordan, Townsend, Stejneger, Edward W. Sims, and [[Clinton Hart Merriam|Clinton H. Merriam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 26, 1909 |title=FUR SEAL BOARD IS NAMED: STRAUS TRANSFERS JURISDICTION IN IMPORTANT INDUSTRY. BUREAU OF FISHERIES IN CHARGE, WITH SUBSIDIARY COMMISSION TO CONDUCT DETAILS OF WORK. |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/144951478 |access-date=January 30, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post|id={{ProQuest|144951478}} }}</ref> The board advocated for a complete ban on pelagic hunting, but also recommended the continuation of land hunting, as without herd management policies, fighting amongst the surplus male population would endanger the female and young seals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Townsend |first=C. H. |date=1911 |title=The Pribilof Fur Seal Herd and the Prospects for Its Increase |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1638019 |journal=Science |volume=34 |issue=878 |pages=568–570 |doi=10.1126/science.34.878.568 |jstor=1638019 |pmid=17815118 |bibcode=1911Sci....34..568T |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Despite this advocacy, the [[North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911]] was signed into law, that, despite banning pelagic hunting, also enacted a mortarium on fur seal hunting for five years. Further controversy over the issue led to another scientific commission to the Pribilof Islands by the Secretary of Commerce in 1914, whose discoveries led to a conclusion that supported and vindicated the board and its proposed method of herd management.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Osgood |first1=Wilfred Hudson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLG88or62jQC&q=the+fur+seals+and+other+life+of+the+pribilof+islands |title=The Fur Seals and Other Life of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, in 1914 |last2=Preble |first2=Edward Alexander |last3=Parker |first3=George Howard |date=1916 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=73–85 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Scientific Writings === After instruction in the techniques of scientific writing and manuscript preparation by a friend early in his career, he published more than 350 articles, primarily in the area of avian osteology but also relating to natural history and the role of the museum and public education.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Townsend |first=Chas. Haskins |date=1929-04-26 |title=A Master Museum Builder |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.69.1791.445 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1791 |pages=445–446 |doi=10.1126/science.69.1791.445 |pmid=17754091 |bibcode=1929Sci....69..445H |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Lucas also contributed heavily to several encyclopedias, writing descriptions for animals, relying primarily on his own observations rather than other textual sources.<ref name=":1" />
== Personal life == Frederic Lucas died on February 9, 1929, at his home in [[Flushing, New York]] at the age of 76. He was buried at [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Evolution">"Frederic Augustus Lucas," ''Evolution,'' vol. 2, no. 2 (March 1929), pg. 5</ref> He was married to Annie Edgar in 1884 and they had two daughters.<ref name=":0" />
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== * Lucas, F.A., 1897 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c032914270&view=1up&seq=498 The Florida monster]. Science, vol. V, no. 116 :476 (March 8 ). * Lucas, Frederic A., Meteorites, Meteors and Shooting Stars, Guide Leaflet Series No. 4, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1926. * Lucas, F. A. 1928. Some mistakes of scientists. Natural History, 28 [2]: 169-174. (March–April). *Lucas, F. A. 1933. [http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6534 Fifty Years of Museum Work: Autobiography, Unpublished Papers, and Bibliography.] * [[Alpheus Hyatt Verrill|Verrill A. H.]] 1916. The ocean and its mysteries. Duffield & Co New York; Verrill AH. 1962 Reprint of the 1948 edition. The strange story of our earth. Duffield & Co New York.
== External links == * [https://www.nybg.org/library/finding_guide/archv/lucas_ppf.html Frederic Augustus Lucas Papers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606115042/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v047n02/p0147-p0158.pdf Searchable Ornithological Research Archive] * {{Gutenberg author | id=39195}} * {{FadedPage|id=Lucas, Frederic A. (Frederic Augustus)|name=Frederic A. Lucas|author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederic Augustus Lucas}} * {{Librivox author |id=13661}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucas, Frederic Augustus}} [[Category:1852 births]] [[Category:1929 deaths]] [[Category:American curators]] [[Category:American non-fiction writers]] [[Category:Directors of museums in the United States]] [[Category:People from Plymouth, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Writers from New York City]]