{{For|the Canadian politician|Frederick George Sandy}}{{short description|English Pre-Raphaelite painter (1829–1904)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox artist | name = Frederick Sandys | image = Sands - Portrait of Sandys, 1848.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = Portrait of Frederick Sandys by his father Anthony Sand (1848) | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1829|05|01}} | birth_place = Norwich, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1904|06|25|1829|05|01}} | death_place = Kensington, London, England | field = Landscape painting | training = John Crome | movement = Norwich School of Design; Norwich School of painters | works = | patrons = | relatives = Emma Sandys (sister) | influenced by = | awards = | website = }}
'''Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys''' (born '''Antonio Frederic Augustus Sands'''), 1 May 1829 – 25 June 1904, usually known as '''Frederick Sandys''', was a British painter, illustrator, and draughtsman, associated with the Pre-Raphaelites.<ref name=Early>{{cite web |title=Sandys' Life and Times: Early Years |url=http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/fsbiog1.htm |publisher=Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery |access-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015406/http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/fsbiog1.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also associated with the Norwich School of painters.
==Biography==
===Artistic studies=== Frederick Sandys was born in Norwich,<ref name="FS">Antonio Fredric Augustus Sands in "Parish registers for St. Stephen's Church, Norwich", ''FamilySearch'' ([https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:J92C-5TR Antonio Fredric Augustus Sands]).</ref> and received his earliest lessons in art from his father, Anthony Sands, who was himself a painter.<ref name=Early/> His early studies show that he had a natural gift for careful and beautiful drawing.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Sandys, Frederick|volume=24|page=144}}</ref> He was educated at Norwich School and later attended the Norwich School of Design in 1846.<ref>Betty Elzea, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35937 ‘Sandys, (Anthony) Frederick Augustus (1829–1904)’], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 2 October 2013</ref> In the same and next year his talent was recognized by the Royal Society of Arts.
===Personal relationships=== Sandys married Georgiana Creed, but this marriage only lasted three years, although they never divorced. He had a long affair with the Romany woman Keomi Gray, who sat as a model both for him and Dante Gabriel Rossetti (''The Beloved'', 1865-66), and perhaps also for Simeon Solomon.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Beloved' 1865-6, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882)|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/rossetti/works/beauties/thebeloved.aspx|publisher=National Museums Liverpool|access-date=15 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Victorian Review |volume=34 |title=Solomon, Swinburne, Sappho |first=Elizabeth |last=Prettejohn |author-link=Elizabeth Prettejohn |page=108 |publisher=Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada |year=2008 |issue=2 |doi=10.1353/vcr.2008.0034 |s2cid=162021320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsEWAQAAMAAJ|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He and Gray had two daughters and two sons.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society |year=1953 |page=154 |title=The Grays of Sir Alfred Munnings' ''Autobiography'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WarjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[File:Mary Emma Jones, by Emma Sandys.jpg|thumb|''Mary Emma Jones'', by Emma Sandys, 1874]] In 1862 Sandys met actress Mary Emma Jones, known as Miss Clive, when she modeled for ''The Magdalen'', now owned by the Norwich Castle Museum. A relationship developed between the two; he became devoted to her, taking her as his common-law wife for the rest of his life. She gave birth to a large number of children, 10 of whom were raised under the name of Neville and survived after Sandys's death. She appears in paintings such as Sandys's ''Love's Shadow'' and his 1867 work ''Proud Maisie'', which was inspired by Mary--so much so that he made at least 11 versions by 1904.<ref name="ODNB"/>
Sandys influenced his younger sister, Emma Sandys (1841–1877), whose works were mainly portraits of children and of young women, often in period or medieval clothing. [[File:Anthony Sandys, by Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Anthony Sands by his son Frederick Sandys, 1849]] He died in Kensington in west London in 1904.
==Works==
===Early work=== thumb|200px|''The Nightmare'', 1857
Sandys displayed great skills as a draughtsman, achieving recognition with his print ''The Nightmare'' (1857), parodying John Everett Millais's ''Sir Isumbras at the Ford''.<ref name=Pre>{{cite web|title=Sandys and the Pre-Raphelites: A Nightmare|url=http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/preraph1.htm|publisher=Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery|access-date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015437/http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/preraph1.htm|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> The caricaturist turned the horse of Sir Isumbras into a laughing donkey labelled "J. R., Oxon.", understood as a reference to John Ruskin. Upon the donkey was seated Millais himself, in the character of the knight, with Rossetti and Holman Hunt replacing the two children, one before and one behind.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=Pre/> The caricature, produced using the new autographic lithographic process, caused a lot of talk about who the artist might be and ultimately introduced Sandys to the London art community.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB |last=Elzea |first=Betty |year=2004 |title=(Anthony) Frederick Augustus Sandys |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35937 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35937 |access-date=15 June 2011 }}</ref> Rossetti and Sandys became close friends, and from May 1866 to July 1867, Sandys lived with Rossetti at 16, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea.<ref name="EB1911"/> Sandys's works were profoundly influenced by those of Rossetti. He focused mainly on mythological subjects and portraits.<ref name="ODNB"/>
===Drawings and illustration=== [[File:Great Yarmouth and Breydon Water (1871, Frederick Sandys).jpg|thumb|''Great Yarmouth and Breydon Water'' (1871), Tate Britain]] '''Wood-engravings'''<br> Some of the first introductions to Pre-Raphaelite teachings emerged in magazines, such as ''Once a Week'', the ''Cornhill Magazine'', ''Good Words'' and ''Sunday Magazine''.<ref>{{cite book | title=English Pen Artists of To-day | author=Harper, Charles George | publisher=Macmillan and Company | location=New York | year=1892 | page=72 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fEOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA72 }}</ref> Sandys began drawing in the 1860s for ''Once a Week'', the ''Cornhill Magazine'', ''Good Words'' and other periodicals, his work influenced by Albrecht Dürer, Ambrosius Holbein, and Alfred Rethel. Sandys made a total of 26 between 1859 and 1866, but each was a fine representation of this genre, faithfully engraved by professional wood-engravers, including the Dalziel brothers and Joseph Swain, and they are worthy of the collector's portfolio.<ref name="ODNB"/> For the engravers to be successful in carving the intricate illustrations onto wood, they needed to start with a detailed, clear design from the artist.<ref name=NorwichDrawing>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/draught3.htm |title=The Greatest of Living Draughtsmen: Drawing Stories |publisher=Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery |access-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015443/http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/draught3.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sandys had an eye and talent for exacting detail, an intention to accurately reflect the subject, revealed in the quality of his works, equally impressive for its technical detail as for its imaginative point of view.<ref>{{cite book | title=English Pen Artists of To-day | author=Harper, Charles George | publisher=Macmillan and Company | location=New York | year=1892 | page=92 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fEOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA92 }}</ref>
Sandys's ''The Death of King Warwulf'' is an example of his ability to create drawings that translated well for the engravings. Swirling shapes of flames, the curve of the boat, its sail and the king's clothes that surround him create a feeling of movement. The focal point is the king's bowed head.<ref name=NorwichDrawing/>
His last woodcut was on the subject of ''Danaë in the Brazen Chamber''. It was engraved by Swain for ''Once A Week'' but suppressed by the publication's editor, despite Sandys having the support of the magazine's publishers, on the grounds that it was too sensuous.<ref>{{cite book |first=George Somes |last=Layard |author-link=George Somes Layard |title=Suppressed Plates, Wood Engravings &c. |chapter=Cancelled Designs for ''Punch'' and ''Once A Week'' |pages=127–148 |year=1907 |location=London |publisher=Adam & Charles Black |url=https://archive.org/details/suppressedplates00laya |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>
He worked exclusively for magazines, and no books illustrated by him have been documented. His drawings can be found in bound periodical volumes, as well as in publications such as ''Dalziel’s Bible Gallery'' and the ''Cornhill Gallery'', and in illustrated books that were intended for display in drawing rooms.<ref name="EB1911"/>
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px" perrow="3"> File:The Death of King Warwulf - Frederick Sandys.jpg|''The Death of King Warwulf'', 1862 File:Danae in the Brazen Chamber - Frederick Sandys.jpg|''Danaë in the Brazen Chamber'', wood-engraving, signed by Swain, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston File:The Advent of Winter - Frederick Sandys.jpg|''The Advent of Winter'' </gallery>
'''Chalk drawings of lettered men'''<br> He made a number of chalk drawings of famous men of letters, including Tennyson, Browning, Matthew Arnold, and James Russell Lowell.<ref name="EB1911"/>
'''Studies for paintings'''<br> ''Study for Vivien'' depicts Sandys's lover, Keomi Gray, as Vivien of Tennyson's poem ''Idylls of the King''. In the poem Vivien is the femme fatale in the story of King Arthur who used her looks to seduce Merlin to learn his secrets. Sandys had previously used tales from King Arthur as inspiration for his work, such as ''King Pelles' Daughter''. He was drawn to stories of women who "seduce, entrap and destroy men, such as Helen of Troy, Morgan Le Fay and Medea." Sandys portrays Vivien as a beautiful, self-assured woman. The apple placed in front of her may refer to the story of Adam and Eve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/sand004.htm |title=Frederick Sandys: ''Study for Vivien'' |publisher=Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery |access-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015457/http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/sand004.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
''Study for Autumn'', made in 1860, is one of the many studies Sandys made before painting ''Autumn'' and provides evidence of Sandys's skill as a draughtsman. He captures minute details, such as the soldier's uniform and the plants and flowers. The study is much like the finished painting, except that the ginger jar is in the foreground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/sand001.htm |title=Frederick Sandys: ''Study for Autumn'' |publisher=Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015515/http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/sand001.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px" perrow="3"> File:Study for Vivien - Frederick Sandys.jpg|''Study for Vivien'', black and red chalk, Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery File:Autumn 1860 Frederick Sandys.jpg|''Study for Autumn'', 1860, Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery File:Spring - 1860 - Frederick Sandys.jpg|''Study for Spring'', 1860, Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery </gallery>
===Paintings=== [[File:Mariya Magdalena.jpg|thumb|''Mary Magdalene'', c. 1859, Delaware Art Museum]] Early in the 1860s he began to exhibit the paintings which set the seal upon his fame. The best known of these are ''Vivien'' (1863), ''Morgan le Fay'' (1864), ''Cassandra'' and ''Medea'' (1868).<ref name="EB1911"/>
Sandys never became a popular painter. He painted little, and the dominant influence upon his art was the influence exercised by lofty conceptions of tragic power. There was in it a sombre intensity and an almost stern beauty which lifted it far above the ideals of the crowd. The ''Scandinavian Sagas'' and ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' gave him subjects after his own heart, and ''The Valkyrie'' and ''Morgan le Fay'' represent some of his best work.<ref name="EB1911"/>
<gallery widths="160px" heights="180px"> File:Anthony Frederick Sandys - Queen Eleanor.JPG|''Queen Eleanor'', 1858, National Museum Cardiff File:Frederick Sandys - King Pelles Daughter.jpg|''King Pelle's Daughter'', 1861 File:Frederick Sandys - Morgan-le-Fay - 1925P104 - Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.jpg|''Morgan le Fay'', 1864, Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery File:Grace Rose by Frederick Sandys.png|''Grace Rose'', 1866, Yale Center for British Art File:Love's Shadow - Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys.jpg|''Love's Shadow'', 1867 File:Helen of Troy - Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys.jpg|''Helen of Troy'', 1867, Walker Art Gallery File:Medea-Sandys.jpg|''Medea'', 1868, Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery </gallery>
==See also== *Emma Sandys – painter, his sister *List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings – including the work of Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys.
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *{{cite book |first=Betty |last=Elzea |title=A Singular Man: A Documented Life of the Artist Frederick Sandys 1829–1904 |publisher=Unicorn Press |location=Norwich |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-83839-539-1}} *{{cite book |first=Betty |last=Elzea |title=Frederick Sandys 1829–1904: A Catalogue Raisonne |publisher=Antique Collectors Club |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YTqAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-1-85149-397-5}} *{{cite journal |journal=The International Studio |volume=24 |issue=93 |title=The Late Frederick Sandys: A Retrospect |last=Bate |first=Percy |date=November 1904 |pages=3–17 |location=New York |publisher=John Lane & Son |hdl=2027/mdp.39015086590737?urlappend=%3Bseq=39 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015086590737?urlappend=%3Bseq=39 |access-date=2011-06-15}} *{{cite book |first=Gleeson |last=White |title=English Illustration: 'The Sixties' 1855–1870 |publisher=Echo Library |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbtoN5eO-sYC |isbn=978-1-84830-190-0 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Prettejohn|title=The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites|edition=first|publisher=Tate Gallery Publishing Limited|year=2000|isbn=0-691-07057-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/artofpreraphaeli0000pret}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys}} *{{ARC artist|478}} *[http://norfolkmuseumscollections.org/#!/collections/search?q=frederick%2Bsandys&mediaType=image Works by Frederick Sandys] in the Norfolk Museums Collections *[http://www.preraphaelites.org/the-collection/artist-biography/frederick-sandys/ Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite Online Resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617065322/http://www.preraphaelites.org/the-collection/artist-biography/frederick-sandys/ |date=17 June 2019 }} Large online collection of works by Frederick Sandys *[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/sandys_frederick.html Frederick Sandys] at Artcylopaedia. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070729194417/http://www.sandys.norfolk.gov.uk/ Frederick Sandys & the Pre-Raphaelites] at Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery. *{{Art UK bio}}
{{Frederick Sandys}} {{Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandys, Frederick}} Category:1829 births Category:1904 deaths Category:19th-century English painters Category:English male painters Category:20th-century British painters Category:English illustrators Category:Pre-Raphaelite painters Category:People educated at Norwich School Category:Alumni of Norwich University of the Arts Category:Artists from Norwich Category:Burials at Brompton Cemetery Category:Pre-Raphaelite illustrators Category:19th-century English male artists Category:20th-century British male artists