Frederic Festus Kelly

{{Use British English|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} '''Frederic Festus Kelly''' (died 3 June 1883)<ref name="ptimes" /> was a high official in the British Post Office. He was also the founder of Kelly & Co. (later Kelly's Directories Ltd.), which published the Kelly's Directory, a sort of Victorian-era "Yellow Pages" that listed all businesses, tradespeople, local gentry, landowners, charities, and other facilities located in a particular village, city or town.

In many sources, both contemporary and modern, his name is spelled '''Frederick'''. He should not be confused with his identically-named eldest son.

==Inspector of Letter Carriers==

He began working for the Post Office in 1819.<ref name="mott8"/> In 1835 or 1836 he became a chief inspector of letter carriers. His exact title varied over the years because in the early 19th century there were three separate services with separate corps of letter-carriers: twopenny-post (for mail within London; renamed the London District Post Office in 1844); inland (for domestic mail outside London); and foreign (for overseas mail).<ref name="natarc"/> Although the foreign letter-carriers had been abolished by 1835, with their duties carried out by the other two services,<ref name="9threport"/> the (by then renamed) General Post and London District letter-carriers remained separate until 1855,<ref name="lewins"/><ref name="hc18550301"/> with separate chief inspectors.<ref name="thom"/> Before that date, Kelly was inspector of only the inland or general-post letter carriers.

Kelly lost his government post in 1860 when the office of Inspector-General of Letter Carriers was abolished.<ref name="mott8"/><ref name="hoco62"/>

==Post Office Directory==

When he began his job as inspector of letter-carriers, Kelly took over the production of the Post Office London Directory. This directory had been started in 1799 by two inspectors of letter-carriers named Sparke and Ferguson, with the approval of the then joint Postmasters General, Lords Auckland and Gower.<ref name="jenorton"/><ref name="hc18460421"/> This date was later the basis for the claim "Kelly's Directories Ltd., established 1799" sometimes printed on the front cover of a Kelly's Directory, although this preceded Mr. Kelly's involvement by several decades.<ref name="academy"/>

The first edition had been called "The New Annual Directory; for the Year 1800", but in 1801 the name had changed to "The Post-office annual directory". Another inspector, Benjamin Critchett, joined in 1803; Sparke and Ferguson dropped from the list of authors in 1806 and Critchett and took over publication (in co-authorship with William Woods between 1810 and about 1827); the name changed to "Post Office London Directory" in the mid-1810s.

Critchett died in September 1836,<ref name="critchett"/> and when Kelly took over his post, he had to purchase the copyright of the directory from Critchett's widow. The directory was in effect a private enterprise, although produced with the patronage of the Post Office and using labour of government-employed letter carriers as gatherers of data and as a sales force, something that Critchett's private-sector competitors had petitioned against in vain.<ref name="kent"/>

In 1845–1847, Kelly was sharply criticised by some members of Parliament, particularly Thomas Duncombe, and accused of using his office for his private benefit and for requiring letter-carriers to assist in gathering information for the directory.<ref name="hc18460421"/><ref name="hc18450627"/><ref name="hc18460515"/><ref name="hc18460822"/><ref name="hc18470322"/><ref name="hc18470720"/> Duncombe also presented a petition from Jonathan Duncan complaining of abuses by Kelly.<ref name="hc18460309"/><ref name="Duncan"/> In 1847, the Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Wood declared that Kelly could not use government employees in connection with his directory.<ref name="hc18470322"/><ref name="kelly_v_byles"/> Kelly then relied on his own employees to collect information for the directory, which he had already begun hiring in 1844.<ref name="pjatkins"/>

==Expansion== Working with family members, including his brother Edward Robert Kelly, and William Kelly who ran the printing press, Frederic Kelly expanded his directories to include cities and towns other than London, beginning in 1845.<ref name="pollard"/> Over the rest of nineteenth century, his company bought out or put out of business several rival publishers of directories. The company branched into other publications, such as the ''Handbook to the Titled, Landed and Official Classes'' (1875). Well after Frederic Kelly's death, the company name Kelly and Co. was replaced by the new company Kelly's Directories Limited in 1897.<ref name="lg1897"/>

Even after leaving his position at the post office, Kelly retained the copyright of the directory and continued to use the name "Post Office Directory";<ref name="academy"/> his company even tried to claim exclusive rights to use "Post Office" in the name of a directory but lost the court case it brought over this issue (''Kelly v. Byles'', in 1879–80).<ref name="kelly_v_byles"/>

Kelly was also the plaintiff in the 1866 case ''Kelly v. Morris'', accusing a competitor of pirating his compilation of information.<ref name="kelly_v_morris"/>

==Family== A dearth of biographical information was noted by a contemporary biographer of ''Men of the Time''.<ref name="mott5">{{cite book|title=Men of the Time|edition=fifth|year=1862|page=441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aRNXvuC6eoC&pg=PA441|editor=Edward Walford|publisher=Routledge, Warne & Routledge|location=London|quote=Forty years passed in the daily routine of a public office afford but few facts for the biographer…}}</ref> Frederic Kelly is listed in ''Men of the Time'', fifth (1862) through eighth (1872) editions, but not the ninth (1875) and subsequent editions. However, in the ''Journal of the Galway Archeological and Historical Society'', E. Festus Kelly traces the family back to the original ''Ó Ceallaigh'' (O'Kelly).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=E. Festus |title=Notes on the O'Kelly Family |journal=Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society |year=1934–35 |volume= 16 |issue= iii & iv |pages=140–143}}</ref>

He was the son of Festus Kelly (c. 1759 – 7 October 1831<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oceallaigh.org/b505.htm |title=Festus Kelly of London |website=Ua Ceallaigh of Eirinn |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bp107"/>) from County Galway in the west of Ireland, formerly a captain in the 96th Regiment of Foot.<ref name="mott8">{{cite book|title=Men of the Time|edition=eighth|year=1872|page=[https://archive.org/details/mentimeadiction03coopgoog/page/n569 557]|url=https://archive.org/details/mentimeadiction03coopgoog|editor=Thompson Cooper|publisher=George Routledge and Sons|location=London}}</ref><ref name="bp107" /><ref name="lg96th" /> His brother Edward Robert Kelly is recorded as being born in 1817 and the 4th son of Colonel Festus Kelly of Middlesex.<ref>{{acad|id=KLY834ER|name=Kelly, Edward Robert}}</ref>

He resided at Chessington Lodge and at 32, Bedford Square, London; at his death his residence was given as Oakhurst, Castlebar Hill, Ealing. He married Harriet, daughter of John Richards of Maida Vale.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dod|first1=Charles Roger|authorlink1=Charles Dod|author2=Dod, Robert Phipps|title=Kelly, John Richards|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7QOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA282|journal=Dod's Parliamentary Companion|volume=60|page=282|year=1892}}</ref> His elder son was the Rev. Frederic Festus Kelly, vicar of Camberwell, Surrey (1838–1918),<ref>{{acad|id=KLY855FF|name=Kelly, Frederic Festus}}</ref> whose children (his grandchildren) included the painter Sir Gerald Festus Kelly and Rose Edith Kelly, who married Aleister Crowley.<ref>{{acad|id=KLY897GF|name=Kelly, Gerald Festus}}</ref> His second son was the barrister and politician John Richards Kelly,<ref>{{cite Men-at-the-Bar|name=Kelly, John Richards|page=253}}</ref> who inherited his share and interests in the copyright of the Post Office Directory.<ref name="ptimes"/>

His elder daughter Harriet married the Rev. Hector Norton, vicar of Great Bentley, on 21 May 1867;<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Gentleman's Magazine|title=Marriages|volume=222|page=813|date=June 1867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9khAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA813}}</ref> his second daughter Fanny married Frederick William Headland on 10 August 1865.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Lancet|title=Births, Marriages & Deaths|volume=2|issue=2190|page=221|date=19 August 1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA221|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)63956-9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> There was also a daughter named Rosa.<ref name="ptimes"/>

==References== <references>

<ref name="ptimes">{{cite journal|journal=The Printing Times and Lithographer|title=(Notice of probate of his will)|volume=9|date=15 August 1883|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3ZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA221}}</ref>

<ref name="natarc">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/DisplayCatalogueDetails.asp?CATID=10529&CATLN=3&FullDetails=True&j=1|title=Post Office: Inland mails organisation and circulation: Records|work=The National Archives (UK)|accessdate=29 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="9threport">House of Commons Parliamentary Papers: The Ninth Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Management of the Post-office Department, 1837, p.77</ref>

<ref name="lewins">{{cite book|title=Her Majesty's mails: a history of the post-office, and an industrial account of its present condition|last=Lewins|first=William|year=1865|page=234|publisher=Sampson Low, Son, and Marston|location=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/hermajestysmail05lewigoog#page/n254/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name="thom">For instance, in 1850 Kelly was inspector of letter carriers for the "Inland, Foreign, and Ship Letter Office" while a "W. Saltwell" was inspector of letter carriers for the London District Post: see {{cite book|title=Thom's Directory of Ireland|page=18|location=Dublin|year=1850|publisher=Alexander Thom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18}}</ref>

<ref name="kent">{{cite book|title=Kent's original London Directory|year=1823|author=Henry Kent Causton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTIQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9|pages=ix–xiv}}</ref>

<ref name="jenorton">{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/library/s5-XXI.4.293 | title=The Post Office London Directory | last=Norton | first=Jane Elizabeth | journal=The Library (The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society) | series=5th series | volume=21 | issue=4 | year=1966 | pages=293–299 | quote=The Post Office London Directory was started by two inspectors of the Inland letter-carriers called Ferguson and Sparkes ''[sic; some other sources say 'Sparke']''… A third inspector, called B. Critchett, joined the enterprise in 1803 and later it was carried on by Critchett alone, then by Critchett and Woods, and then again by Critchett alone until his death in 1835. ''[sic; he died 18 September 1836]''| hdl=2027/hvd.32044098323918 }} (subscription required)</ref>

<ref name="pjatkins">{{cite journal | journal=The London Journal | title=The Compilation and Reliability of London Directories | last=Atkins | first=Peter J. | volume=14 | issue=1 |date=May 1989 | pages=17–28 | publisher=Maney Publishing | issn=0305-8034 |quote=In 1847, Frederic Kelly was prevented from further use of the letter carriers in gathering information. This cannot have come as a surprise because already in the 1844 edition he notes in the preface that he has begun to employ selected full-time agents. ''[p. 20]'' | doi=10.1179/ldn.1989.14.1.17}} (subscription required)</ref>

<ref name="pollard">{{cite book | title=The Earliest Directory of the Book Trade | first=John | last=Pendred | editor-first=Graham | editor-last=Pollard | chapter=Appendix H: General Directories | pages=83–84 | isbn=978-0-19-721759-7 | year=1955 | edition=reprint of 1785 | quote=The first directories of counties outside London were published by Kelly in 1845; and during the next sixteen years the series was extended throughout England.}}</ref>

<ref name="critchett">{{cite journal|journal=The Gentleman's Magazine|volume=161|page=555|date=November 1836|title=Deaths. London and its vicinity.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaklrCCQQgsC&pg=PA555|quote=Sept. 18. Aged 61, Benjamin Critchett, esq. Inspector of the Letter Carriers' Office at the Post Office, London.}}</ref>

<ref name="lg96th">''Men of the Time'' incorrectly says 69th, but there are two references to a Festus Kelly in the 96th Regiment of Foot in: {{London Gazette|issue=12221|date=1 September 1781|page=1}} and {{London Gazette|issue=12444|date=31 May 1783|page=1}}</ref>

<ref name="bp107">{{cite book |title=Burke's Peerage |edition=107th |volume=2 |page=2994 |year=2003 }}</ref>

<ref name="Duncan">{{cite journal | journal=House of Commons Papers Public Petitions.—Appendix to the Twelfth Report. Containing Petitions Presented 9–10 March 1846. | author1=House of Commons, Great Britain. Parliament | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n38SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134 | title=App. 293 Mr. Thomas Duncombe Sig. 1. 4364 | pages=134–136 | year=1846}}</ref>

<ref name="hc18450627">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1845/jun/27/abuses-in-the-post-office | date = 27 June 1845 | column_start = 1318 | column_end = 1328 }}</ref>

<ref name="hc18460309">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1846/mar/09/minutes | date = 9 March 1846 | column_start=778 | column_end = 779}}</ref>

<ref name="hc18460421">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1846/apr/21/post-office | date = 21 April 1846 | column_start = 807 | column_end = 839 }} Note MP Edward Cardwell incorrectly refers to Benjamin Critchett as "Mr. Pritchard".</ref>

<ref name="hc18460515">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1846/may/15/post-office | date = 15 May 1846 | column_start = 615 | column_end = 616}}</ref>

<ref name="hc18460822">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1846/aug/22/the-post-office | date = 22 August 1846 | column_start = 955 | column_end = 961}}</ref>

<ref name="hc18470322">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1847/mar/22/post-office | date = 22 March 1847 | column_start = 265 | column_end = 269}}</ref>

<ref name="hc18470720">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1847/jul/20/the-post-office | date = 20 July 1847 | column_start = 593 | column_end = 597}}</ref>

<ref name="hc18550301">{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1855/mar/01/letter-carriers-question | date = 1 March 1855 | column_start = 2089 | column_end = 2090}}</ref>

<ref name="kelly_v_morris">{{cite journal|title=Kelly v. Morris|journal=The Law Times Reports|volume=14, N.S.|pages=222–224|date=14 April 1866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hj4yAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT239}}</ref>

<ref name="kelly_v_byles">{{cite journal|author1=Chancery Division, Great Britain. High Court of Justice|last2=Hemming|first2=George Wirgman|authorlink2=George Wirgman Hemming|author3=Wales, Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and|title=Kelly v. Byles|journal=The Law Reports, Chancery Division|volume=13|pages=682–693|year=1880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yxFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA682}}</ref>

<ref name="hoco62">{{cite book|title=House of Commons papers, Volume 39|chapter=1861–2 Estimates, Revenue Departments, Effective and Non-Effective, for the Year Ending 31 March 1862.|page=31|year=1861|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-ESAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA6-PA31|author1=House of Commons, Great Britain. Parliament}}</ref>

<ref name="academy">{{cite journal|journal=The Academy|volume=56|date=7 January 1899|pages=25–26|title=The Book Market. A Catalogue of Men.| location=London| url=https://archive.org/stream/academyliteratur56londuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name="lg1897">{{London Gazette|issue=26876|date=23 July 1897|page=4149}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Frederic Festus}} Category:Political office-holders in the United Kingdom Category:British businesspeople Category:Year of birth unknown Category:1883 deaths Category:British civil servants