{{Short description|Italian publisher (1861–1939)}} {{Infobox publisher | name = Fratelli Treves Editori | image = Treves logo.jpg | image_size = 150px | status = Defunct | founded = {{Start date|1861}} | founder = [[:es:Emilio Treves|Emilio Treves]] | defunct = {{end date and age|1939}} | country = Italy | headquarters = [[Milan]] | publications = | topics = | url = }}
'''Fratelli Treves''' was an Italian publishing house based in [[Milan]]. Founded in 1861 by [[Emilio Treves]] from [[Trieste]], it was active until 1939, when the publishing house had to cease operations because of [[Italian racial laws|fascist racial laws]]. In the late XIX — early XX centuries, the Treves publishing house was the most influential in Italy and worked with the best poets and writers of its time.
==History==
=== XIX century ===
The publishing house was founded on 1 January 1861 under the name of the founder, [[Emilio Trèves]]. Between 1861 and 1864, Treves opened his first small publishing studio located at 29 Via Durini, the company was called ‘Editori della Biblioteca Utile’. There he created his first magazine, ''Museo di Famiglia'', followed by ''Annuario Scientifico''. At first, the publications were published externally at Pietro Agnelli's typography. After a few years, Treves decided to expand and seized the opportunity that presented itself: in May 1868, the Hungarian refugee printer Helphy intended to return to his homeland, and Treves bought his typography at 11 Via Solferino, on favourable terms. He immediately launched several new magazines: the ''Biblioteca Amena'', the ''Universo Illustrato'' (a more comprehensive version of the ''Museo di Famiglia''), the ''Romanziere Illustrato'', and the ''Giornale dei Viaggi''.<ref name=lombardia>{{cite web| url =https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/archivi/soggetti-produttori/persona/MIDC00096B/| title =Treves Emilio (Trieste 1834 dicembre 31 - Milano 1916 gennaio 30)|publisher =Lombardia Beni Culturali | access-date =2026-05-14}}</ref>
In 1868 he published in the series ''Biblioteca utile'' (nº 84), one of the first works by [[Edmondo De Amicis]], ''La vita militare''; the writer established a lasting professional collaboration with the publishing house. Unlike many other publishers, Treves did not devote himself to [[feuilletons]], but published literary works of the [[scapigliatura]], suitable for an educated public, by authors such as [[Iginio Ugo Tarchetti]] and [[Antonio Ghislanzoni]]. Notably, in 1869 they launched the daily newspaper ‘Corriere di Milano’. It lasted until 1874 under editor-in-chief Eugenio Torelli Viollier; it was from this “Corriere” that he drew the idea for the ‘[[Corriere della Sera]]’, which he directed and founded in 1876.<ref name=lombardia/>
In 1872, Trèves associated his younger brother Giuseppe (1838-1904) with the management. He entrusted to him all the administrative and commercial aspects. Giuseppe, by then a seasoned traveller and businessman, had invested his savings and the dowry of his wife, Virginia Dolci Tedeschi, in the venture. In 1872, when the collaboration became continuous, the publishing house took the definitive name of ''Fratelli Treves''.{{sfn|Caccia|2013|p=309}}<ref name=lombardia/>
On 1 December 1873 the Trèves brothers acquired a Roman magazine, ''L'Illustrazione. Rivista italiana'', directed by the Roman artist Alessandro Foli, in 1874 and for the merger starting 1 November 1875, their weekly adopted the title ''[[L'Illustrazione Italiana]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carmela |first=Saviano |date=2022 |title=L’illustrazione Italiana: A Source For Museological Research |url=https://doi.org/10.29013/ejhss-22-3-3-9 |journal=The European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |issue=3 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.29013/ejhss-22-3-3-9 |issn=2414-2344|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Subsequently Trèves approached [[verismo]] by publishing the then unknown [[Giovanni Verga]] ([[:it:Eva (romanzo)|Eva]], 1873), which became a huge success. In a few years the publishing house started collaborations with the best Italian writers of the time. Among others: [[Anton Giulio Barrili]], Vittorio Bersezio, [[Camillo Boito]], Giacinto Gallina, [[Gerolamo Rovetta]], [[Emilio De Marchi (writer)|Emilio De Marchi]], Maria Virginia Fabroni, Cordelia (pseudonym of Virginia Tedeschi-Treves, wife of Giuseppe Treves) and [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]. Treves published the first Italian translations of works by foreign writers such as [[Gustave Flaubert|Flaubert]], [[Émile Zola|Zola]], [[Paul Bourget|Bourget]], [[Guy de Maupassant|Maupassant]], [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoevsky]], [[Ivan Turgenev|Turgenev]] and [[Maxim Gorky|Gorky]], [[Henryk Sienkiewicz|Sienkiewicz]] and [[Samuel Smiles]].{{sfn|Caccia|2013|p=309}}<ref name=lombardia/>
In 1881, the publishing house outgrew its premises and moved to via Palermo, 12.<ref name=lombardia/>
In the late 1880s, the Fratelli Treves also started to appeal to the general public. By that point, his publishing house became a trusted point of reference for the Italian cultural world, while Emilio Trèves became one of Italy’s most sought-after editors. On 17 October 1886, ''[[Heart (novel)|Heart]]'' by [[Edmondo De Amicis|De Amicis]] was published. The work was an immediate success and in a few months passed the forty editions. In 1889 the list of writers was enriched by the arrival of Gabriele D'Annunzio, the best known poet at the time. At that point, Treves practically monopolised the national book market, he was the one to work with the leading writers of the time.<ref name=Marsiglia>Luigi Marsiglia, ''Emilio Treves. La linotype dell'Italia unita'', «[[Avvenire]]», 27 January 2016.</ref>
Between the end of the century and the beginning of the next, two new illustrated newspapers came out: ''Corriere illustrato'' (weekly, which however suffered competition from [[Luigi Albertini]]'s powerful ''Domenica del Corriere'') and ''Il Secolo XX'' (1902 [9] - 1913 [10 ]; in 1927 it passed to [[Rizzoli Libri|Rizzoli]], which published it until 1933, a monthly, conceived in response to ''La Lettura'', another creation by Albertini), in which Gabriele D'Annunzio, Raffaello Barbiera, [[Ada Negri]] and [[Ugo Ojetti]] collaborated. Among the designers of the first page appeared the signatures of [[Duilio Cambellotti]], Rodolfo Paoletti and Luigi Bompard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movio.beniculturali.it/bua/societasindacatopolitica/249/il-secolo-xx/show/56/183|title=Il Secolo XX|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>
=== XX century ===
In 1904, after the premature death of Giuseppe Trèves, Emilio decided to open the publishing house to external sources of financing, setting up an anonymous company. Emilio Trèves himself, Giuseppe's widow Virginia, and Banca Zaccaria Pisa bought the main shares. The company management was shared between Emilio and his nephew Guido Trèves, son of his brother Enrico.{{sfn|Caccia|2013|p=309}}<ref name=lombardia/>
The activity of the publishing house went through a period of constant expansion: in the decade 1900-1910 production rose from 88 new titles a year to 188 (not counting the reissues of dictionaries and school books).<ref>Gabriele Turi, ''Storia dell'editoria nell'Italia contemporanea'', Florence, 1997, p. 237.</ref> Among the new collaborations, those with the writers [[Luigi Capuana]] were noted, [[Luigi Pirandello]] and [[Federigo Tozzi]]. Among the foreigners, the presence of [[Herbert George Wells]] stands out. In 1911 Treves inaugurated the first bookstore abroad, opening in [[Buenos Aires]].{{sfn|Caccia|2013|p=309}}
Also noteworthy is the reissue of ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo vadis?]]'' by [[Sienkiewicz]] in 1914 which, in an unusual editorial initiative for the time,<ref>{{cite book|author=Dario Reteuna|title=Cinema di carta. Storia fotografica del cinema italiano|year=2000|publisher=Falsopiano|location=Alessandria|page=29}}</ref> was accompanied by 78 still photographs taken from the [[Quo Vadis (1913 film)|homonymous film]] by [[Enrico Guazzoni]], released in 1913.
In 1916 the founder Emilio Trèves and his wife Virginia died; the company remained in the hands of their nephew Guido and his wife Antonietta Pesenti, who appointed Giovanni Beltrami as managing director. The publishing house continued its activity, however holding up the growing competition with difficulty. He also kept a first-rate catalogue: he published works by [[Giuseppe Antonio Borgese]], [[Marino Moretti]], [[Ugo Ojetti]], [[Alfredo Panzini]], [[Grazia Deledda]], Luciano Zuccoli, [[Pier Maria Rosso di San Secondo|Rosso di San Secondo]] and [[Sem Benelli]].
In 1926, after the death of Beltrami, Calogero Tumminelli<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/calogero-tumminelli/ Calogero Tumminelli] at [[Enciclopedia Treccani]]</ref> took over the leadership of Treves. In 1931 Tumminelli Editore merged with the Treves and Treccani publishing houses, forming ''SA Treves-Treccani-Tumminelli'', which was directed by Tumminelli himself. In 1929, it published [[Francesco Salata]]'s ''Per la storia diplomatica della Questione romana''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Associazione italiana editori |title=Giornale della libreria organo ufficiale della Associazione italiana editori |date=1929 |publisher=Associazione italiana editori |page=275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69JeKIKbz-wC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bataković |first1=Dušan T. |last2=Pavlović |first2=Vojislav G. |title=Italy's Balkan Strategies (19th-20th Century) |date=2014 |publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts |page=62 |isbn=9788671790826 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laSxDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
In 1931, Treves acquired the Milan-based art publisher ''Bestetti e Tumminelli'', as well as the Roman-based ''Anonima libraria italiana'' and ''La Societa anonima istituto Giovanni Treccani''. After the acquisition, the merged company was renamed ''Treves, Treccani e Tumminelli''.{{sfn|Caccia|2013|p=309}}<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/emilio-treves_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/| title =TREVES, Emilio| last =Avanzi| first =Giannetto| date =| publisher =Treccani | access-date =2026-05-14}}</ref>
The sudden death of Guido Trèves (12 May 1932) caused the dissolution of the partnership. In 1933, the publishing house was re-established as an independent enterprise under the leadership of Antonietta Pesenti (Guido’s widow); however, the company, lacking sufficient capital, lost most of its authors within a few years and was unable to make the necessary investments in modernising its printing equipment, which quickly became obsolete.<ref name=lombardia/>
In 1939, the [[Forlì]]-based industrialist [[Aldo Garzanti]] bought the company for a nominal fee: according to the [[Italian racial laws|fascist racial laws]], all Jews were banned from doing business in Italy, so the Treves family no longer could own the company. Aldo Garzanti transformed it into his own publishing house, "[[Garzanti|Aldo Garzanti editore già Fratelli Treves]]".<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.amarcordlibri.it/10-grandi-case-editrici-che-non-esistono-piu-storiche-italiane-storia/| title =10 Grandi Case Editrici che non esistono più| last =| first =| date =| publisher = Amarcord| access-date =2026-05-14}}</ref><ref name=lombardia/>
== References == {{reflist}}
== Literature == *{{cite book |last=Caccia |first=Patrizia |year=2013 |title=Editori a Milano (1900-1945). Repertorio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixWeAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v=onepage&q&f |location= |publisher=FrancoAngeli |page=309 }}
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[[Category:Italian companies established in 1861]] [[Category:Publishing companies established in 1955]] [[Category:Companies based in Milan]] [[Category:Book publishing companies of Italy]]