{{Short description|Ethnic name etymology}}
The '''name of the Franks''' is generally assumed to derive from the [[Germanic language]] spoken by the earliest groups identified under this name, although its precise origin remains uncertain.
The collective term ''Franks'' first appears in Roman sources of the third century AD, referring to a coalition of Germanic groups previously known under separate tribal names. In subsequent centuries, the [[Frankish Empire]] emerged as the principal successor to Roman authority in Western Europe, and the semantic range of Frank-related terms broadened accordingly. The name ''Frank'' likewise shifted in meaning: originally denoting a specific group of Germanic-speaking peoples, it came to encompass a much wider segment of the European population. At various periods, it functioned not solely as an ethnic designation but also as a political or legal category, identifying individuals according to their status within Frankish-ruled territories.
Several regional terms are derived from the ethnonym, including ''[[Francia]]'' and ''[[Franconia]]''. ''Francia'' originally denoted the territory inhabited by Frankish groups along the lower [[Rhine]], but the term later developed into the name of modern [[France]]. ''Franconia'', now a historical region in central Germany, likewise reflects earlier associations with ruling elites perceived as Frankish.
== Name origins ==
=== Attestations === The name of the Franks is first attested in Latin as ''Franci'' (singular ''Francus'') during the 3rd century AD.{{sfn|Beck|1995}} The Franks themselves spoke [[West Germanic]] dialects related to modern German and Dutch, but there are very few surviving examples of this language. The medieval Germanic forms ''Franchon'' ([[Old High German]]), ''Francan'' ([[Old English]]) and ''Frankar'' ~ ''Frakkar'' ([[Old Norse]]) point to an original n-stem *''Frank-an-'' or *''Frank-on-'' in the [[Frankish language]].{{sfn|Beck|1995}}<ref name="OED">{{harvp|Oxford English Dictionary|2021}}, s.v. ''Frank, n.1 and adj.1''.</ref>
=== Etymology === According to a traditional interpretation, the Franks were named after their characteristic weapon, a type of spear called the *''frankōn'' (reconstructed from OE ''franca'' 'javelin, lance' and ON ''frakka'' 'javelin, dart'), in a process analogous to the ''[[Saxons]]'', whose name is commonly derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] name for a [[fighting knife]] or [[dagger]], ''*sahsōn'' (cf. OE ''[[seax]]''; ON ''sax''; OHG ''sahs'').<ref name="OED3">{{harvp|Oxford English Dictionary|2021}}, s.v. ''Frank, n.1 and adj.1''.</ref>
An alternative explanation derives the ethnonym from Proto-Germanic *''frankaz'' ('fierce, bold, eager to fight'), interpreted as a nasalised variant of the better-attested *''frak(k)az'' ''~ *frekaz'', meaning 'greedy, violent' (cf. ON ''frǣc''; [[Middle Low German]] ''vrak'' 'voracious, greedy').{{sfn|Beck|1995}}{{sfn|Nonn|2010|p=14}} This interpretation is supported by contemporary assessments of the Franks: [[Isidore of Seville|Isidore]] mentions the ''ferocitas'' of the Franks in his ''Etymologiae'', [[Libanius]] emphasises their recklessness and audacity, [[Ermoldus Nigellus]] writes that the Franks received their name because of their wildness, and [[Emperor Valentinian I|Emperor Valentinian]] likewise says that the Franks are named because of their hardness like iron and their ferocity.{{sfn|Beck|1995}} On this view, the spear *''frankōn'' is not the source of the ethnonym but a secondary formation meaning 'the Frankish weapon',{{sfn|Beck|1995}} a process paralleled by ''[[francisca]]'', the [[throwing axe]] of the Franks, which is an [[Ellipsis (linguistics)|ellipsis]] of ''securis francisca'' ('Frankish ax').<ref>{{harvp|Rey|2016}}, s.v. ''francisque''.</ref>
By the end of the 6th century AD, the tribal name ''francus'' came to be used as an adjective meaning 'free' in [[Medieval Latin]],<ref name="Rey">{{harvp|Rey|2016}}, s.v. ''Franc'', ''franche'' (1), ''Franc'', ''Franque'' (2) and ''Franc'' (3).</ref> presumably because the Franks were exempt from taxation within the territories they had conquered in northern Gaul,<ref>{{cite book |author=Rouche |first=Michel |title=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium |publisher=Belknap Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-674-39974-7 |editor=Veyne |editor-first=Paul |pages=425 |chapter=The Early Middle Ages in the West}}</ref> or more generally because they possessed there full freedom in contrast to native [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]] speakers.{{sfn|Beck|1995}}<ref name="OED2">{{harvp|Oxford English Dictionary|2021}}, s.v. ''frank, adj.2''.</ref> Already in the 10th century, some authors have postulated that ''Francus'' ('Frank') is derived from an adjective ''francus'' ('free'), so that the Franks would be 'the free ones'.{{sfn|Beck|1995}}<ref name="OED3" /> However, the term with this meaning is first attested in Romance languages, and the adjective thus probably instead derives from the tribal name.{{sfn|Beck|1995}}{{sfn|Nonn|2010|p=14}} The English word ''frank'' ('free of servitude'; later 'candid, outspoken, unreserved') stems from the [[Old French]] ''franc'' ('free of servitude'; later also 'noble'), itself from Medieval Latin ''francus''.<ref name="OED2" />
=== Folk etymologies === In a tradition going back to the 7th-century [[Chronicle of Fredegar]], the name of the Franks comes from a legendary founder figure named ''Francio'', who first led the Franks to settle on the Rhine and started to build a city named Troy there, after ancient Troy where his own ancestors supposedly came from.{{sfn|Murray|Goffart|1999|pp=590-596}} The city he had in mind is likely to be the real Roman city now known as [[Xanten]], but then known as [[Colonia Traiana]], which was really named after [[Trajan]], but was known as {{lang|la|Troja minor}} (lesser Troy) in the Middle Ages.{{sfn|Wallace-Hadrill|1962|p=82}} [[Isidore of Seville]] (died 636) said that there were two proposals known to him about the origin of the Frankish name. Either the Franks took their name from a war leader called Francus, or else their name referred to their wild manners (''feritas morum'').{{sfn|Nonn|2010|p=11}}{{Full citation needed|date=January 2026}}
== Geographical derivatives ==
=== Frankish empire === [[File:Europe 814.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.05|[[Carolingian Empire]] (green) in 814]]Under the reign of the Franks' Kings [[Clovis I]], [[Charles Martel]], [[Pepin the Short]], and [[Charlemagne]], the country was known as [[Kingdom of Franks]] or [[Francia]]. At the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided in three parts : [[West Francia]] (''Francia Occidentalis''), [[Middle Francia]] and [[East Francia]] (''Francia Orientalis'').<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Verdun | title=Treaty of Verdun | publisher=Britannica}}</ref>
The rulers of ''Francia Orientalis'', who soon claimed the imperial title and wanted to reunify the Frankish Empire, dropped the name ''Francia Orientalis'' and called their realm the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (see [[History of Germany]]). The kings of ''Francia Occidentalis'' successfully opposed this claim and managed to preserve ''Francia Occidentalis'' as an independent kingdom, distinct from the Holy Roman Empire. The [[Battle of Bouvines]] in 1214 definitively marked the end of the efforts by the Holy Roman Empire to reunify the old Frankish Empire by conquering France.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ppublishing.org/media/uploads/journals/article/EJH-6_p49-53.pdf | title=Discussion about the National Aspect in The Battle Of Bouvines (July 27, 1214) | first=Uryumtsev Egor | last=Romanovich | location=Novosibirsk, Russia | publisher=Novosibirsk State University}}</ref>
Since the name ''Francia Orientalis'' had disappeared, there arose the habit to refer to ''Francia Occidentalis'' as ''Francia'' only, from which the word France is derived. The French state has been in continuous existence since 843 (except for a brief interruption in 885–887), with an unbroken line of heads of states since the first king of ''Francia Occidentalis'' ([[Charles the Bald]]) to the current president of the French Republic ([[Emmanuel Macron]]). Noticeably, in [[German language|German]], France is still called ''Frankreich'', which literally means "''[[Reich]]'' (realm) of the Franks". In order to distinguish it from the Frankish Empire of [[Charlemagne]], France is called ''Frankreich'', while the Frankish Empire is called ''Frankenreich''.<ref>{{harvnb|James|1991|p=234}}</ref>
Writing in 2009, Professor [[Christopher Wickham]] pointed out that "the word 'Frankish' quickly ceased to have an exclusive ethnic connotation. North of the [[Loire (river)|Loire]] everyone seems to have been considered a Frank by the mid-seventh century at the latest; Romani were essentially the inhabitants of [[Gallia Aquitania|Aquitaine]] after that".<ref name=wick123>{{cite book | title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400-1000 | series=Penguin History of Europe, 2 | first=Chris | last=Wickham | location=New York | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2010 | orig-year=2009 | isbn=978-0-670-02098-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980/page/123 123] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980/page/123 }}</ref> On the other hand, the [[formulary of Marculf]] written about AD 700 described a continuation of national identities within a mixed population when it stated that "all the peoples who dwell [in the official's province], Franks, Romans, Burgundians, and those of other nations, live ... according to their law and their custom."<ref>{{harvnb|James|1988|p=187}}.</ref>
=== France === [[File:Charles_V_France_franc_pied_73001141.jpg|thumb|left|250x250px|[[French franc]] coin of [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], with inscription ''Francorum Rex'' ('King of the Franks')]] The country name ''[[France]]'' stems from the Latin ''[[Francia]]'' (the land of the Franks). Its adjective ''French'' (Modern French ''Français''; from [[Old French]] ''franceis'') is now used to designate the [[French people]] and [[French language|language]].<ref>{{harvp|Rey|2016}}, s.v. ''Français'', -''aise''.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Oxford English Dictionary|2021}}, s.v. ''French, adj. and n.''</ref> Between the reigns of [[John II of France]] (1360) and [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV]] (1589–1610), then from the [[French Convention]] of 1795 to the adoption of the [[euro]] (1999), the ''[[franc]]'' also served as the currency of France. The term, which may be derived from ''Francorum Rex'' ('king of the Franks'), the original motto engraved on coins by the French monarchy, survives today in the name of the [[Swiss franc]], the [[CFA franc]] (Western Africa), and the [[CFP franc]] (French Pacific).<ref name="Rey" />
In most of the modern [[Germanic languages]], France is known as the historical "Land of the Franks", for example ''Frankreich'' ([[Reich]] of the Franks) in German, ''Frankrijk'' ([[Rijk]] of the Franks) in Dutch, ''Frankrike'' ([[Rike]] of the Franks) in Swedish and Norwegian, and ''Frankrig'' in Danish.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106170058/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 6, 2021 | title=France | website=The World Factbook | date=17 December 2025 | publisher=CIA.gov}}</ref>
In a more restricted meaning, "France" refers specifically to the [[provinces of France|province]] of [[Île-de-France]] (with [[Paris]] at its centre), which historically was the heart of the royal [[demesne]]. This meaning is found in some geographic names, such as French Brie (''Brie française'') and [[French Vexin]] (''Vexin français''). French Brie, the area where the [[Brie cheese]] is produced, is the part of [[Brie (region)|Brie]] that was annexed to the royal demesne, as opposed to Champagne Brie (''Brie champenoise'') which was annexed by [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]]. Likewise, French Vexin is the part of [[Vexin]] inside the [[région Île-de-France]], as opposed to [[Norman Vexin]] (''Vexin normand'') which is in the neighbouring part of the [[Normandy (region)|région Normandie]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.the-france-page.com/regions/ile-de-france.html | title=Ile de France | website=The France Page - Regions}}</ref>
This meaning is also found in the name of the [[French language]] (''langue française''), whose literal meaning is "language of Île-de-France". It is not until the 19th and 20th centuries that the language of Île-de-France indeed became the language of the whole country France. In modern French, the French language is called ''[le] français'', while the old language of Île-de-France is called by the name applied to it according to a 19th-century theory on the origin of the French language - ''[le] [[Francien language|francien]]''.,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Francien-dialect | title=Francien dialect | publisher=Britannica}}</ref> but now Central French (''français central'').
=== Franconia === {{further|Franconia|Rhenish Franconia}} ''Franconia'' became the Latin name of [[East Francia]], derived from the German name ''Franken'' "realm of the Franks".<ref>in origin simply the dative plural of the name of the Franks, following a German model of naming territories also applied to the other stem duchies: [[Bavaria]] (''Bayern''), [[Thuringia]] (''Thüringen''), [[Saxony]] (''Sachsen''), [[Swabia]] (''Schwaben''); see also [[name of Sweden]].</ref>
''Franconia'' was introduced as a synonym of ''Francia orientalis'' by the 12th century ([[Annalista Saxo]]).<ref>K.H. Ludwig in Kasten (ed.), ''Festschrift Hägermann'', Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mOD-e8JQT-gC&pg=PA246 p. 246].</ref> It came to be used of the [[Duchy of Franconia]] as it stood during the 9th and 10th centuries, divided Franconia during the later medieval period, and the [[Franconian Circle]] of the early modern period.
=={{anchor|Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"}}Later uses== {{See also|Farang|Crusades|Islamic views on the crusades}}
=== Crusades and later uses in the Levant === In the eastern Mediterranean during the [[Crusades]], the term ''Franks'' served as an all-inclusive designation for all Western Europeans, applied not only to the crusaders themselves but also for their descendants, who formed the ruling population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Setton |first=Kenneth Meyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgfMNfBIgSwC&pg=PA120 |title=A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East |date=1985 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-09144-6}}</ref>
By the 17th century in the [[Levant]], ''Frank'' had developed into a broader ethnonym referring to any individual from Western Europe, and by extension to the ''[[lingua franca]]'', the Romance-based [[pidgin language]] employed throughout the Mediterranean Bassin.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Rey" /> The [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca]] (or "Frankish language"), a [[Pidgin|contact pidgin]] first spoken by 11th century European Christians and Muslims in [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean ports]], remained in use until the turn of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wiltshire |first1=Caroline R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU09AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |title=Romance Phonology and Variation |last2=Camps |first2=Joaquim |date=2002 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-9564-4 |pages=130}}</ref>
The term ''Frank'' was employed by many of the Eastern Orthodox and Muslim neighbours of medieval Latin [[Christendom]] (along with communities further afield in Asia) as a general designation for people from Western and Central Europe, that is, from regions adhering to the Latin rites of Christianity under papal authority.<ref>König, Daniel G., Arabic-Islamic Views of the Latin West. Tracing the Emergence of Medieval Western Europe, Oxford: OUP, 2015, chap. 6, p. 289-230.{{Page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref> A related designation in similar contexts was ''Latins''.
In the eastern Mediterranean, Christians following the Latin rites were referred to as ''Franks'' or ''Latins'', irrespective of their specific place of origin, whereas Orthodox Christians were known as ''[[Rhomaios]]'' or [[Rûm|''Rûmi'']] ('Romans'). On several Greek islands, Catholics continue to be called ''Frangoi'' ({{lang|el|Φράγκοι}}; meaning 'Franks'). For example, on [[Syros]] they are known as ''Frangosyrianoi'' ({{lang|el|Φραγκοσυριανοί}}). The period of [[Fourth Crusade|Crusader]] rule over Greek territories is still referred to as the ''[[Frankokratia]]'' ('rule of the Franks').
The term ''[[Frangistan]]'' ('Land of the Franks') was used in Muslim sources to denote Christian Europe and circulated widely for centuries in [[Iberia]], [[North Africa]], and the [[Middle East]]. [[Persianate]] Turkic dynasties further disseminated the term across Iran and India, where it became integrated into local usage. During the [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols likewise applied the name ''Franks'' to Europeans,<ref>Igor de Rachewiltz – Turks in China under the Mongols, in: China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries, p. 281</ref> a usage that persisted in Mughal India in the form ''firangi''.<ref>Nandini Das – Courting India, p. 107</ref>
In contemporary Israel, the [[Yiddish]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} word {{lang|yi|פרענק}} ({{lang|yi|Frenk}}), by a curious etymological development, has come to refer to [[Mizrahi Jews]] in Modern Hebrew and carries a strongly pejorative connotation.<ref>Batya Shimony (2011) On "Holocaust Envy" in Mizrahi Literature, Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust, 25:1, 239–271, {{doi|10.1080/23256249.2011.10744411}}. p. 241: "''Frenk'' [a pejorative slang term for Mizrahi]"</ref>
=== Eastern Asia === The Chinese called the Portuguese {{lang|pt|Folangji}} 佛郎機 ("Franks") in the 1520s at the [[Battle of Tunmen]] and [[Battle of Xicaowan]]. Some other varieties of [[Mandarin Chinese]] pronounced the characters as Fah-lan-ki.
{{blockquote|text=During the reign of Chingtih (''Zhengde'') (1506), foreigners from the west called Fah-lan-ki (or Franks), who said they had [[Tribute#Chinese practice of tributes as trade regulation and authority|tribute]], abruptly entered the [[Bocca Tigris|Bogue]], and by their tremendously loud guns shook the place far and near. This was reported at court, and an order returned to drive them away immediately, and stop the trade.|author=Samuel Wells Williams|source=The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Education, Social Life, Arts, Religion, &c. of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants, 2 vol. (Wiley & Putnam, 1848).}}
In the Thai usage, the word can refer to any European person. When the presence of [[United States military|US soldiers]] during the [[Vietnam War]] placed Thai people in contact with African Americans, they (and people of African ancestry in general) came to be called {{lang|id|Farang dam}} ("Black Farang", {{lang|th|ฝรั่งดำ}}). Such words sometimes also connote things, plants or creatures introduced by Europeans/Franks. For example, in Khmer, {{lang|km|môn barang}}, literally "French Chicken", refers to a turkey and in Thai, {{lang|th-Latn|[[Farang]]}} is the name both for Europeans and for the [[guava]] fruit, introduced by Portuguese traders over 400 years ago.
Some linguists (among them Drs. Jan Tent and Paul Geraghty) have suggested that the [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and generic [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]] term for Europeans, ''[[Palagi]]'' (pronounced Puh-LANG-ee) or ''Papalagi'', might also be cognate, possibly a loan term gathered by early contact between Pacific islanders and Malays.<ref>Tent, J., and Geraghty, P., (2001) "Exploding sky or exploded myth? The origin of Papalagi", ''Journal of the Polynesian Society'', 110, 2: pp. 171–214.</ref>
Examples of derived words include:
* {{lang|el-Latn|Frangos}} ({{lang|el|Φράγκος}}) in [[Greek language|Greek]] * {{lang|sq|Frëng}} in [[Albanian language|Albanian]] * {{lang|tr|Frenk}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] * {{lang|az|Firəng}} in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://obastan.com/fir%C9%99ng/14040/?l=az |title=Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti |language=az |trans-title=Explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language |chapter=FİRƏNG |quote=Danışıq dilində "fransız" mənasında işlədilir. |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200815172825/https://obastan.com/fir%C9%99ng/14040/?l=az |archive-date=15 August 2020 |url-status=live |via=Obastan}}</ref> (derived from Persian) * {{lang|ar-Latn|al-Faranj}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|Afranj}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|Firinjīyah}} in Arabic<ref>Rashid al-din Fazl Allâh, quoted in Karl Jahn (ed.) Histoire Universelle de Rasid al-Din Fadl Allah Abul=Khair: I. Histoire des Francs (Texte Persan avec traduction et annotations), Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1951. (Source: M. Ashtiany)</ref> * {{lang|fa-Latn|[[Farang]]}} ({{lang|fa|فرنگ}}), {{lang|fa-Latn|Farangī}} ({{lang|fa|فرنگی}}) in [[Persian language|Persian]], also the toponym {{lang|fa-Latn|[[Frangistan]]}} ({{lang|fa|فرنگستان}}) * ''Faranji'' in [[Tajik language|Tajik]],<ref name="AbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010">{{cite book |author1=Kamoludin Abdullaev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC9RsIYy8m8C&pg=PA129 |title=Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan |author2=Shahram Akbarzaheh |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6061-2 |pages=129–}}</ref> a variety of Persian * ''Ferengi'' or ''Faranji'' in some Turkic languages * ''Ferenj'' (ፈረንጅ) in [[Amharic]] in Ethiopia, {{lang|am|Farangi}} (ፋራንጂ) in [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], and similar in other languages of the [[Horn of Africa]], refers to white people with European ancestry * {{lang|hi-Latn|Feringhi}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Firang}} in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] (derived from Persian) * ''Phirangee'' in some other Indian languages * {{lang|ta-Latn|Parangiar}} in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] * {{lang|ml-Latn|Parangi}} in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]; in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], the word refers specifically to [[Portuguese people]] * {{lang|my-Latn|Bayingyi}} ({{lang|my|ဘရင်ဂျီ}}) in [[Burmese language|Burmese]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sealang.net/burmese/ |title=Myanmar-English Dictionary |publisher=Myanmar Language Commission |year=1996 |isbn=1-881265-47-1}}</ref> * {{lang|km-Latn|[[Barang (Khmer word)|Barang]]}} in [[Khmer language|Khmer]] * {{lang|ms|Feringgi}} in [[Malay language|Malay]] * {{lang|zh-Latn|Folangji}}<ref name="Wilkinson2000">{{cite book |author=Endymion Porter Wilkinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA730 |title=Chinese History: A Manual |publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-674-00249-4 |pages=730–}}</ref> or ''Fah-lan-ki'' ({{lang|zh|佛郎機}}) and ''Fulang''<ref name="Park2012">{{cite book |last=Park |first=Hyunhee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-2iWcxD2e8C&pg=PA95 |title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01868-6 |pages=95–}}</ref> in Chinese * {{lang|th-Latn|[[Farang]]}} ({{lang|th|ฝรั่ง}}) in [[Thai language|Thai]]. * {{lang|id|Pirang}} ("blonde"), {{lang|id|Perangai}} ("temperament/al") in [[Indonesian language|Bahasa Indonesia]]
==See also== * [[Name of the Goths]]
==References== {{reflist}}
=== Bibliography === *{{Citation|last1=Beck|first1=Heinrich|title=Franken § 1. Namenkundliches |encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde |editor1-first=Heinrich |editor1-last=Beck |editor2-first=Dieter |editor2-last= Geuenich |editor3-first=Heiko |editor3-last=Steuer |publisher=De Gruyter |year=1995|isbn=978-3-11-014642-4|edition=2|volume=9 |pages=373–374}} *{{cite thesis |last=Highlander |first=Michael-Christopher Todd |date=2012 |title=The Grouping of the Germanic Languages: A Critical Review |url=https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3654&context=etd |degree=MA |publisher=University of Virginia |access-date=23 November 2024}} *{{cite book | first=Edward | last=James | title=The Franks | series=The Peoples of Europe | year=1991 | location=Oxford | publisher=Basil Blackwell Ltd}} *{{Cite book|last=Orel|first=Vladimir E.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel|title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology|year=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12875-0|author-link=Vladimir Orel|url-access=registration}} * {{citation|last1=Murray| first1= Alexander Callander|last2=Goffart |first2=Walter |title= After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History |publisher=University of Toronto Press|year= 1998}} *{{Cite book |last=Nonn |first=Ulrich |title=Die Franken |date=2010 |publisher=Kohlhammer |isbn=978-3-17-017814-4}} *{{Cite dictionary|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary Online]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2021|ref={{harvid|Oxford English Dictionary|2021}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Rey|first=Alain|title=Dictionnaire historique de la langue française|publisher=Le Robert|year=2016|isbn=978-2-321-00726-5|edition=4|author-link=Alain Rey}} *[[John Michael Wallace-Hadrill|Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.]] ''The Long-Haired Kings''. London: Butler & Tanner Ltd, 1962. https://archive.org/details/longhairedkingso0000wall/
== External links == {{commons category-inline}}
[[Category:Place name etymologies|Franks]] [[Category:Ethnonyms]] [[Category:Frankish people]]