{{Short description|Italian cardinal (1870–1949)}} {{Infobox Christian leader |type = Cardinal |image = Francesco Marmaggi.jpg |honorific_prefix = [[His Eminence]] |name = Francesco Marmaggi |title = [[Congregation of the Council|Prefect of the Congregation of the Council]] |church = [[Roman Catholic Church]] |appointed = 14 March 1939 |term_end = 3 November 1949 |predecessor = [[Luigi Maglione]] |successor = [[Giuseppe Bruno (cardinal)|Giuseppe Bruno]] |other_post = [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia]] (1936–49) |ordination = 14 April 1900 |consecration = 26 September 1920 |consecrated_by = [[Pietro Gasparri]] |cardinal = 16 December 1935 |created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Pius XI]] |rank = [[Cardinal-Priest]] |birth_name = Francesco Marmaggi |birth_date = 31 August 1876 |birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Kingdom of Italy]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1949|11|03|1876|08|31}} |death_place = Rome, [[Italy]] |buried = [[Campo Verano]] {{small|(first)}}<br>[[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere]] {{small|(current)}} |previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Congregation for extraordinary ecclesiastical affairs|Undersecretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs]] (1917–20)|[[Apostolic Nunciature to Romania|Apostolic Nuncio to Romania]] (1920–23)|[[Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto|Titular Archbishop of Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto]] (1920–35)|[[Apostolic Nunciature to Czechoslovakia|Apostolic Nuncio to Czechoslovakia]] (1923–28)|[[Apostolic Nuncio to Poland]] (1928–35)|Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Poland (1935–36)}} |alma_mater = [[Pontifical Roman Seminary]] |motto = ''Lux de luce'' }}
{{Infobox cardinalstyles| cardinal name=Francesco Marmaggi | dipstyle=His Eminence| offstyle=Your Eminence| See=''[[Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto]]'' ([[titular see]])|}}
'''Francesco Marmaggi''' (31 August 1876 – 3 November 1949) was a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] who served as [[Prefect]] of the [[Congregation for the Clergy|Congregation of the Council]] and, earlier, as [[Nuncio]] in [[Romania]], [[First Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] and [[Second Republic of Poland|Poland]], as well as being a special envoy to [[Turkey]].
==Biography== Marmaggi was born in [[Rome]] at a time when the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] was just coming into being. He was educated at the [[Pontifical Roman Seminary]] in the city, earning a [[doctorate]]s in [[Philosophy]] and [[Theology]].
Marmaggi was [[Ordination|ordained]] in Rome, on 14 April 1900, and afterwards worked in [[pastoral care]] in the [[Diocese of Rome]], as well as being a faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Sant'Apollinare, and an official in the [[Apostolic Penitentiary]] until 1904. He was created [[Monsignor|Privy Chamberlain]] of [[Pope]] [[Pope Pius X|Pius X]] on 15 November 1907, and reappointed on 7 September 1914. Marmaggi was raised to the level of Domestic Prelate on 2 June 1915.
[[Pope Benedict XV]] appointed him [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto]] and first [[Apostolic Nunciature to Romania|Nuncio to the Kingdom of Romania]] on 1 September 1920. The appointment followed a long period of negotiations between Romania and the Papacy and was replicated by the appointment of [[Dimitrie Pennescu]] as first [[Ambassador of Romania to the Holy See]].<ref>{{in lang|ro}} Dumitru Preda, Marius Bucur, [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi56.htm "România - Vatican. 80 ani de relaţii diplomatice"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050951/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi56.htm |date=October 10, 2007 }}, in ''[[Magazin Istoric]]'', May 2000</ref> He was consecrated on 26 September by [[Pietro Gasparri]], [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. Marmaggi represented the Pope at the 1922 coronation of [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]] as [[King of Romania|King]] of [[Greater Romania]], a ceremony which took place in [[Alba Iulia]].
Marmaggi was named extraordinary envoy to Turkey after the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]], part of [[Pope Pius XI]]'s decision to upgrade the papacy's diplomatic relations, which had outlined in the encyclical ''[[Pacem, Dei Munus Pulcherrimum]]'', breaking with the tradition of ceding to Franch the role of protector for [[Middle East]]ern Catholics.<ref name="pontieri711">Ernesto Pontieri, ''Storia universale'', Vol.7 (Part 11), Francesco Vallardi, Milan, 1959, p.81</ref> At the same time, Pope Pius also sent [[Celso Costantini]] to establish contacts with the [[Beiyang Government]] in [[China]].<ref name="pontieri711"/>
Marmaggi was made the second Nuncio to [[First Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] in 1923. Five years later, he was recalled to Rome as a sign of protest as a result of several disagreements on both sides, sparked by the Czechoslovak decision to continue celebrating the [[Public holidays in the Czech Republic|local festival]] ''Den upálení mistra Jana Husa'', which honored the 15th-century thinker [[Jan Hus]], who influenced [[Protestantism|Protestant]] dogma and was [[Execution by burning|burned at the stake]] as a [[Heresy|heretic]].<ref name="timerender">"Rendering unto Prague", in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', February 13, 1928</ref><ref name="kitchenwars">Martin Kitchen, ''Europe Between the Wars'', [[Pearson Education|Pearson]]/[[Longman]], London, 2006, p.207. {{ISBN|0-582-89414-X}}</ref><ref name="rotshece">Joseph Rothschild, ''East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars'', [[University of Washington Press]], Seattle, 1992, p.107-108. {{ISBN|0-295-95357-8}}</ref>
Marmaggi left [[Prague]] on 6 July 1925, after repeatedly warning President [[Tomáš Masaryk]], Premier [[Antonín Švehla]] and Foreign Minister [[Edvard Beneš]] not to attend the ceremonies.<ref name="kitchenwars"/><ref name="rotshece"/> They reportedly argued that they were participating as private persons.<ref name="rotshece"/> Marmaggi's protest was echoed by the Catholic [[Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party|People's Party]], which criticized Masaryk.<ref name="kitchenwars"/> As a result of Marmaggi's departure, Czechoslovakia cut diplomatic ties with the Holy See.<ref name="kitchenwars"/>
Marmaggi then served as Nuncio to [[Second Republic of Poland|Poland]] from 1928 until he was made [[Cardinal-Priest]] of Santa Cecilia in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 16 December 1935 by Pius XI. Two years later, alongside Cardinals Maglione, [[Pietro Boetto]], [[Nicola Canali]], [[Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano]], [[Alberto di Jorio]], [[Giovanni Mercati]], [[Raffaele Rossi]], [[Carlo Salotti]], [[Federico Tedeschini]] and [[Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant]], he sat on a papal commission analyzing the situation created by the [[Spanish Civil War]] and its implications for [[Roman Catholicism in Spain|Roman Catholic clergy]] in [[Spain]].<ref name="redondo">Gonzalo Redondo, ''Historia de la Iglesia en España, 1931-1939'', Ediciones Rialp, Madrid, 1993, p.291. {{ISBN|84-321-3016-8}}</ref> The body was created because Pope Pius was alarmed by [[Spain under Franco|Nationalist]] leader [[Francisco Franco]]'s decision to overturn [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] reforms at a time when the zone controlled by Nationalist forces was much smaller than the Republican area.<ref name="redondo"/>
Marmaggi participated in the [[Papal conclave, 1939|conclave of 1939]] that elected [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]]. He left Poland in March 1939, when he was appointed cardinal and Prefect of the [[Congregation for the Clergy|Congregation of the Council]]. Reportedly, he wanted his successor in Poland to be [[Pope John XXIII|Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli]], the Nuncio to Turkey and Greece and future Pope John XXIII.<ref>[[Peter Hebblethwaite]], ''Pope John XXIII, Shepherd of the Modern World'', [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], New York, 1985, p.150</ref>
Marmaggi was Prefect until his death in 1949. A street in Rome was named in his honor "Via Cardinale Marmaggi".
==References== {{Reflist|2}}
{{s-start}} {{s-rel|ca}} {{succession box | before=[[Filippo Giustini]] | title=[[Congregation for the Clergy|Prefect of the Congregation of the Council]]| after=[[Domenico Jorio]] | years=14 March 1939 – 3 November 1949}} {{s-end}} {{Cardinals created by Pius XI}} {{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= Italy}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marmaggi, Francesco}} [[Category:20th-century Italian cardinals]] [[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Poland]] [[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Czechoslovakia]] [[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Romania]] [[Category:Clergy from Rome]] [[Category:20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops]] [[Category:1870 births]] [[Category:1949 deaths]] [[Category:Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council]] [[Category:Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni]] [[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Benedict XV]]