{{Short description|Species of strawberry}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Speciesbox |image = Illustration_Fragaria_vesca0.jpg |genus = Fragaria |species = vesca |authority = L.<ref name=POWO_30074127-2/> }} '''''Fragaria vesca''''', commonly called the '''woodland strawberry''', '''Alpine strawberry''', '''wild strawberry''', '''Carpathian strawberry''' or '''European strawberry''', is a perennial herbaceous plant in the rose family that grows naturally throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and that produces edible fruits.<ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Fragaria+vesca |last=Sullivan |first=Steven. K. |year=2015 |title=''Fragaria vesca'' |website=Wildflower Search |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS |symbol=FRVE |taxon=Fragaria vesca |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
The Latin specific epithet ''vesca'' literally means "thin" or "feeble",<ref name="RHSLG">{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |url=https://archive.org/details/rhslatinforgarde0000harr/mode/2up |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1845337315 |location=United Kingdom}}</ref> but likely carries the sense "edible" in this context (compare ''vescor'', "to eat").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Genaust |first=Helmut |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologischeswo0000gena |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen |date=1976 |isbn=978-3-0348-7651-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6}}</ref>
==Description== Five to eleven soft, hairy white flowers are borne on a green, soft fresh-hairy {{convert|3|-|15|cm|0}} stalk that usually lifts them above the leaves. The light-green leaves are trifoliate (in threes) with toothed margins. The plant spreads mostly by means of runners (stolons), but the seeds are viable and establish new populations.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web |url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Fragaria%20vesca |editor-last=Klinkenberg |editor-first=Brian |year=2014 |title=''Fragaria vesca'' |website=E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. |publisher=Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828233418/http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Fragaria%20vesca |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web |url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Fragaria&Species=vesca |editor-last=Giblin |editor-first=David |year=2015 |title=''Fragaria vesca'' |website=WTU Herbarium Image Collection |publisher=Burke Museum, University of Washington |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Fragaria%20vesca |year=2015 |title=''Fragaria vesca'' |website=Jepson eFlora: Taxon page |publisher=Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
Its fruit persists for an average of 1.2 days, which is possibly the shortest persistence of any fleshy fruit in Europe. It bears an average of 46.8 seeds per fruit, which is possibly the highest per fruit of any in Europe. Fruits average 84.0% water, and their dry weight includes 21.0% carbohydrates and 5.5% lipids, one of the higher lipid values among European fleshy fruits.{{sfn|Ehrlén|Eriksson|1991}}
==Taxonomy== Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) makes a distinction between wild or wood strawberries (''Fragaria vesca'') and alpine strawberries (''Fragaria alpina''),<ref name=Vilmorin1885>{{cite book |author=Vilmorin-Andrieux et cie |author-link1=Vilmorin-Andrieux |title=The Vegetable Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFBEAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Vegetable+Garden+Vilmorin-Andrieux+wood+strawberry&pg=PA538 |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |date=1885 |pages=538–539}}</ref> a distinction which is not made by most seed companies or nurseries, which usually sell ''Fragaria vesca'' as "alpine strawberry".
Under wild or wood strawberry, Vilmorin says:
{{quote|It has seldom been seen in gardens since the introduction of the Red Alpine Strawberry. ... Wood Strawberry possesses a quite particular perfume and delicacy of flavour. 2,500 seeds to the gramme.}}
Under alpine strawberry, Vilmorin says: {{quote|A very different plant to the Wood Strawberry, and distinguished by the greater size of all its parts — the fruit in particular — and especially by the property (which is particular to it) of producing flowers and fruit continuously all through the summer. ... The fruit has nearly the same appearance and flavour as that of the Wood Strawberry, but is generally larger, longer, and more pointed in shape. The seed is also perceptibly larger and longer. A gramme contains only about 1,500 seeds.}}
===Subspecies=== {{As of|2020|November}}, ''Plants of the World Online'' accepts two subspecies in addition to the autonym, ''Fragaria vesca'' subsp. ''vesca'':<ref name=POWO_30074127-2>{{cite web |title=''Fragaria vesca'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30074127-2 |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> *''Fragaria vesca'' subsp. ''americana'' <small>(Porter) Staudt</small> *''Fragaria vesca'' subsp. ''bracteata '' <small>(A.Heller) Staudt</small>
==Ecology== thumb|''Fragaria vesca'', fruiting plant [[File:Fragaria vesca - metsmaasikas.jpg|thumb|Wild strawberry in Estonia, Pakri Peninsula]]
Typical habitat is along trails and roadsides, embankments, hillsides, stone- and gravel-laid paths and roads, meadows, young woodlands, sparse forest, woodland edges, and clearings. Often plants can be found where they do not get sufficient light to form fruit. In the southern part of its range, it can grow only in shady areas; further north it tolerates more sun.<ref name=fire/> It is tolerant of a variety of moisture levels (except very wet or dry conditions).<ref name=fire/> It can survive mild fires and/or establish itself after fires.<ref name=fire/>
Although ''F. vesca'' primarily propagates via runners, viable seeds are also found in soil seed banks and seem to germinate when the soil is disturbed (away from existing populations of ''F. vesca'').<ref name=fire>{{FEIS |genus=Fragaria |species=vesca |type=forb |last=Munger |first=Gregory T.|date=2006 |access-date=6 August 2008}}</ref>
Its leaves serve as significant food source for a variety of ungulates, such as mule deer and elk, and the fruit are eaten by a variety of mammals and birds that also help to distribute the seeds in their droppings.<ref name=fire/>
It is a larval host to the two-banded checkered skipper.<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), ''Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects'', Timber Press.</ref>
==Genomics== {{Infobox genome | image = | caption = | taxId = 3314 | ploidy = diploid | chromosomes = 14 | size = | year = 2010 | organelle = | organelle-size = | organelle-year = }} The wild strawberry is used as an indicator plant for diseases that affect the garden strawberry. It is also used as a genetic model plant for garden strawberry and the family Rosaceae in general, due to its: *very small genome size *short reproductive cycle (14–15 weeks in climate-controlled greenhouses) *ease of propagation.
The genome of ''F. vesca'' was sequenced in 2010,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shulaev |first=Vladimir |date=December 2010 |title=The genome of woodland strawberry (''Fragaria vesca'') |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=109–116 |pmid=21186353 |doi=10.1038/ng.740 |pmc=3326587 |display-authors=etal |journal=Nature}}</ref> and with greater detail and accuracy in 2017 by the Knapp UC Davis program.<ref name="Wood-Straw">{{Unbulleted list citebundle |{{*}} {{cite journal |issue=2 |volume=7 |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) & Beijing Genomics Institute |journal=GigaScience |issn=2047-217X |last1=Edger |first1=Patrick P |last2=VanBuren |first2=Robert |last3=Colle |first3=Marivi |last4=Poorten |first4=Thomas J |last5=Wai |first5=Ching Man |last6=Niederhuth |first6=Chad E |last7=Alger |first7=Elizabeth I |last8=Ou |first8=Shujun |last9=Acharya |first9=Charlotte B |last10=Wang |first10=Jie |last11=Callow |first11=Pete |last12=McKain |first12=Michael R |last13=Shi |first13=Jinghua 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All strawberry (Fragaria) species have a base haploid count of seven chromosomes; ''Fragaria vesca'' is diploid, having two pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14.
thumb|Flower close-up thumb|Leaf close-up thumb|Fruit close-up thumb|Seeds close-up
==History, cultivation and uses== thumb|right|alt=Wild strawberries in a hand|Wild strawberry fruits collected in the forest in the Middle Urals Evidence from archaeological excavations suggests that ''Fragaria vesca'' has been consumed by humans since the Stone Age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue1/tomlinson/part2.html#S711 |title=Internet Archaeol 1. Tomlinson & Hall. 7 |work=intarch.ac.uk |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref>
Woodland strawberry fruit is strongly flavored, and is still collected and grown for domestic use and on a small scale commercially for the use of gourmets and as an ingredient for commercial jam, sauces, liqueurs, cosmetics and alternative medicine. In Turkey, hundreds of tons of wild fruit are harvested annually, mainly for export.<ref>{{citation |journal=Chronica Horticulturae |volume=47 |issue=2 |issn=0578-039X |date=June 2007 |title=Strawberry Production in Turkey |author=Ece Turhan and Sevgi Paydas Kargi |url=http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/ch4702.pdf |pages=18–20 |access-date=17 January 2009 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120020858/http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/ch4702.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Most of the cultivated varieties have a long flowering period (and have been considered by botanists as belonging to ''Fragaria vesca'' subsp. ''vesca'' 'Semperflorens'). They are usually called ''alpine strawberries''. They either form runners or multiple crowns in a cluster, fruit over a very long period with larger fruit than the common wood strawberry, and are usually propagated by seeds or division of the plants. The type in cultivation is usually everbearing and produces few runners. Plants tend to lose vigour after a few years due to their abundant fruiting and flowering with final decline caused by viral diseases.<ref>{{PFAF|Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens'| |access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> Large-fruiting forms are known since the 18th century and were called "Fressant" in France.<ref>{{citation |title=Les dessins d'A. N. Duchesne pour son Histoire naturelle des fraisiers |author=Staudt, Günter |year=2003 |publisher=Muséum Nat. d'histoire Naturelle |location=Paris}}</ref> Some cultivars have fruit that are white or yellow when fully ripe, instead of the normal red.
Cultivars that form stolons are often used as groundcover, while cultivars that do not may be used as border plants. Some cultivars are bred for their ornamental value. Hybrids, ''Fragaria'' × ''vescana'', have been created from crosses between woodland strawberry and garden strawberry. Hybrids between the woodland strawberry and the European species ''Fragaria viridis'' were in cultivation until around 1850, but are now lost.<ref>{{citation |doi=10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0053 |journal=Botanische Jahrbücher |volume=125 |issue=1 |date=December 2003 |title=Fragaria × bifera Duch.: Origin and taxonomy |first4=Pedro |last4=Gerstberger |first3=Thomas M. |last3=Davis |first2=Laura M. |last2=Dimeglio |last1=Staudt |first1=Günter |pages=53–72}}</ref>
Alpine strawberry has an undeserved reputation among home gardeners as hard to grow from seed, often with rumors of long and sporadic germination times, cold pre-chilling requirements, etc.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} In reality, with proper handling of the very small seeds (which can easily be washed away with rough watering), 80% germination rates at {{convert|70|F |C}} in 1–2 weeks are easily achievable.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
Alpine strawberries are sometimes included as edging plants in herbaceous borders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/12777.shtml |title=BBC - Gardening: Plant Finder - Alpine strawberry}}</ref>
===Garden varieties currently in cultivation=== <ref>{{citation |journal=Gartenpraxis |volume=35 |issue=4 |date=April 2009 |title=Von Monats-, Wald- und Moschuserdbeeren |author=Wachsmuth, Brigitte |pages=20–28}}</ref><ref>{{citation |journal=The Plantsman |volume=9 |issue=part 4 |date=December 2010 |title=Wild, alpine and musk strawberries |author=Wachsmuth, Brigitte |pages=245–249}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipke.de/atBrigitte/brigitte/list.htm |title=Annotated List of Alpine, Wild, and Musk Strawberry Varieties Currently in Cultivation |last1=Wachsmuth |first1=Brigitte |date=March 2014 |website=www.ipke.de |access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>
;Seed-propagated: * ''Rügen'', the first modern cultivar, ''i.e.'', runnerless, everbearing and large fruited — originating from Castle Putbus in Germany, first offered 1920 by the strawberry grower Emil Spangenberg from Morsleben. * ''Alexandria'', first offered 1964 by George W. Park Seed Co., USA * ''Baron Solemacher'', first offered 1935 by F. C. Heinemann, Germany * ''Weisse Solemacher'' (white fruited) first offered by F. C. Heinemann * ''Golden Alexandria'' (golden foliage).
;Cultivars: Forms with runners are still found in old gardens.
* ''{{lang|fr|Quarantaine de Prin}}'', France; commercially important before World War I, but now almost extinct; maybe identical to the variety ''Erigée de Poitou'' which was still offered around 1960. * ''Blanc Amélioré'', Great Britain; white-fruited; it is doubtful if the clone in circulation today is identical to the historical variety from around 1900 because of its non-everbearing habit; nevertheless a good variety with rather large, sometimes monstrous fruit of the Fressant type. * ''Illa Martin'', Germany; sold as an ornamental, white-fruited. Red achenes have been reported but have not been found. Most plants in circulation not true to name. * ''Gartenfreude'', Germany; large-fruited form, sometimes very large monstrous fruit of the Fressant type.
Curious mutations have arisen and are sometimes grown by plantsmen and other connoisseurs of the unusual: * ''Monophylla'' (“Strawberry of Versailles”; has one large leaflet instead of the normal three leaflets)<ref>[http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Flower-Garden/63-Fragaria-monophylla-One-Leaved-Strawberry-or-Strawberry-of-Versailles.html Chest of Books: William Curtis, ''The Botanical Magazine, or, Flower-Garden Displayed'', Vol. 1]</ref> - Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) stated as being raised by Duchesne.<ref name=Vilmorin1885/> * ''Multiplex'' (double flowered; sets less and smaller fruit) * ''Muricata'' (“Plymouth strawberry”; the flowers are composed of numerous small, leafy bracts; the fruit are similarly spiky).
== Chemistry == ''F. vesca'' contains the ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6.<ref>{{citation |title=Clarifying the Identity of the Main Ellagitannin in the Fruit of the Strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa Duch. |first1=Urska |last1=Vrhovsek |first2=Graziano |last2=Guella |first3=Mattia |last3=Gasperotti |first4=Elisa |last4=Pojer |first5=Mirella |last5=Zancato |first6=Fulvio |last6=Mattivi |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |year=2012 |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=2507–2516 |doi=10.1021/jf2052256 |pmid=22339338 |bibcode=2012JAFC...60.2507V}}</ref>
==See also== * Musk strawberry * Strawberry * Klubnika
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite journal |date=1991 |first1=Johan |last1=Ehrlén |first2=Ove |last2=Eriksson |title=Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants |pages=463–470 |doi=10.1007/BF00318311 |journal=Oecologia |issn=0029-8549 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pmid=28313326 |bibcode=1991Oecol..86..463E}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} {{wikispecies}} * {{PFAF|Fragaria vesca}} * [http://www.ipke.de/atBrigitte/brigitte/list.htm Annotated List Alpine, Wild, and Musk Strawberry Varieties Currently in Cultivation] * [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/magnoliopsida/rosaceae/fragaria/index.html#vesca www.funet.fi] Lists some insects it is foodplant for
{{fragaria}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q146684}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Berries Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of Northern America vesca Category:Garden plants of Europe Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Groundcovers Category:Medicinal plants Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus