{{Short description|none}} [[File:0000002 - (Pom Phra Sumen - 002).jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.2|Phra Sumen Fort is one of the remaining original forts that guarded the city of Rattanakosin.]]
The '''fortifications of Bangkok''' consist of several series of defensive structures built to protect the city during the late [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] to early [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Rattanakosin]] periods. The earliest structures were built when [[Bangkok]] was an outpost of Ayutthaya guarding entry to the [[Chao Phraya River]] during the 15th–16th centuries. These were reinforced when the city became the site of the short-lived capital of [[Thonburi Kingdom|Thonburi]] after the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. New [[defensive wall|walls]] and [[fort]]s were built when the city of Rattanakosin replaced Thonburi in 1782, which were mostly removed and replaced in the second half of the 19th century in order to accommodate the expanding city. Today, four of the city's defensive forts remain, along with two short sections of the Rattanakosin city wall and one of the city gates.
==History== ===Ayutthaya and Thonburi=== [[File:De Lamare construction plan for 1685 Bangkok forts 03.jpg|thumb|upright|Construction plan for the 1685 bastion forts, by French engineer de Lamare. Existing city walls are shown in red; only the eastern fort (bottom) was built.]]
As an important outpost guarding the Chao Phraya, Bangkok (then located on the west bank of the river) was protected by city walls. A pair of forts were located at the confluence of the old river channel and the new main channel excavated around 1538, straddling the new channel. Western maps of the late 17th century show the city wall in a rectangular shape, with the western fort as a [[cavalier (fortification)|cavalier]] raised over the southeast corner. Two smaller bastions protected the northwest and southwest corners.<ref name="Smithies">{{cite book|editor-last=Smithies|author1=General Desfarges|author2=Lieutenant de La Touche|author3=Jean Vollant des Verquains|editor-first=Michael|title=Three military accounts of the 1688 'revolution' in Siam|date=2002|publisher=Orchid Press|location=Bangkok|isbn=9789745240056}}</ref>
Around 1685–1687, the French-oriented King [[Narai]] commissioned the construction of Western-style [[bastion fort]]s to replace them. Construction was overseen by French engineer de la Mare, but only the eastern fort had been completed when resentment of the French's growing influence led to the [[Siamese revolution of 1688]]. The French garrison holding the fort was [[Siege of Bangkok|besieged by Siamese troops]] for four months before being allowed to retreat, and the fort was subsequently demolished during the reign of [[Phetracha]], who usurped the throne.<ref name="Wang Derm-Thonburi" />
Following the [[fall of Ayutthaya]] in 1767, the newly declared King [[Taksin]] established his capital at the site of Bangkok, to be known as the Thonburi Kingdom. He extended the city proper northward as far as Bangkok Noi Canal (part of the old river channel), and had a moat dug to protect the city's western flank. The city was also extended to the eastern bank, with a moat also creating an island on the eastern side. The city walls were rebuilt along the newly created moats. The old fort on the western bank of the river was renamed Wichaiprasit ({{langx|th|ป้อมวิไชยประสิทธิ์}}), and became part of the [[Thonburi royal palace]].<ref name="Wang Derm-Thonburi">{{cite web|title=สาระน่ารู้กรุงธนบุรี (Interesting facts about the city of Thonburi) |url=http://www.wangdermpalace.org/thonburi/index_thai.html |work=Phra Racha Wang Derm website |publisher=Phra Racha Wang Derm Restoration Foundation |access-date=11 December 2011 |language=th |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302033915/http://www.wangdermpalace.org/thonburi/index_thai.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 }}</ref>
===Early Rattanakosin=== [[File:Bangkok fortifications map.svg|thumb|upright=2|Map showing the locations of Bangkok's forts and walls]] Taksin was overthrown in 1782, and the new King Phutthayotfa Chulalok ([[Rama I]]) reestablished the capital as Rattanakosin, moving the city proper to the river's eastern bank. He had new outer moats dug, creating what is now known as [[Rattanakosin Island]]. He had the new fortifications rebuilt along these new boundaries, using materials salvaged from Taksin's old city walls and the ruins of King Narai's old fort, as well as the ruins of Ayutthaya's fortifications.<ref name="SU history" />
Rama I's city walls measured {{convert|7.2|km}} in length, encircling an area of {{convert|2589|rai|km2 sqmi|lk=in}}. Fourteen defensive forts were built along the walls, and 63 gates provided access to the walled city.<ref name="SU history">{{cite web|title=ประวัติความเป็นมา|trans-title=History|url=http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/history.htm|website=ศูนย์ข้อมูลเกาะรัตนโกสินทร์ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)|publisher=Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=20 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220225528/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each of the forts was named, and are as follows (from northernmost, in clockwise fashion):<ref name="SU wall">{{cite web|title=ป้อมและกำแพงเมือง|trans-title=Forts and city walls|url=http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/wall.htm|website=ศูนย์ข้อมูลเกาะรัตนโกสินทร์ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)|publisher=Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University|access-date=16 November 2017|language=th|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119042757/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/wall.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Phra Sumen Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมพระสุเมรุ}}), at the mouth of Bang Lamphu Canal (northern section of the outer moat) # Yukhonthon Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมยุคนธร}}), just north of [[Wat Bowonniwet]] # Maha Prap Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมมหาปราบ}}), between what are now [[Phan Fa Lilat Bridge|Phan Fa Lilat]] and [[Chaloem Wan Chat Bridge|Chaloem Wan Chat]] Bridges # Mahakan Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมมหากาฬ}}), now next to Phan Fa Lilat Bridge # Mu Thaluang Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมหมูทลวง}}), in front of the former [[Old Bangkok Remand Prison]] # Suea Thayan Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมเสือทยาน}}), just north of [[Sam Yot|Sam Yot Gate]] and [[Damrong Sathit Bridge]] # Maha Chai Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมมหาไชย}}), near what is now the intersection of Maha Chai and Yaowarat/Phiraphong roads # Chak Phet Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมจักรเพชร}}), just north of the mouth of Ong Ang Canal (southern section of the outer moat), near what is now [[Chak Phet Road]] # Phisuea Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมผีเสื้อ}}), near what is now [[Pak Khlong Talat]] # Maha Roek Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมมหาฤกษ์}}), opposite Wichaiprasit Fort, now the location of [[Rajini School]] # Maha Yak Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมมหายักษ์}}), next to [[Wat Pho]] # Phra Chan Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมพระจันทร์}}), next to what is now [[Tha Phra Chan]] # Phra Athit Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมพระอาทิตย์}}), at what is now the end of [[Phra Athit Road]] # Isinthon Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมอิสินธร}}), between Phra Athit and Phra Sumen Forts
[[File:Bangkok Wall Remnants near Wat Bowonniwet กำแพงเมืองเดิม บริเวณวัดบวรนิเวศ 03.jpg|thumb|The wall section in front of Wat Bowonniwet features the last remaining of the 16 tower gates.]] Of the 63 city gates, 16 were tower gates with pointed roofs. The rest were simple doors in the wall.<ref name="SU gate">{{cite web|title=กำแพงและประตูเมืองหน้าวัดบวรนิเวศวิหาร|trans-title=City wall and gates in front of Wat Bowonniwet Vihara|url=http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/bovan.htm|website=ศูนย์ข้อมูลเกาะรัตนโกสินทร์ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)|publisher=Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202135510/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/bovan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> All the gates bore enchantments warding off evil spirits, except for the gate known as Pratu Phi ({{lang|th|ประตูผี}}, "Ghost Gate"), which was used to transport dead bodies out of the city.<ref name="Pratu Phi" /> The Ghost Gate was left unenchanted in order to allow the spirits of the dead to pass. To prevent evil spirits entering, it was situated in the direct line of sight of the [[Emerald Buddha]], enshrined on the other side of the city in the royal temple of [[Wat Phra Kaew]].<ref name="Pratu Phi">{{cite journal|last1=Jiajanpong|first1=Pises|title=ประตูผี และหน้าที่ของ พระแก้วมรกต |trans-title=The Ghost Gate and the duty of the Emerald Buddha|journal=Silpa Wattanatham (Art & Culture Magazine)|date=December 2003 |orig-year=published online 8 October 2017|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/club/art-and-culture/article_10387|access-date=23 November 2017|language=th-TH}}</ref>{{efn|While the practice of human sacrifices during the erection of city gates was documented during the Ayutthaya period, there is no evidence of this having taken place in Bangkok.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Terwiel|first1=B.J.|title=The origin and meaning of the Thai 'city pillar'|journal=Journal of the Siam Society|date=July 1978|volume=66|issue=2|pages=159–71|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_066_2g_Terwiel_OriginAndMeaningOfThaiCityPillar.pdf|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>}}
Rama I's fortifications were built to address traditional defence concerns, especially the lingering threat of a Burmese invasion that continued on for several decades. However, they never came into actual military use, as the Burmese threat ended following the [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]] and Britain's colonization of Burma.<ref name="200 years" />
===1852 forts=== By the mid-19th century, Rattanakosin's walled city had become overcrowded, and King [[Mongkut]] (Rama IV) ordered the construction of [[Phadung Krung Kasem Canal]] in order to expand the city limits. Eight new forts were built in 1852 to guard the new boundary: seven along the canal, and one on the opposite bank of the river to the canal's mouth. Defensive walls, outdated by then, were no longer built.<ref name="SU wall" />
The eight new forts received rhyming names. From south to north, they are:<ref name="SU wall" />
# Pong Patchamit Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมป้องปัจจามิตร}}), opposite the southern mouth of the canal on the western bank, near what is now Khlong San District Office # Pit Patchanuek Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมปิดปัจจนึก}}), next to the canal's southern mouth, on the eastern bank, near what is now Samphanthawong District Office # Huek Hiam Han Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมฮึกเหี้ยมหาญ}}), a small fort used for firing [[gun salutes]] # Phlan Phairi Rap Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมผลาญไพรีราบ}}), in the area of what is now [[Hua Lamphong|Hua Lamphong Market]] # Prap Sattru Phai Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมปราบศัตรูพ่าย}}), near what is now [[Nopphawong Bridge]]. It is the namesake of [[Pom Prap Sattru Phai District]] # Thamlai Porapak Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมทำลายปรปักษ์}}), near what is now [[Chaturaphak Rangsarit Bridge]] # Hak Kamlang Datsakon Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมหักกำลังดัสกร}}), near what is now [[Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge]] # Maha Nakhon Raksa Fort ({{lang|th|ป้อมมหานครรักษา}}), next to the canal's northern mouth
===Demolition and preservation=== [[File:Phra Sumen Fort Bangkok - Day.jpg|thumb|Phra Sumen Fort]] Bangkok underwent rapid modernization beginning in the late 19th century, and by the 1920s most of the city's original forts and walls had been demolished to make way for the construction of roads and buildings. During the reign of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII, 1925–1935), the [[Royal Society (Thailand)|Royal Society]] resolved to preserve the two remaining original forts, Phra Sumen and Mahakan, for their historical value.<ref name="200 years">คณะกรรมการจัดงานสมโภชน์กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ 200 ปี. Reproduced in {{cite web|title=กว่าจะมาเป็นกรุงเทพฯ |url=http://203.155.220.230/info/passbkk/frame.asp |publisher=BMA Data Center |access-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116015848/http://203.155.220.230/info/passbkk/frame.asp |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref>
Today, Four of Bangkok's defensive forts remain, one of which is still in military use. Wichaiprasit Fort, the oldest, is now owned by the [[Royal Thai Navy]]. Phra Sumen Fort and Mahakan Fort are under the care of the [[Bangkok Metropolitan Administration]] (BMA), and part of Pong Patchamit Fort is preserved behind the Khlong San District Office. In addition, a section of the city wall is preserved in front of Wat Bowonniwet, and another section remains connected to Mahakan Fort. These structures, as well as the canals that formed the city moats, are listed as registered [[ancient monument (Thailand)|ancient monuments]].<ref name="SU wall" />
==Present structures== ===Wichaiprasit Fort=== [[File:Wichaiprasit Fort from the river (35603865420).jpg|thumb|Wichaiprasit Fort]] Wichaiprasit Fort ({{coord|13|44|32|N|100|29|27|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}) is now part of the [[Royal Thai Navy Headquarters]]. The fort, along with the royal palace of Thonburi, had been given for the establishment of the [[Royal Thai Naval Academy]] in 1903, and became home to the Navy's headquarters after the academy relocated in 1946. A gaff-rigged flagpole was erected in 1971, and has since been used to fly the Naval Ensign. The fort has been used ceremonially for the firing of gun salutes since 1979, when Memorial Bridge was permanently lowered, preventing warships from sailing upriver to perform the task.<ref name="KMUTT">{{cite web|title=ภาคผนวก ป้อมวิชเยนทร์ ป้อมวิชัยประสิทธิ์|url=http://3king.lib.kmutt.ac.th/KingTarksinCD/appendix_5.html|website=3king.lib.kmutt.ac.th|publisher=King Mongkut University of Technology Thonburi|access-date=23 November 2017|language=th}}</ref>
===Phra Sumen Fort=== Phra Sumen Fort is the northernmost of Rattanakosin's original forts, located at the mouth of Khlong Rop Krung (the moat) where it meets the river, today the corner of Phra Sumen and Phra Athit roads ({{coord|13|45|50|N|100|29|45|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}). The octagonal fort is built of masonry on a {{convert|2|m|adj=on}}-deep spread footing foundation. It is {{convert|45|m}} in diameter, and has a height of {{convert|10.5|m}} measured to top of the ''[[bai sema|sema]]''-shaped battlements of the upper level. The fort has rectangular battlements on the lower level, and is topped by a roofed heptagonal tower, which collapsed sometime during the reigns of kings Rama V to Rama VII and was rebuilt in 1981 to celebrate the bicentennial of the city's foundation. The surrounding area was subsequently developed into [[Santichaiprakan Park]], which opened in 2000.<ref name="SU Phra Sumen">{{cite web|title=ป้อมพระสุเมรุ|trans-title=Phra Sumen Fort|url=http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/prasumad.htm|website=ศูนย์ข้อมูลเกาะรัตนโกสินทร์ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)|publisher=Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University|access-date=28 November 2017|language=th|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108071522/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/prasumad.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Mahakan Fort=== [[File:ป้อมมหากาฬ Mahakarn Fort (2).JPG|thumb|Mahakan Fort]] Mahakan Fort is the easternmost fort of Rattanakosin's walls, now situated next to [[Phan Fa Lilat Bridge]] of [[Ratchadamnoen Avenue]] and the junction of [[Khlong Maha Nak]] (the beginning of [[Saen Saep Canal]]) and Khlong Rop Krung ({{coord|13|45|20|N|100|30|20|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}). The fort, also octagonal in shape and in three levels, has a diameter of {{convert|38|m}} and a height of {{convert|19|m}}, measured to the roof of the octagonal tower. Mahakan Fort has rectangular battlements on both its lower and upper levels, while the connected {{convert|180|m|adj=on}}-long section of the city walls features ''sema''-shaped battlements. The fort and walls were also restored in 1981 for the city's bicentennial.<ref name="SU Mahakan">{{cite web|title=ป้อมมหากาฬและกำแพงเมือง|trans-title=Mahakan Fort and city walls|url=http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/mahakan.htm|website=ศูนย์ข้อมูลเกาะรัตนโกสินทร์ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)|publisher=Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University|access-date=28 November 2017|language=th|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503023102/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/ratanagosin/mahakan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Near Mahakan Fort, between the city wall and the canal, lies an old community whose wooden houses serve as an example of historic vernacular architecture. The community has been engaged in a decades-long struggle against eviction by the BMA, which intends to develop the area as a public park. Although agreements had been made in the 2000s to preserve and develop the neighbourhood as a living museum, the deals later broke down, and the BMA began demolishing houses whose owners accepted compensation in 2016. Other residents are still resisting eviction as of 2017, and there are still hopes that some of the buildings will be preserved.<ref>{{cite book|author1=ICOMOS Thailand|editor1-last=Petzet|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Ziesemer|editor2-first=John|title=ICOMOS World Report 2006-2007 on Monuments and Sites in Danger|publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites|pages=150–1|url=http://www.icomos.org/risk/world_report/2006-2007/pdf/H@R_2006-2007_41_National_Report_Thailand.pdf|access-date=28 November 2017|chapter=Thailand: Cooperation on cultural heritage conservation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mydans|first1=Seth|title=Fighting Restoration by Clinging to Remnants of the Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/world/asia/fort-mahakan-eviction-bangkok-thailand.html|access-date=28 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=4 January 2017}}</ref> As of April 2018, all remaining residents have been evicted, and plans are underway to tear the remaining buildings down. However, the Mahakan Fort Community’s Facebook page has announced an initiative to create an online database about the Mahakan Fort community, and is [[crowdsourcing]] information about the site.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/national/30343795|title=Mahakan Fort Community to live on in the virtual world - The Nation|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}}</ref> In July 2018, BMA was completely developed surrounding area of Mahakan Fort to become a public park and the fort exhibition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://workpointnews.com/2018/07/24/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B001/|work=[[เวิร์คพอยท์ทีวี]]|date=2016-07-24|access-date=2018-07-25|title=กทม.เปิด "สวนสาธารณะป้อมมหากาฬ" อย่างเป็นทางการวันนี้|archive-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726040908/https://workpointnews.com/2018/07/24/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B001/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BLUESKYChannel/videos/1450246661744760/|work=[[ฟ้าวันใหม่]]|date=2016-07-24|access-date=2018-07-25|title=ข่าวฟ้ายามเย็น}}</ref>
===City wall in front of Wat Bowonniwet=== Another section of the city wall, {{convert|40|m}} in length, along with a tower gate, remains in front of Wat Bowonniwet ({{coord|13|45|36|N|100|30|06|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}). The wall here is {{convert|1.8|m}} thick and {{convert|6|m}} high. Also featuring ''sema''-shaped battlements, steps beside the gate provided access to the top of the wall. The gate's {{convert|12|m|adj=on}} pointed roof, which had earlier collapsed, was rebuilt in 1981 using photographic evidence from the reign of King Rama V.<ref name="SU wall" />
===Pong Patchamit Fort=== [[File:ป้อมป้องปัจจามิตร เขตคลองสาน กรุงเทพมหานคร (8).jpg|thumb|Section of the walls of Pong Patchamit Fort]] Pong Patchamit Fort is the only remaining of those built in 1852–1854 to guard Phadung Krung Kasem Canal. In contrast to the earlier forts which were towers in the city wall, these were large star-shaped forts similar to those of Western design. Pong Patchamit Fort is situated on the west bank of the river, today in [[Khlong San District]] ({{coord|13|43|51|N|100|30|34|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}). It guarded the river together with the opposite Pit Patchanuek Fort, and fired gun salutes welcoming royal envoys during the time of King Mongkut. During King Chulalongkorn's reign, the Marine Department began flying signal flags from a pole installed at the fort.<ref name="Navikasart" />
Today, only a small section of the fort remains (an estimated area of {{convert|852|m2}} out of the original {{convert|10233|m2}}). While official requests to scrap the fort for materials were documented as early as 1907, these were initially rejected, and it is unknown when the partial demolition took place. The site remains under the authority of the Marine Department, while the Khlong San District Office building now occupies part of the fort's former area.<ref name="Navikasart">{{cite journal|last1=Khlainathon|first1=Watchara|title=ป้อมป้องปัจจามิตรที่คลองสาน (ตอนที่ 1)|journal=Navikasart|date=January 2008|pages=57–65|url=http://www.rtni.org/library/download/2551/january/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99(%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%201)%20%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%202551.pdf|access-date=23 November 2017|trans-title=The Pong Patchamit Fort at Khlong San (part 1)|language=th}}<br />{{cite journal|last1=Khlainathon|first1=Watchara|title=ป้อมป้องปัจจามิตรที่คลองสาน (ตอนอวสาน)|journal=Navikasart|date=February 2008|pages=50–57|url=http://www.rtni.org/library/download/2551/February/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99(%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99)%20%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%202551.pdf|access-date=23 November 2017|trans-title=The Pong Patchamit Fort at Khlong San (final part)|language=th}}</ref>
==See also== * [[History of Bangkok]]
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Forts in Bangkok}} * {{Commons category-inline|City wall remnants in Bangkok}}
[[Category:Fortifications in Thailand]] [[Category:History of Bangkok]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Bangkok]]