{{Short description|Classification based on users' tags}} {{Distinguish|Folk taxonomy}} '''Folksonomy''' is a [[classification system]] in which [[end users]] apply public [[Tag (metadata)|tags]] to online items, typically to make those items easier for themselves or others to find later. Over time, this can give rise to a classification system based on those tags and how often they are applied or searched for, in contrast to a [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomic]] classification designed by the owners of the [[Content (media)|content]] and specified when it is published.<ref>{{cite news | title = Folksonomies. Indexing and Retrieval in Web 2.0. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Aeib_wy18gkC&q=folksonomies.+Indexing+and+Retrieval+in+Web+2.0 | first = Isabella | last = Peters | work = Berlin: [[De Gruyter Saur]] | year = 2009 |isbn=978-3-598-25179-5}} (isabella-peters.de)</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Folksonomy | first = Daniel H. | last = Pink | author-link = Daniel H. Pink | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/magazine/11ideas1-21.html | work = [[New York Times]] | date = 11 December 2005 | access-date = 14 July 2009 }}</ref> This practice is also known as '''collaborative tagging''',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lambiotte|first1= R |title= Computational Science – ICCS 2006 |volume= 3993 |pages= 1114–1117 |first2= M. |last2=Ausloos|year= 2005|arxiv= cs.DS/0512090 |doi= 10.1007/11758532_152 |series= Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn=978-3-540-34383-7 |s2cid= 47144489 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Borne|first1=Kirk|title=Collaborative Annotation for Scientific Data Discovery and Reuse|url=http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Apr-13/AprMay13_RDAP_Borne.html|website=Bulletin of Association for Information Science and Technology|publisher=[[ASIS&T]]|access-date=26 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073440/http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Apr-13/AprMay13_RDAP_Borne.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''social classification''', '''social indexing''', and '''social tagging'''. Folksonomy was originally "the result of personal free tagging of information [...] for one's own retrieval",<ref name="folksonomy-coinage">{{cite news | title = Folksonomy Coinage and Definition | url = http://www.vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html | first = Thomas | last = Vander Wal | author-link=Thomas Vander Wal | date = 11 December 2005 }}</ref> but online sharing and interaction expanded it into more collaborative forms. ''Social tagging'' is the application of tags in an open online environment where the tags of other users are available to others. ''Collaborative tagging'', also known as group tagging, is a form of tagging that is performed by a group of users. This type of folksonomy is commonly used in cooperative and collaborative projects, including research, content repositories, and social bookmarking.
The term was coined by [[Thomas Vander Wal]] in 2004<ref name="folksonomy-coinage"/><ref>Vander Wal, T. (2005). "[http://www.vanderwal.net/random/category.php?cat=153 Off the Top: Folksonomy Entries]." Visited November 5, 2005. See also: Smith, Gene. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040828035712/http://atomiq.org/archives/2004/08/folksonomy_social_classification.html Atomiq: Folksonomy: social classification]." Aug 3, 2004. Retrieved January 1, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html Origin of the term]</ref> as a [[portmanteau]] of ''[[Volk (German word)|folk]]'' and ''[[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]]''. Folksonomies became popular as part of [[social software]] applications such as [[social bookmarking]] and photograph annotation that enable users to collectively classify and find information via shared tags. Some websites include [[tag cloud]]s as a way to visualize tags in a folksonomy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lamere | first1 = Paul | title = Social Tagging And Music Information Retrieval | journal = Journal of New Music Research | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–114 | date = June 2008 | doi = 10.1080/09298210802479284 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.492.2457 | s2cid = 17063867 }}</ref>
Folksonomies can be used for [[K–12]] education, business, and higher education. More specifically, folksonomies may be implemented for social bookmarking, teacher resource repositories, e-learning systems, collaborative learning, collaborative research, professional development and teaching. [[Wikipedia]] is a prime example of folksonomy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bryzgalin |first1=E.A. |last2=Voiskounsky |first2=A.E. |last3=Kozlovskiy |first3=S.A. |title=Psychological Analysis of Practical Experience in "Wikipedia" Development |journal=Sibirskiy Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal |date=1 September 2019 |issue=73 |pages=17–39 |doi=10.17223/17267080/73/2|s2cid=210557805 |doi-access= }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2020}}{{clarify|date=May 2020}}
==Benefits and disadvantages== Folksonomies are a trade-off between traditional centralized classification and no classification at all,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=M. |last2=Li |first2=R. |last3=Yin |first3=Z. |last4=Han |first4=J. |chapter=An Overview of Social Tagging and Applications |editor-first=C.C. |editor-last=Aggarwal |title=Social Network Data Analytics |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4419-8462-3 |pages=447–497 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-8462-3_16 |citeseerx=10.1.1.724.2482 |bibcode=2011snda.book..447G}}</ref> and have several advantages:<ref>Quintarelli, E., ''Folksonomies: power to the people''. 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite CiteSeerX |first=A. |last=Mathes |title=Folksonomies — Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata |date=2004 |citeseerx=10.1.1.135.1000}}</ref><ref>Wal, T.V. ''Folksonomy''. 2007</ref> * Tagging is easy to understand and do, even without training and previous knowledge in classification or indexing * The vocabulary in a folksonomy directly reflects the user's vocabulary * Folksonomies are flexible, in the sense that the user can add or remove tags * Tags consist of both popular content and long-tail content, enabling users to browse and discover new content even in narrow topics * Tags reflect the user's conceptual model without cultural, social, or political bias * Enable the creation of communities, in the sense that users who apply the same tag have a common interest * Folksonomies are multi-dimensional, in the sense that users can assign any number and combination of tags to express a concept
There are several disadvantages with the use of tags and folksonomies as well,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kipp |first1=M.E. |last2=Campbell |first2=D.G. |title=Patterns and Inconsistencies in Collaborative Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices |journal=Proc. Am. Soc. Info. Sci. Tech. |volume=43 |issue= |pages=1–18 |year=2006 |doi=10.1002/meet.14504301178 |hdl=10150/105181 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and some of the advantages can lead to problems. For example, the simplicity in tagging can result in poorly applied tags.<ref>{{cite journal |first=S. |last=Hayman |title=Folksonomies and Tagging: New developments in social bookmarking |date=2007 |journal=Proceedings of Ark Group Conference: Developing and Improving Classification Schemes, 2007, Sydney |citeseerx=10.1.1.138.8884}}</ref> Further, while controlled vocabularies are exclusionary by nature,<ref>Kroski, E., The Hive Mind: ''Folksonomies and User-Based Tagging. 2005''</ref> tags are often ambiguous and overly personalized.<ref name=Guy06>{{cite journal |last1=Guy |first1=M. |first2=E. |last2=Tonkin |title=Folksonomies: Tidying up Tags? |journal=D-Lib Magazine |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |year=2006 |doi=10.1045/january2006-guy |doi-access=free |citeseerx=10.1.1.501.4598 |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january06/guy/01guy.html}}</ref> Users apply tags to documents in many different ways and tagging systems also often lack mechanisms for handling [[synonym]]s, [[acronym]]s and [[homonym]]s, and they also often lack mechanisms for handling [[spelling]] variations such as misspellings, [[Grammatical number|singular/plural]] form, [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] words. Some tagging systems do not support tags consisting of multiple words, resulting in tags like "viewfrommywindow". Sometimes users choose specialized tags or tags without meaning to others.
==Elements and types== A folksonomy emerges when users tag content or information, such as web pages, photos, videos, podcasts, tweets, scientific papers and others. Strohmaier et al.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M. |last1=Strohmaier |first2=C. |last2=Körner |first3=R. |last3=Kern |title=Understanding why users tag: A survey of tagging motivation literature and results from an empirical study |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=17 |pages=1–11 |year=2012 |issue=C |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2012.09.003 |pmc=3587461 |pmid=23471473 |citeseerx=10.1.1.353.5120}}</ref> elaborate the concept: the term "tagging" refers to a "voluntary activity of users who are annotating resources with term-so-called 'tags' – freely chosen from an unbounded and uncontrolled vocabulary". Others explain tags as an unstructured textual label<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ames |first1=Morgan |last2=Naaman |first2=Mor |chapter=Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media |title=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=ACM |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-593-9 |pages=971–980 |doi=10.1145/1240624.1240772|s2cid=13039172 }}</ref> or keywords,<ref name=Guy06/> and that they appear as a simple form of metadata.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=C.H. |last2=Montanez |first2=N. |chapter=Improved Annotation of the Blogosphere via Autotagging and Hierarchical Clustering |title=Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web |publisher=ACM Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-59593-323-9 |pages=625–632 |doi=10.1145/1135777.1135869 |citeseerx=10.1.1.78.5132|s2cid=2838063 }}</ref>
Folksonomies consist of three basic entities: users, tags, and resources. Users create tags to mark resources such as: web pages, photos, videos, and podcasts. These tags are used to manage, categorize and summarize online content. This collaborative tagging system also uses these tags as a way to index information, facilitate searches and navigate resources. Folksonomy also includes a set of URLs that are used to identify resources that have been referred to by users of different websites. These systems also include category schemes that have the ability to organize tags at different levels of granularity.<ref name="Berlin, B. 1992">{{cite book |first=B. |last=Berlin |title=Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTIABAAAQBAJ |date=2014 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6259-7}}</ref>
Vander Wal identifies two types of folksonomy: broad and narrow.<ref name="Vander Wal">{{cite web |title=Explaining and Showing Broad and Narrow Folksonomies |url=http://www.vanderwal.net/random/entrysel.php?blog=1635 | last = Vander Wal | first=Thomas |access-date= 2013-03-05}}</ref> A broad folksonomy arises when multiple users can apply the same tag to an item, providing information about which tags are the most popular. A narrow folksonomy occurs when users, typically fewer in number and often including the item's creator, tag an item with tags that can each be applied only once. While both broad and narrow folksonomies enable the searchability of content by adding an associated word or phrase to an object, a broad folksonomy allows for sorting based on the popularity of each tag, as well as the tracking of emerging trends in tag usage and developing vocabularies.<ref name="Vander Wal"/>
An example of a broad folksonomy is [[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]], a website where users can tag any online resource they find relevant with their own personal tags. The photo-sharing website [[Flickr]] is an oft-cited example of a narrow folksonomy.
==Folksonomy versus taxonomy== 'Taxonomy' refers to a hierarchical [[categorization]] in which relatively well-defined classes are nested under broader categories. A ''folksonomy'' establishes categories (each tag is a category) without stipulating or necessarily deriving a hierarchical structure of parent-child relations among different tags. (Work has been done on techniques for deriving at least loose hierarchies from clusters of tags.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laniado|first1=David|title=Using WordNet to turn a folksonomy into a hierarchy of concepts|journal=CEUR Workshop Proceedings|volume=314|issue=51|url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-314/51.pdf|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>)
Supporters of folksonomies claim that they are often preferable to taxonomies because folksonomies democratize the way information is organized, they are more useful to users because they reflect current ways of thinking about domains, and they express more information about domains.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=David|title=Folksonomy as Symbol|url=http://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/?p=6254|website=Joho the Blog|date=8 December 2006 |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Critics claim that folksonomies are messy and thus harder to use, and can reflect transient trends that may misrepresent what is known about a field.
An empirical analysis of the complex dynamics of tagging systems, published in 2007,<ref name="WWW07-ref" >{{cite book |last1=Halpin |first1=Harry |last2=Robu |first2=Valentin |last3=Shepherd |first3=Hana |chapter=The Complex Dynamics of Collaborative Tagging |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web |publisher=ACM Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-654-7 |pages=211–220 |doi=10.1145/1242572.1242602 |citeseerx=10.1.1.78.5341|s2cid=13935265 }}</ref> has shown that consensus around stable distributions and shared vocabularies does emerge, even in the absence of a central [[controlled vocabulary]]. For content to be searchable, it should be categorized and grouped. While this was believed to require commonly agreed on sets of content describing tags (much like keywords of a journal article), some research has found that in large folksonomies common structures also emerge on the level of categorizations.<ref name="TWEB-ref" >{{cite journal |first1=V. |last1=Robu |first2=H. |last2=Halpin |first3=H. |last3=Shepherd |title=Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems |journal=ACM Transactions on the Web |volume=3 |issue=4 |at=Article 14 pp 1–34 |year=2009 |doi=10.1145/1594173.1594176 |s2cid=3330929 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268192/1/ACMTransactionsPreprint.pdf }}</ref> Accordingly, it is possible to devise mathematical [[models of collaborative tagging]] that allow for translating from personal tag vocabularies (personomies) to the vocabulary shared by most users.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wetzker |first1=R. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=C. |last3=Bauckhage |first3=C. |last4=Albayrak |first4=S. |chapter=I tag, you tag: translating tags for advanced user models |title=Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining |publisher=ACM Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60558-889-6 |pages=71–80 |doi=10.1145/1718487.1718497|s2cid=9144393 |url=http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-141427.html }}</ref>
Folksonomy is unrelated to [[folk taxonomy]], a cultural practice that has been widely documented in anthropological and [[folkloristics|folkloristic]] work. Folk taxonomies are culturally supplied, intergenerationally transmitted, and relatively stable classification systems that people in a given culture use to make sense of the entire world around them (not just the [[Internet]]).<ref name="Berlin, B. 1992"/>
The study of the structuring or classification of folksonomy is termed ''folksontology''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Into Ontologies |first2=C. |last2=Van Damme |first3=K. |last3=Siorpaes |chapter=Folksontology: An Integrated Approach for turning Folksonomies into Ontologies |chapter-url=http://www.heppnetz.de/files/vandammeheppsiorpaes-folksontology-semnet2007-crc.pdf |title=International Workshop on Bridging the Gap between Semantic Web and Web 2.0 (SemNet 2007), at the 4th European Semantic Web Conference |publisher= |year=2007 |isbn= |pages=57–70 |citeseerx=10.1.1.379.5516}}</ref> This branch of [[ontology (information science)|ontology]] deals with the intersection between highly structured taxonomies or hierarchies and loosely structured folksonomy, asking what best features can be taken by both for a system of classification. The strength of flat-tagging schemes is their ability to relate one item to others like it. Folksonomy allows large disparate groups of users to collaboratively label massive, dynamic information systems. The strength of taxonomies are their browsability: users can easily start from more generalized knowledge and target their queries towards more specific and detailed knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trattner |first1=C. |last2=Körner |first2=C. |last3=Helic |first3=D. |chapter=Enhancing the Navigability of Social Tagging Systems with Tag Taxonomies |title=Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Technologies |publisher=ACM |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4503-0732-1 |at=Article 18 |doi=10.1145/2024288.2024310|s2cid=1687654 }}</ref> Folksonomy looks to categorize tags and thus create browsable spaces of information that are easy to maintain and expand.
== Social tagging for knowledge acquisition == Social tagging for [[knowledge acquisition]] is the specific use of tagging for finding and re-finding specific content for an individual or group. Social tagging systems differ from traditional taxonomies in that they are community-based systems lacking the traditional hierarchy of taxonomies. Rather than a top-down approach, social tagging relies on users to create the folksonomy from the bottom up.<ref name=Held09>{{cite book |last1=Held |first1=C. |last2=Cress |first2=U. |chapter=Learning by Foraging: The impact of social tags on knowledge acquisition |title=Learning in the synergy of multiple disciplines |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-642-04636-0 |pages=254–266 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-04636-0_24 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series |volume=5794}}</ref>
Common uses of social tagging for knowledge acquisition include personal development for individual use and collaborative projects. Social tagging is used for knowledge acquisition in secondary, post-secondary, and graduate education as well as personal and business research. The benefits of finding/re-finding source information are applicable to a wide spectrum of users. Tagged resources are located through search queries rather than searching through a more traditional file folder system.<ref>{{cite book |first=W.-T. |last=Fu |chapter=The microstructures of social tagging: a rational model |title=Proceedings of the ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work |publisher=ACM |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-60558-007-4 |pages=229–238 |doi=10.1145/1460563.1460600|s2cid=2202814 }}</ref> The social aspect of tagging also allows users to take advantage of metadata from thousands of other users.<ref name=Held09 />
Users choose individual tags for stored resources. These tags reflect personal associations, categories, and concept, all of which are individual representations based on meaning and relevance to that individual. The tags, or keywords, are designated by users. Consequently, tags represent a user's associations corresponding to the resource. Commonly tagged resources include videos, photos, articles, websites, and email.<ref name=Kimmerle10>{{cite journal |last1=Kimmerle |first1=J. |last2=Cress |first2=U. |last3=Held |first3=C. |title=The interplay between individual and collective knowledge: technologies for organisational learning and knowledge building |journal=Knowledge Management Research & Practice |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |year=2010 |doi=10.1057/kmrp.2009.36 |citeseerx=10.1.1.401.6930|s2cid=16431803 }}</ref> Tags are beneficial for a couple of reasons. First, they help to structure and organize large amounts of digital resources in a manner that makes them easily accessible when users attempt to locate the resource at a later time. The second aspect is social in nature, that is to say that users may search for new resources and content based on the tags of other users. Even the act of browsing through common tags may lead to further resources for knowledge acquisition.<ref name=Held09 />
Tags that occur more frequently with specific resources are said to be more strongly connected. Furthermore, tags may be connected to each other. This may be seen in the frequency in which they co-occur. The more often they co-occur, the stronger the connection. Tag clouds are often utilized to visualize connectivity between resources and tags. Font size increases as the strength of association increases.<ref name=Kimmerle10 />
Tags show interconnections of concepts that were formerly unknown to a user. Therefore, a user's current cognitive constructs may be modified or augmented by the metadata information found in aggregated social tags. This process promotes knowledge acquisition through cognitive irritation and equilibration. This theoretical framework is known as the co-evolution model of individual and collective knowledge.<ref name=Kimmerle10 />
The co-evolution model focuses on cognitive conflict in which a learner's prior knowledge and the information received from the environment are dissimilar to some degree.<ref name=Held09 /><ref name=Kimmerle10 /> When this incongruence occurs, the learner must work through a process cognitive equilibration in order to make personal cognitive constructs and outside information congruent. According to the coevolution model, this may require the learner to modify existing constructs or simply add to them.<ref name=Held09 /> The additional cognitive effort promotes information processing which in turn allows individual learning to occur.<ref name=Kimmerle10 />
==Examples== * [[Archive of Our Own]]: [[fan fiction]] archive<ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Ludi |chapter=Fandom, Folksonomies and Creativity: the case of the Archive of Our Own |title=The Human Position in an Artificial World: Creativity, Ethics and AI in Knowledge Organization |date=2019 |pages=11–37 |doi=10.5771/9783956505508-11 |isbn=9783956505508 |chapter-url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25151/1/Price_ISKO19_Proof.pdf |publisher=Ergon Verlag |location=Germany|s2cid=201388266 }}</ref> * [[BibSonomy]]: social bookmarking and publication-sharing system * [[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]]: public tagging service * [[Diigo]]: [[social bookmarking]] website * [[Flickr]]: shared photos * [[Instagram]]: online photo-sharing and social networking service * Many [[Library catalog#Online catalogs|libraries' online catalogs]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=T. |last=Steele |title=The new cooperative cataloging |journal=Library Hi Tech |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=68–77 |year=2009 |doi=10.1108/07378830910942928 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=C.A. |last1=Harper |author2-link=Barbara B. Tillett |first2=B.B. |last2=Tillett |title=Library of Congress Controlled Vocabularies and Their Application to the Semantic Web |journal=Cataloging & Classification Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |pages=47–68 |year=2007 |doi=10.1300/J104v43n03_03 |s2cid=61603617 |url=https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/3269/1/ccq_s |access-date=2020-01-11 |archive-date=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410094132/https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/3269/1/ccq_s |url-status=bot: unknown |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Last.fm]]: music listening community and algorithmic radio stations * [[Mendeley]]: social reference management software * [[MusicBrainz]]: online music metadata database * [[OpenStreetMap]]: map database<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mocnik |first1=Franz-Benjamin |last2=Zipf |first2=Alexander |last3=Raifer |first3=Martin |title=The OpenStreetMap folksonomy and its evolution |journal=Geo-spatial Information Science |date=3 July 2017 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.1080/10095020.2017.1368193|s2cid=81977662 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017GSIS...20..219M }}</ref> * [[Pinterest]]: photo sharing and saving website * [[Steam (service)|Steam]]: video game store * [[StumbleUpon]]: content discovery engine * [[Twitter]] [[hashtag]]s * [[Tumblr]] tags * The [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s [[Annotea]] project with user-generated tags in 2002. * [[WordPress]]: blogging tool and Content Management System
==See also== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Automatic image annotation|Autotagging]] * [[Blogosphere]] * [[Collective intelligence]] * [[Enterprise bookmarking]] * [[Folk taxonomy]] * [[Faceted classification]] * [[Hierarchical clustering]] * [[Semantic annotation]] * [[Semantic similarity]] * [[Thesaurus]] * [[Weak ontology]] * [[Wiki]] {{div col end}}
==References== {{Reflist}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Bateman |first1=S. |last2=Brooks |first2=C. |last3=McCalla |first3=G. |last4=Brusilovsky |first4=P. |chapter=Applying collaborative tagging to e-learning |chapter-url=http://www.www2007.org/workshops/paper_56.pdf |title=Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2007) |date=2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.64.8892}} * {{cite journal |last1=Civan |first1=A. |last2=Jones |first2=W. |last3=Klasnja |first3=P. |last4=Bruce |first4=H. |title=Better to organize personal information by folders or by tags?: The devil is in the details |journal=Proc. Am. Soc. Info. Sci. Tech. |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=2008 |doi=10.1002/meet.2008.1450450214 |citeseerx=10.1.1.164.320|s2cid=14892229 }} * {{cite book |first=É. |last=Lavoué |chapter=Social tagging to enhance collaborative learning |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=He4LBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |editor= |title=Advances in Web-Based Learning-ICWL 2011 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |publisher=Springer |location= |date=2011 |volume=7048 |isbn=978-3-642-25813-8 |pages=92–101 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-25813-8_10 |s2cid=216119383 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00652614/file/ICWL2011_Lavoue.pdf }} * {{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Vander Wal |title=Folksonomy Coinage and Definition |date= |url=http://www.vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html}} * {{cite book |first=David |last=Weinberger |title=Everything Is Miscellaneous: The Power of the New Digital Disorder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl0DGfKPn2MC |date=2007 |publisher=Henry Holt |isbn=978-1-4299-2795-6}} {{refend}}
==External links== * {{cite news |title=Folksonomy |newspaper=New York Times |date=2005-12-11 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/magazine/11ideas1-21.html}} * {{cite news |title=Folksonomies Tap People Power |newspaper=[[Wired News]] |date=2005-02-01 |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/02/66456 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Information Services & Use]] |title=Folksonomy and science communication |issue=27 |year=2007 |pages=97–103 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275713124}}{{spaced ndash}} Folksonomies as a tool for professional scientific databases * [http://www.hyperorg.com/blogger/misc/taxonomies_and_tags.html "The Three Orders"]: 2005 explanation of tagging and folksonomies ([https://web.archive.org/web/20191009184438/https://hyperorg.com/blogger/misc/taxonomies_and_tags.html Archived version]) * [http://www.vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html Vanderwal's definition of folksonomy] * [http://www.vanderwal.net/random/entrysel.php?blog=1750 Vanderwal's take on Wikipedia's definition of folksonomy] * [http://er.educause.edu/articles/2011/9/classroom-collaboration-using-social-bookmarking-service-diigo Classroom Collaboration Using Social Bookmarking Service Diigo]
{{Web syndication}} {{Semantic Web}}
[[Category:Folksonomy| ]] [[Category:Collective intelligence]] [[Category:Knowledge representation]] [[Category:Metadata]] [[Category:Semantic Web]] [[Category:Social bookmarking]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Web 2.0 neologisms]] [[Category:Sociology of knowledge]] [[Category:Information architecture]] [[Category:Crowdsourcing]]