{{Short description|Borrowings from Finnic languages}} {{distinguish|Pan-Finnicism|Finnicization|Finlandization}} A '''finnicism''' or '''fennicism''' is a word or grammatical feature borrowed from Finnic languages into a non-Finnic one. Most often they occur in the contacting languages: Indo-European (Slavic, Germanic and Baltic), other Ugric languages, as well as Turkic (Chuvash, Tatar).
A well-known Finnicism in many languages is "sauna".
A few of them exist in Lithuanian, e.g., ''burė'', sail (cf. Estonian and Finnish ''purje''), ''laivas'', ship (cf. Finnish ''laiva''), etc.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120103230254/http://ualgiman.dtiltas.lt/skoliniai.html "Skoliniai"] [loanwords]</ref>
{{ill|Marta Rudzīte|lv}} reports that there are about 500 finnicisms in Latvian. In particular, there was an influence of Livonian (and vice versa).<ref>Marta Rudzīte, ''Latviešu un lībiešu valodas savstarpējā ietekme''</ref>
An early record of Finnicisms in East Slavic manuscripts was reported in 1893 by Izmail Sreznevsky in his book ''Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка по письменным памятникам''.<ref name="archive">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00157190|website=archive.org|title=Материалы для словаря древнерусского языка по письменным памятникам. Том 1. А-К : И.И.Срезневский |date=1893 |access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> In Russian language there are many Finnic toponyms.<ref>Шилов, А.Л. Чудские мотивы в древнерусской топонимии / А. Л. Шилов. - Москва : Изд. группа "Реформ-пресс", 1996. - 95 с.; 21 см.; {{ISBN|5-88971-006-0}}</ref> The old Slavic word ''пъре'', from Finnish ''purje'', "sail", is used in the old ''Primary Chronicle''.<ref name="russkayarech">{{cite web|url=https://russkayarech.ru/sites/default/files/journals/1999/1999-4.pdf|date=2020-03-22|title=БЕЗ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА У НАС НЕТ БУДУЩЕГО|author=Kostomarov, V. G.|work=РУССКИМ ЯЗЫК В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ|access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> There are many Finnicisms in the dialects of Russian North.<ref>Л. П. Михайлова, [http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/mikhailova-04.htm ПРИБАЛТИЙСКО-ФИНСКИЙ КОМПОНЕНТ В РУССКОМ СЛОВЕ], In: Русская и сопоставительная филология: состояние и перспективы. - Казань, 2004, pp. 148-149</ref>
There was a considerable influence of Finnish on Estonian. During the Soviet era the flow of Finnicisms into Estonian was restricted, and the used Finnish loanwords mostly came before that time. <ref> Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 90, 1968, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XpYvAAAAIAAJ&q=fennicisms pp. 72, 95 (snippets)]</ref>
In Swedish, Finnicisms are most common in Finland Swedish. In studies of the culture of Finland Swedes, a broader category, {{ill|Finlandism|lt=Finlandisms|sv|Finlandism}} is considered, which, in addition to Finnicisms, includes other features peculiar to Finland Swedish, e.g., Swedish words with meanings or morphology not found in standard Swedish. The use of Finlandisms is generally discouraged, with the exception of words referring to specifically Finnish phenomena.<ref>Janine A.E. Strandberg, Charlotte Gooskens, Anja Schüppert, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nordic-journal-of-linguistics/article/errors-or-identity-markers-a-survey-study-on-the-use-of-and-attitudes-towards-finlandisms-and-fennicisms-in-finland-swedish/3CBCF934B6D1E61FDB4C9CAB4303CFE3 Errors or identity markers? A survey study on the use of and attitudes towards finlandisms and fennicisms in Finland Swedish] </ref>
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *{{cite book|last=Balode |first=Laimute |chapter=Criteria for Identifying Possible Finnicisms in Latvian Toponymy |title=Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages |series=Uralica Helsingiensia |volume=7 |editor-first=Santeri |editor-last=Junttila |location=Helsinki |year=2015 |pages=59–60 |isbn=978-952-5667-67-7}}
Category:Finnic languages Category:Word coinage by language Category:Finnish words and phrases