Financial Accounting Foundation

{{Short description|American regulator}} {{Infobox company | name = Financial Accounting Foundation | logo = Financial Accounting Foundation logo.svg | logo_caption = | logo_upright =  | logo_alt = | type = Private | industry = Accounting | predecessor =  | founded = {{Start date and age|1972|06|30}} in Norwalk, Connecticut, United States | founder =  | defunct =  | fate = | successor =  | hq_location_city = Norwalk, Connecticut | hq_location_country = United States | area_served =  | key_people = John Auchincloss (executive director) | products = | owner =  | num_employees = | num_employees_year =  | parent = | website = {{URL|accountingfoundation.org}} }}

The '''Financial Accounting Foundation''' ('''FAF''') is located in Norwalk, Connecticut, United States. It was organized in 1972 as a non-stock, Delaware Corporation. It is an independent organization in the private sector, operating with the goal of ensuring objectivity and integrity in financial reporting standards. FAF operates four branches in its organization: the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), and the Governmental Accounting Standards Advisory Council (GASAC).

== History == === 1970s === In early May 1972, the 250-member governing council of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants gathered in Boca Raton, Florida to consider the Wheat Report by Francis M. Wheat, formerly of the SEC.<ref name="NYT:Allan2:1972">{{Citation |last=Allan |first=John H. |date=April 30, 1972 |title=CORPORATE SPOTLIGHT |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page=Section F, Page 7 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/30/archives/an-accounting-maelstrom-touche-ross-in-midst-of-industry-pressures.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> The report recommended establishing new financial accounting standards. According to the ''New York Times'', the accounting field had been under pressure after accounting-related lawsuits such as the Yale Express case of 1967 and the Continental Vending case of 1969. The Wheat Report recommended establishing a seven person Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to replace the Accounting Principles Board,<ref name="NYT:Allan2:1972"/> which had been making rules for the profession since 1959.<ref name="NYT:Allan3:1972"/> The Wheat Report also recommended creating a Financial Accounting Foundation with nine salaried trustees to select board members of the FASB. The nine would include the "A.LC.P.A., four C.P.A.'s in public practice, two financial executives, one financial analyst and one accounting educator."<ref name="NYT:Allan2:1972"/> The report was approved on May 2, 1972.<ref name="NYT:Allan1:1972">{{Citation |date=May 3, 1972 |title=C.P.A. COUNCIL BACKS NEW STANDARDS UNIT |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/03/archives/cpa-council-backs-new-standards-unit.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> The FAF was founded on June 30, 1972.<ref name="BARRONS:Brennan:2022">{{Citation |last=Brennan |first=John J. |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Marking a Half-Century of Capital Markets Integrity |publisher=Barron's |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/marking-a-half-century-of-capital-markets-integrity-51656449729 |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>

The nine trustees were appointed in late September, 1972, with nominations submitted by various businesses. Ralph E. Kent of Arthur Young & Co was elected president of the Financial Accounting Foundation. Kent asserted that $10 million had been pledged by accounting firms to cover part of the $15 million that would be needed to run the new program for five years. Other officers named were Thomas A. Murphy as vice president, James Don Edwards as secretary, and Thomas C. Pryor as treasurer.<ref name="NYT:Allan3:1972">{{Citation |last=Allan |first=John H. |date=August 1, 1972 |title=Accounting Field Selects Head of New Foundation |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/01/archives/accounting-field-selects-head-of-new-foundation.html |access-date=}}</ref> The Financial Accounting Foundation published its first draft of accounting rules for the FASB in October 1972.<ref name="NYT:staff1:1972">{{Citation |last= |first= |date=October 13, 1972 |title=Business Briefs |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/13/archives/accounting-board-rules-proposed.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>

=== 1980s-1990s === In 1984, the FAF created the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) to set accounting standards for local and state governments.<ref name="NYT:Cowan1:1989"/> Private entities remained under the guidelines of the FASB. According to the ''New York Times,'' the system "provoked sharp criticism" in relation to types of companies with mixed private and government ownership. Detractors argued the system made it difficult for investors and bond rating agencies to "compare the financial statements of, for example, a private college with those of a state-owned school."<ref name="NYT:Cowan1:1989"/> In 1989, the FAF voted 12 to 2 to "require government-owned utilities, hospitals, colleges and universities to base their accounting decisions" on FASB standards instead of the GASB standards.<ref name="NYT:Cowan1:1989">{{Citation |last=Cowan |first=Alison Leigh |date=October 31, 1989 |title=Change in Accounting Rules Backed |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page=Section D, Page 8 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/31/business/change-in-accounting-rules-backed.html |access-date=}}</ref> In 1988, the FAF moved from Stamford to Norwalk, Connecticut.<ref name="NYT:Cowan3:1991"/> In 1989, the FAF remained based in Norwalk, meeting also in New York.<ref name="NYT:Cowan1:1989"/>

As a private-sector trust, the FAF in the 1980s continued to oversee the FASB, which was funded with corporate money and served as a rule-making body setting the "binding accounting standards for virtually every publicly owned corporation in the United States."<ref name="NYT:Berg:1985"/> As of August 1985, FAF trustees continued to have voting power to decide replacements on the seven member board of the FASB.<ref name="NYT:Berg:1985">{{Citation |last=Berg |first=Eric N. Berg |date=August 18, 1985 |title=THE F.A.S.B. COMES UNDER FIRE |newspaper=The New York Times |publication-place=New York City |page=Section 3, Page 4 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/18/business/the-fasb-comes-under-fire.html |access-date=July 21, 2023}}</ref>

In November 1989, the FAF voted to limit the jurisdiction of the GASB. Higher-education groups reportedly favored the change, but according to the ''New York Times,'' it also "produced a far-reaching outcry in the accounting profession and the agencies affected," particular state and local government groups, some of which began working to form a new accounting standards agency separate from the FAF.<ref name="NYT:Cowan2:1989">{{Citation |last= Leigh Cowan |first=Alison |date=November 6, 1989 |title=Business and the Law; A Bitter Schism In Accounting |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/06/business/business-and-the-law-a-bitter-schism-in-accounting.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> In early 1991, the FAF announced it was potentially facing a third annual deficit, and facing deficits through 1995 unless trends changed. It had shortfalls of $1.6 million in 1990, apparently due to drops in private contributions and publication sales. Shaun F. O'Mally, president of the FAF, said the deficit was not at "matter about which the public should be concerned."<ref name="NYT:Cowan3:1991">{{Citation |last=Leigh Cowan |first=Alison |date=January 25, 1991 |title=Accounting Group Is Facing New Deficits, Official Says |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page=Section D, Page 3 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/25/business/accounting-group-is-facing-new-deficits-official-says.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>

The FAF agreed on an internal restructuring in July 1996. The chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Arthur Levitt Jr., had recently demanded changes. Part of the deal involved the FAF agreeing to expand the foundation directors representing the public to five, rather than one. The FAF board at the time was 16 seats total.<ref name="NYT:Norris1:1996">{{Citation |last=Norris |first=Floyd |date=July 2, 1996 |title=New Structure Agreed On For Accounting Foundation |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/02/business/new-structure-agreed-on-for-accounting-foundation.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> The FAF ultimately expanded that year so that half its members came from the public.<ref name="NYT:Abelson2:1997">{{Citation |last=Abelson |first=Reed |date=June 24, 1997 |title=New Chairman Is Reportedly Chosen for Accounting Board |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page=Section D, Page 8 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/24/business/new-chairman-is-reportedly-chosen-for-accounting-board.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>

=== 2000s === In September 2005, the FAF leased new office space in Norwalk, Connecticut.<ref>{{Citation |last=Holusha |first=John |date=September 7, 2005 |title=Recent Lease |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/07/business/square-feet-transactions.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> In early 2011, the FAF cut the FASB board from seven members to five members. It had previously had seven board members from 1973 when it was founded until 2008.<ref name="NYT:Sanati:2010">{{Citation |last=Sanati |first=Cyrus |date=August 24, 2010 |title=F.A.S.B. Chairman Plans to Retire |publisher= |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page=54 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/08/24/f-a-s-b-chairman-plans-to-retire/ |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> In late 2022, FAF headquarters continued to be Norwalk.<ref name="NEW:CTInsider:soule:2022">{{Citation |last=Soule |first=Alexander |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Company with 500 CT employees set to split. Here’s what it means. |publisher=CT Insider |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.ctinsider.com/business/article/Company-with-500-CT-employees-set-to-split-17423520.php |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> In February 2023, the FAF launched free online access to the FASB's Accounting Standards Codification and the GASB's Governmental Accounting Research System, with previously paid-only navigation features made available to all subscribers.<ref name="TODAY:Gaetano1:2023">{{Citation |last=Gaetano |first=Chris |date=February 27, 2023 |title=FAF launches free online GAAP and GARS libraries |publisher=Accounting Today|url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/financial-accounting-foundation-launches-enhanced-online-gaap-and-gars-libraries |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> In response to SEC recommendations, in April 2023, FAF added features to its website for stakeholders to make complaints about the FASB and GASB's adherence to procedure.<ref name="ACCOUNT:Cohn1:2023">{{Citation |last=Cohn |first=Michael |date=April 26, 2023 |title=FAF makes it easier to complain about FASB, GASB |publisher=Accounting Today |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/faf-makes-it-easier-to-complain-about-fasb-gasb-procedures |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref>

== Standards and branches == The foundation is responsible for:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fasb.org/faf/faf_info.shtml|title=Overview|website=www.fasb.org}}</ref>

* Establishing and improving financial accounting and reporting standards; * Educating constituents about those standards; * The oversight, administration, and finances of its standard-setting Boards, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), and their Advisory Councils; * Selecting the members of the standard-setting Boards and Advisory Councils; and * Protecting the independence and integrity of the standard-setting process.

FAF operates four branches in its organization: * FASB * GASB * The Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC). This branch is composed of FASB constituents and consults with FASB on issues. * The Governmental Accounting Standards Advisory Council (GASAC). This branch is composed of GASB constituents and consults with GASB on issues.

== Board of trustees and committees == The FAF Board of Trustees is made up of members from constituent organizations having interest in financial reporting. These constituent organizations include:

*American Accounting Association *American Institute of Certified Public Accountants *CFA Institute *Financial Executives International *Government Finance Officers Association *Institute of Management Accountants *National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers *Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association

The FAF operates seven committees: * the Executive Committee * the Development Committee * the Appointments and Evaluations Committee * the Finance and Compensation Committee * the Audit Committee * the Standard-Setting Process Oversight Advisory Committee * the Corporate Governance Committee

=== Executives and board members === There are currently five officers and fourteen trustees.

The original nine trustees were appointed in late September, 1972, with Ralph E. Kent elected FAF president.<ref name="NYT:Allan3:1972"/> In 1990, Shaun F. O'Mally was president of the FAF,<ref name="NYT:Cowan3:1991"/> and in 1997, J. Michael Cook was in the role.<ref name="NYT:Abelson2:1997"/> FAF president and COO in June 2007 was Robert J. DeSantis.<ref name="NYT:Walsh:2007">{{Citation |last=Williams Walsh |first=Mary |date=June 2, 2007 |title=Connecticut Takes Up Fight Over Accounting Rules |newspaper=The New York Times|publication-place=New York City |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/business/02fiscal.html |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> Terri Polley was named FAF CEO in 2010, and in January 2015, was both president and CEO.<ref name="NEWS:Soule1:2015">{{Citation |last=Soule |first=Alexander |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Agency keeps watch on accounting standards |publisher=NewsTimes |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.newstimes.com/business/article/Agency-keeps-watch-on-accounting-standards-6005677.php |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> In February 2020, FAF appointed former acting president John Auchincloss as the foundation's executive director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2020/feb/faf-executive-editor-john-auchincloss-23086.html|title=FAF appoints Auchincloss to serve as executive director|date=2020-02-27|website=Journal of Accountancy|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref>

John J. Brennan was FAF chairman in late 2010.<ref name="NEW:NYT:Floyd5:2010">{{Citation |last=Norris |first=Floyd |date=December 23, 2010 |title=Accounting Board Puts Interim Head in Lead Spot |publisher=The New York Times |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/24/business/24fasb.html |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref> In 2016, Charles Noski was FAF chairman.<ref name="ATODAY:Staff1:2016">{{Citation |date=December 23, 2016 |title=FAF names new trustees|publisher=Accounting Today |url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/faf-names-new-trustees |access-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> After beginning to chair the FAF at the start of 2016, Noski began serving as the reappointed chairman of the FAF board of trustees in April 2019, but only to the end of the year.<ref name="ATODAY:Cohn1:2019">{{Citation |last=Cohn |first=Michael |date=April 22, 2019 |title=Noski to chair FAF until end of year |publisher=Accounting Today |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/noski-to-chair-financial-accounting-foundation-until-end-of-year |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref> Edward C. Bernard was named chairman of its board of trustees in November 2022, with the three-year chairmanship beginning on January 1, 2023. He succeeded Kathleen L. Casey.<ref name="WESTFAIR:Hall1:2022">{{Citation |last=Hall |first=Phil |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Edward C. Bernard to chair Financial Accounting Foundation’s board of trustees |publisher=Westfair Business Journal |publication-place= |page= |url=https://westfaironline.com/management/edward-c-bernard-to-chair-financial-accounting-foundations-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref>

Other past executives have included: * Manuel H. Johnson (president and chairman from 1997 to 2004) * Teresa S. Polley (president from 2008 to 2019)

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *{{Official website|https://www.accountingfoundation.org/home}}

Category:Accounting in the United States Category:Self-regulatory organizations in the United States Category:Companies based in Norwalk, Connecticut Category:1972 establishments in Connecticut