{{Short description|Non-member supporters of an organization}} {{About||the novel ''Fellow Travelers''|Thomas Mallon|the opera and TV series based on Mallon's novel|Fellow Travelers (opera)|and|Fellow Travelers (miniseries)|the video game publisher|Fellow Traveller Games|the advertisement called Fellow Traveler|The Lincoln Project}} [[File:Pablo_Picasso_na_Kongresie_Intelektualistów.png|thumb|upright=1.3|From left to right: [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Minnette de Silva]], [[Jo Davidson]], and [[Mulk Raj Anand]] attending the [[World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace]] ([[Wrocław]], [[Polish People's Republic|Republic of Poland]], 1948)]]
A '''fellow traveller''' (also '''fellow traveler''') is a person who is intellectually sympathetic to the [[ideology]] of a [[political organization]], and who co-operates in the organization's politics, without being a formal member.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bullock |editor1-first=Alan |editor1-link=Alan Bullock |editor2-last=Trombley |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-link=Stephen Trombley |date=1999 |title=The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought |edition=Third |page=313}}</ref> In the early history of the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] revolutionary and Soviet statesman [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]] coined the term ''poputchik'' ("one who travels the same path"); it was later popularized by [[Leon Trotsky]] to identify the vacillating intellectual supporters of the [[Government of Vladimir Lenin|Bolshevik government]] led by [[Vladimir Lenin]] (1917–1924).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassack |first=V. |title=Lexicon of Russian Literature of the XX Century |year=1996}}</ref>
Historically, it was the political characterization of the Russian ''[[Intelligentsia|intelligentsiya]]'' (writers, academics, philosophers, and artists) who were philosophically sympathetic to the political, social, and economic goals of the [[Russian Revolution]] (1917) but who did not join the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU). The usage of the term ''poputchik'' disappeared from political discourse in the Soviet Union during the [[Stalinism|Stalinist era]], but the [[Western world]] adopted the English term ''fellow traveller'' to identify people who sympathised with [[communism]] and the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]].<ref name=":0" />
In [[Politics of the United States|U.S. politics]], the term ''fellow traveller'' was primarily a [[pejorative]] applied to those on the [[American Left]] between the 1930s and 1950s, to suggest a person who was intellectually, philosophically, or politically sympathetic to the ideologies of [[Marxism]], [[socialism]], and [[communism]], yet was not a formal "[[Card-carrying communist|card-carrying member]]" of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party of the United States of America]] (CPUSA) or the [[Socialist Party of America]] (SPA). In political discourse, the term ''fellow traveller'' was applied to intellectuals, academics, and politicians who lent their names and prestige to [[communist front]] organizations during the [[Cold War]]. In [[Politics of Europe|European politics]], the equivalent terms for ''fellow traveller'' were: {{lang|fr|compagnon de route}} and {{lang|fr|sympathisant}} in [[French Fifth Republic|France]]; {{lang|de|Weggenosse}}, {{lang|de|Sympathisant}} (neutral), or {{lang|de|[[Mitläufer]]}} (negative [[connotation]]) in [[West Germany]]; and {{lang|it|compagno di strada}} in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Caute |first=David |title=The Fellow-travellers: Intellectual Friends of Communism |date=1988 |page=2}}</ref>
== European usages ==
=== Soviet Union === In 1917, after the [[Russian Revolution]], the [[Bolsheviks]] applied the term ''Poputchik'' ("one who travels the same path") to Russian writers who accepted the revolution, but who were not active revolutionaries. In the book ''Literature and Revolution'' (1923), [[Leon Trotsky]] popularized the usage of ''Poputchik'' as a political descriptor attributed to the pre-Revolutionary [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (the Social Democrats) to identify a vacillating political sympathizer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trotskii |first1=L. |title=Literatura i revoliutsiia |year=1991 |orig-year=1923 |publisher=Politizdat |location=Moscow |isbn=978-5-250-01431-1 |page=56}}</ref> In Chapter 2, "The Literary 'Fellow-Travellers' of the Revolution", Trotsky said: <blockquote>Between bourgeois Art, which is wasting away either in repetitions or in silences, and the new art which is as yet unborn, there is being created a transitional art, which is more or less organically connected with the Revolution, but which is not, at the same time, the Art of the Revolution. [[Boris Pilnyak]], [[Vsevolod Ivanov]], [[Nikolai Tikhonov (writer)|Nicolai Tikhonov]], the [[Serapion Brothers|Serapion Fraternity]], [[Yesenin]] and his group of [[Imagists]] and, to some extent, [[Nikolai Klyuev|Kliuev]] – all of them were impossible without the Revolution, either as a group or separately. ... They are not the artists of the proletarian Revolution, but her artist "fellow-travellers", in the sense in which this word was used by the old Socialists... As regards a "fellow-traveller", the question always comes up – How far will he go? This question cannot be answered in advance, not even approximately. The solution of it depends, not so much on the personal qualities of this or that "fellow-traveller", but mainly on the objective trend of things during the coming decade.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Trotsky |title=Literature and Revolution |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/lit_revo/ch02.htm |chapter=2: The Literary "Fellow-Travellers" of the Revolution |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref></blockquote>[[Viktor Suvorov|Victor Suvorov]] in his "Soviet military intelligence" (1984) referred to a less respectable term "shit-eaters" ({{langx|ru|говноед}}) used by the [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]] handlers when talking about the category of foreign agents of influence who were conscious sympathisers of the Soviet movement:<ref>{{Cite web |title=ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Suvorov V. Inside soviet military intelligence |url=https://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov8/15.html |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=militera.lib.ru}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In examining different kinds of agents, people from the free world who have sold themselves to the GRU, one cannot avoid touching on yet another category, perhaps the least appealing of all. Officially one is not allowed to call them agents, and they are not agents in the full sense of being recruited agents. We are talking about the numerous members of overseas societies of friendship with the Soviet Union. Officially, all Soviet representatives regard these parasites with touching feelings of friendship, but privately they call them 'shit-eaters' ('govnoed'). It is difficult to say where this expression originated, but it is truly the only name they deserve. The use of this word has become so firmly entrenched in Soviet embassies that it is impossible to imagine any other name for these people. A conversation might run as follows: Today we've got a friendship evening with shit-eaters', or Today we're having some shit-eaters to dinner. Prepare a suitable menu'.|author=Victor Suvorov|title=Soviet Military Intelligence}}
=== Greece === For the term ''fellow traveller'', the [[reactionary]] [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Régime of the Colonels]] (1967–1974) used the Greek word ''Synodiporia'' ("The ones walking the street together") as an [[umbrella term]] that described domestic Greek [[Left-wing politics|leftists]] and [[Pro-democracy|pro-democratic]] opponents of the [[military dictatorship]]; likewise, the military government used term ''Diethnis'' ("international ''Synodiporia''") to identify the foreign supporters of the domestic [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] Greeks.
== American usage == === Interwar period === {{Main|Communism in the United States|Great Depression|Roaring Twenties}} {{Further|Criticism of capitalism|Labor movement in the United States|New Deal}}
As in [[Europe]] during the [[Interwar period]] (1920s and 1930s), many American intellectuals either sympathized with or joined the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party of the United States of America]] (CPUSA), who shared the political perspectives of [[communism]] in order to oppose the economic excesses of [[capitalism]] and [[fascism]].<ref name="Anderson-Herr">{{cite encyclopedia |author=<!-- not stated --> |year=2007 |title=Communist Party USA |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=Gary L. |editor2-last=Herr |editor2-first=Kathryn G. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice |location=[[Chichester, West Sussex|Chichester]], [[West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |volume=3 |doi=10.4135/9781412956215.n198 |isbn=9781412956215 |quote=Undoubtedly, from its origins in 1919 until the latter part of the 1950s, the [[Communist Party USA]] (CPUSA) was the most important [[Left-wing politics in the United States|left-wing organization in the United States]]. Reaching 85,000 members at its peak in 1942, just as [[Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor|America entered World War II]], and with party supporters expanding the organization's strength an additional tenfold, the CPUSA enthusiastically rallied for backing the [[European theatre of World War II|Soviet-American war effort]] against the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]]. In addition, through their tireless roles as [[Industrial unionism|industrial union]] [[Labor movement in the United States|organizers]] during the mid-to late 1930s, Communist Party members had already become a major force in several important [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) [[Labor unions in the United States|unions]] by the early 1940s. In [[New York City]], a stronghold of party support where Communists actively engaged in housing struggles, CPUSA candidates were elected to the [[New York City Council|city council]] during its zenith.}}</ref> The official manifesto of the [[History of the Communist Party USA|CPUSA's founding convention]] (1919) declared that "communism does not propose to 'capture' the [[bourgeoisie]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary state]], but to conquer and destroy it. [...] It is necessary that the [[proletariat]] [[Communist state|organize its own state]] for the coercion and suppression of the bourgeoisie."{{sfn|Klehr|Haynes|2008|pp=57-58}} [[Earl Browder|Earl Russell Browder]], its [[Communist Party USA#Party leaders|General Secretary]] since 1930,{{sfn|Ryan|2005|p=46}} served as the party's unilateral leader and public face throughout his leadership—coinciding with the [[Great Depression]] and [[presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. The CPUSA's initial hostility to the [[New Deal]] resembled the theory of [[social fascism]], attacking Roosevelt's policies in their 1934 manifesto while claiming Roosevelt's program to be "in political essence and direction [...] the same" as that of [[Adolf Hitler]].{{sfn|Warren|1993|pp=37-38}} Browder clarified in a 1933 pamphlet on social fascism that [[fascism]] in general was "the dictatorship of [[Financial capital|finance capital]]", and therefore Roosevelt and Hitler were the same in how "both are executives of finance capital".{{sfn|Browder|1933|p=4}} Browder also attacked the [[Socialist Party of America]] (SPA) and its 1932 presidential nominee [[Norman Thomas]], accusing him of "cover[ing] up the [[Class struggle|class character]] of [[democracy]] by contrasting it with fascist dictatorship as if capitalist rule were not the essence of both", as well as "absolv[ing] the capitalist class of its fascist terror and mak[ing] it appear as a measure of ''self-defense'' against Communist ''provocation''."{{sfn|Browder|1933|p=16}} Yet in 1935, coinciding with the [[7th World Congress of the Comintern]] endorsing the [[popular front]] strategy,{{sfn|Dimitrov|1935|p=35}} Browder in turn endorsed the New Deal, and described the political situation as between democracy and fascism, rather than socialism and capitalism.{{sfn|Warren|1993|p=38}}
In 1936, the newspaper columnist [[Max Lerner]] included the term ''fellow traveller'' in the article "Mr. Roosevelt and His Fellow Travelers" (''[[The Nation]]''). In the [[United States]], the European term ''fellow traveller'' was adapted to describe persons politically sympathetic to, but not members of, the American Communist Party. In the 1920s and 1930s, the political, social, and economic problems in American society and throughout the world, caused partly by the [[Great Depression in the United States]], motivated [[Idealism|idealistic]] young people, [[Education in the United States|students]], [[artist]]s, [[Industrial unionism|industrial]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalists]], [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unionists]], [[philosopher]]s, [[Social criticism|social critics]], and [[intellectual]]s to become sympathetic to the communist cause, in hope they could [[Anti-capitalism|overthrow capitalism]] and stop the [[Exploitation of labour#Socialist theory|exploitation of workers]].<ref name="Anderson-Herr"/> To that end, [[black Americans]] joined the CPUSA (1919) because some of their [[Liberalism in the United States|politically liberal]] stances (e.g. legal [[racial equality]]) corresponded to the political struggles of black people for [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]],<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Campbell |author-first=Susan |date=Winter 1994 |title="Black Bolsheviks" and Recognition of African-America's Right to Self-Determination by the Communist Party USA |journal=[[Science & Society]] |location=[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=440–470 |doi=10.1177/003682379405800404 |issn=1943-2801 |jstor=40403450}}</ref> in the time when [[Jim Crow laws]] established and maintained [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation throughout the United States]].<ref name="Anderson-Herr"/> Moreover, the [[American League for Peace and Democracy]] (ALPD) was the principal socio-political group who actively worked by [[anti-fascism]] rather than by [[pacifism]]; as such, the ALPD was the most important organization within the [[Popular front#United States|U.S. popular front]], a pro-Soviet coalition of anti-fascist political organizations.<ref>Rossinow (2004)</ref>
Among the American writers and intellectuals known as fellow-travellers were [[Ernest Hemingway]] and [[Theodore Dreiser]], novelists whose works of fiction occasionally were [[Criticism of capitalism|critical of capitalism and its excesses]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Fellows Who Traveled |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=2 February 1962 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829020-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105104339/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829020-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 5, 2012}}</ref> whilst [[John Dos Passos]], a known [[American Left|left-winger]], moved to the [[Right-wing politics in the United States|political right]] and became a staunch [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kallich |first=Martin |title=John Dos Passos Fellow-Traveler: A Dossier with Commentary |journal=Twentieth Century Literature |date=1956 |volume=1 |number=4 |pages=173–190 |doi=10.2307/440907 |jstor=440907}}</ref> In 1938, [[J. B. Matthews|Joseph Brown Matthews Sr.]] featured the term in the title of his political biography ''Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler'' (1938); later, Matthews Sr. became the chief investigator for the anti-communist activities of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dawson |first=Nelson L. |title=From Fellow Traveler to Anticommunist: The Odyssey of J.B. Matthews |journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society |date=1986 |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=280–306 |jstor=23381085}}</ref> [[Robert E. Stripling]] also credited Matthews: "J.B. Matthews, a former Communist fellow traveler (and, incidentally, the originator of that apt tag)..."<ref name=RedPlot>{{cite book |first=Robert E. |last=Stripling |author-link=Robert E. Stripling |title=The Red Plot Against America |publisher=Bell Publishing Company |place=Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0EAQAAIAAJ |pages=29 |date=1949 |isbn=9780405099762 |access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
Likewise, the editor of ''[[The New Republic]]'' magazine, [[Malcolm Cowley]], had been a fellow traveller during the 1930s but broke away from the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]] (CPUSA) because of the ideological contradictions inherent to the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] (Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 23 August 1939) signed by [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Johnpoll |first=Bernard K. |title=A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States |volume=3 |date=1994 |page=502}}</ref> The novelist and critic [[Waldo Frank]] was a fellow traveller during the mid-1930s, and became the chairman of the [[League of American Writers]] in 1935 but was ousted as such in 1937, when he called for an enquiry to the reasons for [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s [[Great Purges]] in the [[Soviet Union]] (1936–1938).<ref name=":1" />
From 1934 to 1939, American historian and intellectual [[Richard Hofstadter]] briefly was a member of the [[Young Communist League USA]].{{sfn|Baker|1985|pp=65, 84, 89–90, 141}} Despite his disillusionment due to the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact]] between [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (August 1939), and the ideological rigidity of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet communist party-line]], Hofstadter remained a fellow traveller until the 1940s.{{sfn|Baker|1985|p=146}} In ''Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World'' (2003), American historian [[Eric Foner]] said that Hofstatdter continued thinking of himself as a [[Political radicalism|political radical]], because his [[Anti-capitalism|opposition to capitalism]] was the reason he had joined the CPUSA.<ref>Quoted in {{cite book |first=Eric |last=Foner |title=Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3I-Z8KW5REC&pg=PT38 |year=2003 |publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux |page=38 |isbn=9781429923927}}</ref>
In the elegiac article "The Revolt of the Intellectuals" (''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 6 January 1941), American journalist and spy [[Whittaker Chambers]], a former member of the [[Workers Party of America]] (WPA), satirically used the term ''fellow traveler'': {{Quotation |As the Red Express hooted off into the shades of a closing decade, ex-fellow travelers rubbed their bruises, wondered how they had ever come to get aboard. […] With the exception of [[Granville Hicks]], probably none of these people was a [[Communism|Communist]]. They were fellow travelers who wanted to help [[Anti-fascism|fight fascism]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chambers |first=Whittaker |title=The Revolt of the Intellectuals |publisher=Whittakerchambers.org |date=6 January 1941 |url=http://www.whittakerchambers.org/timemagazine.html |access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref>}}
=== World War II and post-war period === {{Main|Post-war period|Soviet Union–United States relations}} {{Further|Aftermath of World War II|Origins of the Cold War|Post–World War II anti-fascism}}
In the late 1930s, most fellow-travellers in [[Western world|the West]] broke with the communist party-line of Moscow when [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Adolf Hitler]] signed the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact]] (August 1939), which allowed the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Occupation of Poland]] for partitioning the country's territories between the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] and [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] (1939–1945). In the United States, the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]] (CPUSA) abided by Stalin's official party-line, and denounced [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]], rather than [[Nazi Germany]], as [[Beginning of World War II|warmongers]]. At its peak in 1942, during the [[Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor|U.S. entry into World War II]], the American Communist Party officially had 85,000 registered members.<ref name="Anderson-Herr"/>
In the [[aftermath of World War II]], the [[Cold War]] [[Origins of the Cold War|emerged]] between the United States and the Soviet Union during the [[Cold War (1947–1948)|1947–1948 period]], and American communists found themselves at the political margins of U.S. society{{Mdash}}being forced out of the leadership of [[Labor unions in the United States|trade unions]], for example{{Mdash}} and membership to the CPUSA markedly declined. Nonetheless, in 1948 American communists campaigned for the presidential run of [[Henry A. Wallace]], former [[Vice President of the United States]] under [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and the [[Progressive Party 1948 (United States)|Progressive Party]]'s candidate in the [[1948 U.S. presidential election]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamby |first1=Alonzo L. |author-link=Alonzo Hamby |title=Henry A. Wallace, the Liberals, and Soviet–American relations |journal=[[Review of Politics]] |date=1968 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=153–169 |jstor=1405411 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500040250 |s2cid=144274909}}</ref>
In February 1956, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU First Secretary]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] delivered the "Secret Speech" ''[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences]]'' to the [[20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], officially [[Anti-Stalinist left#After the death of Stalin (1953–1967)|denouncing Stalinism]] and [[Joseph Stalin's cult of personality]] to his fellow party members; as a consequence, those political revelations ended the ideological relationship between many fellow-travellers in [[Western world|the West]] and the [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet version of communism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Archie |title=The Rise and Fall of Communism |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofcommun00brow |url-access=registration |date=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofcommun00brow/page/240 240–43] |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780061138799}}</ref>
==== McCarthy Era ==== {{Main|Conservatism in the United States|McCarthyism}} {{Further|American Left|Anti-communism|Civil rights movement|Red Scare}}
In 1945, the anti-communist congressional [[House Un-American Activities Committee#Standing Committee (1945–1975)|House Committee on Un-American Activities]] (HUAC) became a permanent committee of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]. In 1953, after the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph McCarthy]] became chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|U.S. Senate Homeland Security]] [[United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations#Joseph McCarthy|Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] (PSI), they attempted to determine the extent of [[Soviet espionage in the United States|Soviet influence in the U.S. government]], and in the social, cultural, and political institutions of American society.
That seven-year period of [[moral panic]] and political [[witch hunt]]s was the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy Era]] (1950–1956), characterized by right-wing political orthodoxy. Some targets of investigation were created by way of anonymous and unfounded accusations of [[treason]] and [[subversion]], during which time the term ''fellow traveller'' was applied as a political pejorative against many American citizens who did not outright condemn communism.
In the course of his political career, McCarthy claimed at various times that there were many U.S. citizens (secretly and publicly) sympathetic to communism and the Soviet Union who worked in the [[United States federal civil service|American public sector]], [[United States Department of State|State Department]], and the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], in positions of trust incompatible with such beliefs. In response to such ideological threats to [[National security of the United States|U.S. national security]], some American citizens with current or past militancy in communist organizations were suspected of being "un-American", and thus secretly and anonymously registered to a [[blacklist]] by their peers, and so denied employment and the opportunity to earn a living, despite many such acknowledged ex-communists moving on from the ''fellow traveller'' stage of their political lives, such as the [[Hollywood blacklist]].
== Contemporary usage == ''The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought'' (1999) defines the term ''fellow-traveller'' as a [[History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)|post-revolutionary]] political term derived from the Russian word ''poputchik'', with which the [[Bolsheviks]] described political sympathizers who hesitated to publicly support the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and [[Soviet communism]] after the [[October Revolution]] of 1917.<ref name=":0" />
''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'' (1993) defines the term ''fellow-traveller'' as "a non-Communist who sympathizes with the aims and general policies of the Communist Party"; and, by transference, as a "person who sympathizes with, but is not a member of another party or movement".<ref>{{cite book |title=The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |date=1993 |page=931}}</ref>
''Safire's Political Dictionary'' (1978) defines the term ''fellow traveller'' as a man or a woman "who accepted most Communist doctrine, but was not a member of the Communist party"; and, in contemporary usage, defines the term ''fellow traveller'' as a person "who agrees with a philosophy or group, but does not publicly work for it."<ref>{{cite book |last=Safire |first=William |title=Safire's Political Dictionary |publisher=[[Random House]] |date=1978 |isbn=978-0-394-50261-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/safirespolitical00safi}}</ref>
The Russian word "[[Sputnik 1|sputnik]]" (спутник) also translates, literally (s=with + put=path + nik=a (male) person, thus "someone travelling the same path") as "fellow traveller", though English speakers generally interpret it as meaning "[[satellite]]".
== See also == {{Portal|Communism|Linguistics|Soviet Union|United States}} {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Agent of influence]] * [[American Left]] * [[Anti-Americanism]] * [[Anti-Stalinist left]] * [[Capitalist roader]] * [[Fellow Travelers (miniseries)|''Fellow Travelers'' (miniseries)]] * [[Fifth column]] * [[Fraternal party]] * [[French Left]] * [[Historiography in the Soviet Union]] * [[History of the Communist Party USA]] ** [[Communist Party USA and African Americans]] ** [[Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)]] ** [[Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)]] ** [[List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States]] * [[List of anti-war organizations]] * [[List of peace activists]] * ''[[Mitläufer]]'' (fellow-traveller of the Nazis) * ''[[Pinko]]'' * [[Post–World War II anti-fascism]] * ''[[Putinversteher]]'' * [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]] * [[Timeline of the Cold War]] ** [[Cold War (1947–1948)]] ** [[Cold War (1948–1953)]] ** [[Cold War (1953–1962)]] * ''[[Tankie]]'' * [[Useful idiot]] * [[Western Marxism]] * [[White émigré]] {{div col end}}
== References == {{reflist}}
== Bibliography == * {{cite book |author-last=Baker |author-first=Susan S. |title=Radical Beginnings: Richard Hofstadter and the 1930s |year=1985 |location=[[Westport, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |edition=1st |series=Contributions in American History |volume=112 |isbn=9780313247132}} * {{cite book |author-last=Browder |author-first=Earl R. |author-link=Earl Browder |year=1933 |title=The meaning of social-fascism: Its historical and theoretical background |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Workers Party of America#Publications|Workers Library Publishers]]}} * {{cite news |author-last=Browder |author-first=Earl R. |year=1937 |title=Speech of Earl Browder: Second Congress of American Writers |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Daily Worker]] |volume=14 |issue=135}} * {{cite web |author-last=Browder |author-first=Earl R. |year=1935 |title=What Is Communism? 8. Americanism—Who Are the Americans? |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/browder/what-is-8.pdf |format=PDF |magazine=[[New Masses]] |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Communist Party USA]] |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}} * {{cite book |last=Dimitrov |first=Georgi |author-link=Georgi Dimitrov |year=1935 |title=The united front against fascism and war |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedfrontagain0000dimi/page/n1/mode/2up |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Workers Library Publishers]] |access-date=July 2, 2019}} * {{cite book |author-last=Isserman |author-first=Maurice |author-link=Maurice Isserman |year=1982 |title=Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During the Second World War |location=[[Middletown, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]] |isbn=978-0252063367}} * {{cite book |last=Jaffe |first=Philip J. |author-link=Philip J. Jaffe |year=1975 |title=The Rise and Fall of American Communism |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Horizon Press]] |isbn=978-0818008177}} * {{cite book |author-last1=Klehr |author-first1=Harvey |author-link1=Harvey Klehr |author-last2=Haynes |author-first2=John E. |author-link2=John Earl Haynes |year=2008 |orig-year=1999 |chapter=The American Communist Party Underground |title=Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |edition=Reprint |pages=57–92 |doi=10.12987/9780300129878-007 |isbn=9780300129878 |jstor=j.ctt1npk87.9}} * {{cite book |author-last1=Klehr |author-first1=Harvey |author-link1=Harvey Klehr |author-last2=Haynes |author-first2=John E. |author-link2=John Earl Haynes |author-last3=Anderson |author-first3=Kyrill M. |year=1998 |title=The Soviet World of American Communism |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0300138009}} * {{cite journal |author-last=Rossinow |author-first=Doug |date=March 2004 |title="The Model of a Model Fellow Traveler": Harry F. Ward, the American League for Peace and Democracy, and the"Russian Question" in American Politics, 1933–1956 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2004.00288.x |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Peace & Change]] |location=[[Chichester]], [[West Sussex]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] for the [[Peace History Society]] and the [[Peace and Justice Studies Association]] |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0130.2004.00288.x |issn=1468-0130}} * {{cite book |author-last=Ryan |author-first=James G. |year=2005 |title=Earl Browder: The Failure of American Communism |edition=2nd |location=[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0817351991}} * {{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |editor-last=Saba |editor-first=Paul |year=1979 |title=The Roots of Browderism |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1946-1956/roots-revisionism/chapter-15.pdf |format=PDF |website=www.marxists.org |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |accessdate=April 29, 2024}} * {{cite web |author-last=Schepers |author-first=Emile |date=September 14, 2020 |title=Communists, coalitions, and the class struggle |url=https://www.cpusa.org/article/communists-coalitions-and-the-class-struggle/ |website=www.cpusa.org |publisher=[[Communist Party USA]] |accessdate=February 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |author-last=Warren |author-first=Frank A. |year=1993 |title=Liberals and communism: the "red decade" revisited |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |ol=1406922M}}
== Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Caute |first=David |author-link=David Caute |title=The Fellow-Travellers: A Postscript to the Enlightenment |year=1973 |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-0-19-502937-6}} * {{cite book |last=Hollander |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Hollander |title=Political Pilgrims: Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China and Cuba, 1928–1978 |year=1981 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=978-0-19-502937-6}} * {{cite book |last=Hollander |first=Paul |title=The End of Commitment: Intellectuals, Revolutionaries, and Political Morality in the Twentieth Century |year=2006 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=[[Chicago]] |isbn=978-1-56663-688-9}} * Rossinow, Doug. "'The Model of a Model Fellow Traveler': Harry F. Ward, the American League for Peace and Democracy, and the 'Russian Question' in American Politics, 1933–1956." ''Peace & Change'' (2004) 29#2 pp: 177-220. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2004.00288.x/full online] * {{cite book |last=Viereck |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Viereck |title=Shame and Glory of the Intellectuals |year=1981 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location=[[Piscataway Township, New Jersey|Piscataway]] |isbn=978-1-4128-0609-1}}
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