Faraizi movement

{{Short description|19th century Islamic movement in Bengal}} {{more citations needed|date=December 2013}} {{Use British English|date=February 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox militant organization | name = Faraizi Movement | native_name = ফরায়েজী আন্দোলন | native_name_lang = bn | image = | logo = Flag of Jihad.svg | caption = | leader = [[Haji Shariatullah]] (founder) [[Dudu Miyan]] (successor) | foundation = 1818 | dissolution = c. 1900s (merged into other reformist/anti-colonial movements) | predecessor = | successor = | headquarters = [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] | area = [[Bengal]] | ideology = [[Islamic reformism]] [[Islamic revivalism]] [[Anti-colonialism]] | status = Defunct | size = Tens of thousands of followers (at its peak) | allies = {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Deobandi jihadism|Deobandi rebels]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya|Titumir's Forces]] | opponents = {{blist|{{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Company Raj]]/[[British Raj]]|Local [[zamindars]]}} | battles = [[Faraizi uprisings]] | partof = [[Indian independence movement]] }} [[File:Haji_Shariatullah.jpg|thumb|[[Haji Shariatullah]], the founder of the movement]] {{Islam in Bangladesh}} The '''Faraizi movement''' ({{langx|bn|ফরায়েজী আন্দোলন|Phôrāẏējī āndōlôn|Movement of the [[Fard|obligatories]]}}) was an [[Anticolonialism|anticolonial]] [[Islamic revivalist]] and [[Islamic reformism|reformist]] [[militant]] movement led by [[Haji Shariatullah]] in Eastern [[Bengal]] to encourage [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]] to give up [[bidah|un-Islamic practices]] and act upon their duties as Muslims ([[fard|''farāʾiḍ'']]).<ref name="BP-Shariatullah">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muin-ud-Din Ahmad |year=2012 |chapter=Shariatullah, Haji |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shariatullah,_Haji |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Founded in 1818, the movement protected the rights of tenants to a great extent.

== Views == The Faraizis adhered to the [[Hanafi]] school with certain differences in practices. * [[Tawbah]] i.e. to be penitent for past sins as a measure for the purification of soul. * To observe strictly the obligatory duties of [[fard|Faraiz]]. * Strict adherence to [[Tawhid]] * India being [[Dar al Harb]], [[Friday prayers]] and [[Eid al-Adha|Eid]] prayers were not obligatory. * Denouncing all cultural rites and ceremonies, which had no reference to the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], as [[bidah]] or sinful innovations.<ref name=":0" />

The leader of the Faraizis was called ''Ustad'' or teacher, and his disciples ''shaagird'' or students (protégé), instead of using the terms like ''pir'' and ''murid''. A person so initiated into the Faraizi fold was called ''Tawbar Muslim'' or ''Mumin''.<ref name=":0" /> It was a religious revivalist movement founded in rural areas of East Bengal. It was initially peaceful but later turned violent. The basic aim was to discard un Islamic practices. Its epicentre was in Faridpur.

==Social reform== The Faraizi movement was widely taken up in the areas of greater [[Dhaka]], [[Barisal]], and [[Comilla]].<ref name="BP-Shariatullah" />

The landlords levied numerous ''abwabs'' (plural form of the Arabic term ''bab'', signifying a door, a section, a chapter, a title). During [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], all temporary and conditional taxes and impositions levied by the government over and above regular taxes were referred to as abwabs. More explicitly, abwab stood for all irregular impositions on Raiyats above the established assessment of land in the Pargana. Such abwabs were horribly dishonest in the eye of law. Several abwabs were of a religious nature. Haji Shariatullah then intervened to object to such a practice and commanded his disciples not to pay these dishonest cesses to the landlords. The landlords even inflicted a ban on the slaughter of cows, especially on the occasion of [[Eid al-Adha|Eid]]. The Faraizis ordained their peasant followers not to obey such a ban. All these heated instances added up to tensed and stressed relationships amongst the Faraizis and the landlords, who were all [[Hindus]].<ref name=":0" />{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

The Islamic-led Faraizi movement could be witnessed in various parts of Bengal, with overwhelming Anglo-Bangla agreement for perhaps the very first time. The outraged landlords built up a propaganda campaign with the British officials, incriminating the Faraizis with a mutinous mood. In 1837, these Hindu landlords indicted Haji Shariatullah of attempting to build up a kingdom of his own. They also brought several lawsuits against the Faraizis, in which they benefitted dynamic co-operation of the European indigo planters. Shariatullah was placed under the detention of the police in more than one instance, for purportedly inciting agrarian turbulence in Faridpur.<ref name=":0" />{{additional citation needed|date=February 2015}}

== Resistance to colonialism == After the death of [[Haji Shariatullah]], his son, [[Dudu Miyan]], led the movement to a more agrarian character. He organised the oppressed peasantry against the oppressive landlords. In retaliation, the landlords and indigo planters tried to contain Dudu Miyan by instituting false cases against him.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muin-ud-Din Ahmed |year=2012 |chapter=Faraizi Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Faraizi_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> However, he became so popular with the peasantry that in the cases, courts seldom found a witness against Dudu Miyan.

The initial victories of Dudu Miyan captured the imagination of the masses and Haji sahib the great sought Dudu Miyan's protection against the oppressive landlords.

Dudu Miyan died in 1862 and before his death he had appointed a board of guardians to look after his minor sons, Ghiyasuddin Haydar and Abdul Gafur alias Naya Miyan who succeeded him successively. The board, with great difficulty, kept the dwindling movement from falling to pieces. It was not until Naya Miyan attained maturity that it regained some of its lost strength. Nabinchandra Sen, the then sub-divisional officer of [[Madaripur District]], thought it prudent to enter into an alliance of mutual help with the Faraizi leaders, who, in their turn, showed a spirit of co-operation towards the government.<ref name=":0" />

On the death of Naya Miyan in 1884, the third and the youngest son of Dudu Miyan, Syeduddin Ahmad was acclaimed leader by the Faraizis. During this time, the conflict of the Faraizis with the Taiyunis, another reformist group reached the climax and religious debates between the two schools of thought had become a commonplace occurrence in [[East Bengal]]. He was bestowed with the title of ''Khan Bahadur'' by the government. In 1905, on the question of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]], he lent support to [[Nawab Salimullah]] in favour of partition, but he died in 1906.<ref name=":0" />

Khan Bahadur Syeduddin was succeeded by his eldest son Rashiduddin Ahmad alias [[Badshah Miyan]]. During the early years of his leadership, Badshah Miyan maintained the policy of co-operation towards the government. However, the annulment of the partition of Bengal made him anti-British and he took part in the Khilafat and non-co-operation movements. Soon after the establishment of Pakistan he summoned a conference of the Faraizis at Narayanganj and declared Pakistan as ''Dar-ul-Islam'' and gave permission to his followers to hold the congregational prayers of ''Jum'ah'' and ''Eid''.<ref name=":0" />

===List of leaders=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=20% | Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% | Term |- |align="center"|''[[Haji Shariatullah|Ḥājī Sharīʿatullāh Taʿluqdār]]'' {{lang|ar|حاجي شريعة الله تعلقدار}} {{lang|bn|হাজী শরীয়তুল্লাহ তালুকদার}} |align="center"|1818-1840 |- |align="center"|''[[Dudu Miyan|Muḥammad Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dudu Miyān]]'' {{lang|ar|محمد محسن الدين أحمد دودو میاں}} {{lang|bn|মুহম্মদ মুহসিনউদ্দীন আহমদ দুদু মিঞা}} |align="center"|1840-1862 |- |align="center"|''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Ḥaydar'' {{lang|ar|غياث الدين حيدر}} {{lang|bn|গিয়াসউদ্দীন হায়দর}} |align="center"|1862-1864 |- |align="center"|''ʿAbd al-Ghafūr Nayā Miyān'' {{lang|ar|عبد الغفور نیا میاں}} {{lang|bn|আব্দুল গফূর নয়া মিঞা}} |align="center"|1864-1884 |- |align="center"|''Khān Bahādur Saʿīd ad-Dīn Aḥmad'' {{lang|ar|خان بهادر سعيد الدین أحمد}} {{lang|bn|খাঁন বাহাদুর সাঈদউদ্দীন আহমদ}} |align="center"|1884-1906 |- |align="center"|''[[Awa Khaled Rashid Uddin Ahmad|Abū Khālid Rashīd ad-Dīn Aḥmad Bādshāh Miyā]]'' {{lang|ar|أبو خالد رشید الدین أحمد بادشاہ میاں}} {{lang|bn|আবু খালেদ রশীদউদ্দীন আহমদ বাদশাহ মিঞা}} |align="center"|1906-1959 |- |align="center"|''[[Abul Hafez Mohsen Uddin Ahmad|Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dudu Miyān II]]'' {{lang|ar|محسن الدين أحمد دودو میاں الثاني}} {{lang|bn|দোসরা মুহসিনউদ্দীন আহমদ দুদু মিঞা}} |align="center"|1959-1997 |- |align="center"|''Muḥi ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dādan Miyān'' {{lang|ar|محي الدين أحمد دادان میاں}} {{lang|bn|মুহিউদ্দীন আহমদ দাদন মিঞা}} |align="center"|1997-2005 |- |align="center"|''Mayeen ad-Dīn Aḥmad Zubayr Miyān'' {{lang|ar|معين الدين أحمد زبير میاں}} {{lang|bn|মঈনউদ্দীন আহমদ জুবায়ের মিঞা}} |align="center"|2005-2012 |- |align="center"|''Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ḥasan Miyān'' {{lang|ar|عبدالله محمد حسن میاں}} {{lang|bn|আব্দুল্লাহ মুহাম্মদ হাসান মিঞা}} |align="center"|2012–present |- |}

==See also== * [[Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:Islamism in India]] [[Category:Bengal Presidency]] [[Category:Protests in British India]] [[Category:Political history of India]] [[Category:1818 establishments in India]] [[Category:Religious organizations established in 1818]] [[Category:19th-century Islam]]