{{other uses|Fan (disambiguation)}} {{short description|Artwork featuring aspects of a work of fiction created by a fan}} {{more citations needed|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Multiple image | image1 = Over Hill - Bilbo and Gandalf by Joel Lee (Colors).jpg | image2 = Marisa get out.png | image3 = Harry Potter fanart - Cor-Sa.jpg | image4 = Destieeeeellllllllllll by sparklyhedgehog (cropped).jpg | perrow = 2 / 2 | total_width = 350 | footer = Various fan art (clockwise from upper left): [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Gandalf]] from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' · [[Marisa Kirisame]] from ''[[Touhou Project]]'' · [[Dean Winchester]] and [[Castiel (Supernatural)|Castiel]] from ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'' · [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] from ''[[Harry Potter]]'' }}
'''Fan art''' or '''fanart''' is artwork created by [[Fan (person)|fan]]s of a work of [[fiction]] or [[celebrity]] depicting events, [[Character (arts)|character]], or other aspect of the work. As [[fan labor]], fan art refers to artworks that are not created, commissioned, nor endorsed by the creators of the work from which the fan art derives.
A different, older meaning of the term is used in [[science fiction fandom]], where fan art traditionally describes ''original'' (rather than derivative) artwork related to [[science fiction]] or [[fantasy]], created by fan artists, and appearing in low- or non-paying publications such as [[semiprozine]]s or [[science fiction fanzine|fanzine]]s, and in the art shows of [[science fiction conventions]]. The [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist|Best Fan Artist]] has been given each year since 1967 to artists who create such works. Like the term [[fan fiction]] (although to a lesser extent), this traditional meaning is now sometimes confused with the more recent usage described above.
==Forms== Fan art can take many forms. In addition to [[Painting|traditional paintings]], drawings, and [[digital art]], fan artists may also create conceptual works, [[sculpture]]s, [[video art]], livestreams, [[web banner]]s, [[Avatar (computing)|avatars]], [[graphic design]]s, [[Web animation|web-based animations]], photo collages, and [[Poster|posters]], Fan art includes artistic representations of pre-existing characters both in new contexts and in contexts that are keeping with the original work.
The broad availability of [[digital image processing]] and the Internet, as well as [[text-to-image generator]]s, has greatly increased the scope and potential reach of fan art. American TV producer [[Bryan Konietzko]] wrote in 2013: :"I remember back in the ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender|Avatar]]'' days [2005–2008]... the typical fanart we would get would be a charming, childish crayon drawing stuffed in an envelope. Nowadays on ''[[The Legend of Korra|Korra]]'' [2012–2014], I take a skewed screenshot with my phone, post it, and shortly thereafter someone un-skews it, crops it, separates the character levels, clones the background, '[[Ken Burns effect|Ken Burns]]' it with a multilevel slide, animates the characters blinking and talking, tints it, and makes a [[Animated GIF|GIF]] out of it, that I then see on the same phone with which I took the original picture. Times they are a-changin'..."<ref>{{cite news|last=Konietzko|first=Bryan|title=I remember back in the Avatar days…|newspaper=Tumblr |date=30 March 2013|url=http://bryankonietzko.tumblr.com/post/46687253373/i-remember-back-in-the-avatar-days-the-typical|access-date=30 March 2013}}</ref>
[[Rule 34]], the idea that everything is represented in [[internet pornography]], commonly takes the form of [[Eroticism|erotic]] fan art.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/rule-34|title=Rule 34|website=Know Your Meme|date=18 May 2009 |access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref>
Fan art can also serve as [[cultural commentary]] or criticism, presenting established characters in new situations or contexts which would never appear in [[Canon (fiction)|canon]]. This allows fans and artists to explore deeper or alternate meanings, as well as [[Fanon (fiction)|fan theories]], about their favorite media.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650336|title=What Art Educators Can Learn from the Fan-based Artmaking of Adolescents and Young Adults|date=2009|jstor=40650336 |access-date=July 2, 2021|last1=Manifold |first1=Marjorie Cohee |journal=Studies in Art Education |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=257–271 |doi=10.1080/00393541.2009.11518772 |s2cid=218767560 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Copyright == {{see also|Legal issues with fan fiction}} {{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2010}}
===United States=== The legal status of derivative fan made art in America may be tricky due to the vagaries of the United States [[Copyright Act of 1976|Copyright Act]]. Generally, the right to reproduce and display pieces of artwork is controlled by the original author or artist under [[17 U.S.C.]] § 106. Fan art using settings and characters from a previously created work could be considered a [[derivative work]], which would place control of the copyright with the owner of that original work. Display and distribution of fan art that would be considered a derivative work would be unlawful.
However, [[Copyright law of the United States|American copyright law]] allows for the production, display and distribution of derivative works if they fall under a [[fair use]] exemption, 17 U.S.C. § 107. A court would look at all relevant facts and circumstances to determine whether a particular use qualifies as fair use; a multipronged rubric for this decision involves evaluating the amount and substantiality of the original appropriated, the [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature of the derivative work, whether the derivative work was done for educational or [[Non-commercial activity|non-commercial use]], and the economic effect that the derivative work imposes on the copyright holder's ability to make and exploit their own derivative works. None of these factors is alone dispositive.
American courts also typically grant broad protection to [[parody]], and some fan art may fall into this category. This has not explicitly been adjudicated with respect to fan art, however. Moreover, while parody is typically afforded protection under § 107, a court must engage in a fact-intensive, case-specific inquiry for each work.
==See also== * [[DeviantArt]] - an art-focused social media site commonly used to share fan art * [[Fandom]] * [[Newgrounds]]
==References== {{Reflist}} <!-- Per Wikipedia policy, please do not add your *own* page to the link list. -->
==External links== {{Commons category|Fan art}} *{{Cite web | url = http://www.afterellen.com/tv/45214-fan-art-empowers-queer-women | title = Fan Art Empowers Queer Women | last = Riendeau | first = Danielle | date = 18 February 2009 | publisher = After Ellen | access-date = 16 January 2017}} * [http://fanart.tv FanArt.TV – Fan art website with may different types of fan art for TV shows and music artists] * [http://www.game-art-hq.com/ Game-Art-Hq.Com – Fan art website specialized on video game related fan art] * [https://www.pbs.org/video/off-book-fan-art-creativity/ Fan Art] Documentary from the web series [[Off Book (web series)| Off Book]] * [https://www.deviantart.com DeviantArt] – [[DeviantArt]] calls itself "the world's largest online social community for artists and art enthusiasts" and hosts many fan artists and their art.
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fan Art}} [[Category:Visual arts genres]] [[Category:Unofficial adaptations]] [[Category:Fan labor]] [[Category:Internet art]] [[Category:New media art]] [[Category:Digital art]]