{{short description|Chinese eunuch (died 1449)}} '''Fan Hong''' ({{zh|c=范弘|p=Fàn Hóng}}; {{vie|v=Phạm Hoằng}}; died 1449) was a eunuch who served during the reigns of the Ming emperors from the 1410s to the 1440s.
==Biography== Born as Fan An (Phạm An) in Đại Việt (present-day northern Vietnam), Fan Hong was captured, castrated, and taken to China, where he served under the Yongle Emperor ({{reign|1402|1424}}), during the Ming invasion of the country in 1407.{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=245}} Together with his fellow eunuchs Jin Ying, Ruan An, and Ruan Lang, he rose to prominence during the reigns of the reigns of the Xuande Emperor ({{reign|1425|1435}}) and Emperor Yingzong ({{reign|1435|1449}}).{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=243}} He was known for his higher education and was appointed to the Directorate of Ceremonial during the reign of the Emperor Yingzong.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=1363}} However, his activities are not well recorded.{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=245}} In July 1449, the Oirat Mongols under Esen launched a full-scale invasion of China, and Emperor Yingzong personally led a campaign in response. The campaign ended in disaster, as the Ming army was defeated and the Emperor was captured on 1 September.{{sfnp|Twitchett|Grimm|1988|pp=322–325}} Among the casualties was Fan Hong.{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=245}}
==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}
===Works cited=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Xuelin |date=2008 |title=Wang Jin: A Eunuch of Annamese Orgin in the Mid Ming Dynasty |url=https://www.dpm.org.cn/Uploads/File/2019/11/25/u5ddbb505895bf.pdf |journal=Journal of Gugong Studies |language=zh |volume=4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carington |author-link1=Luther Carrington Goodrich |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |author-link2=Fang Chao-ying |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1976 |isbn=0-231-03801-1 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis C |author-link1=Denis Twitchett |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 |last2=Grimm |first2=Tilemann |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0521243327 |editor-last=Mote |editor-first=Frederick W. |editor-link=Frederick W. Mote |location=Cambridge |pages=305–342 |chapter=The Cheng-t'ung, Ching-t'ai, and T'ien-shun reigns, 1436—1464 |editor-last2=Twitchett |editor-first2=Denis C}} {{Refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fan, Hong}} Category:Ming dynasty eunuchs Category:Year of birth unknown Category:1449 deaths