Faecalibacterium

{{short description|Species of bacterium}} {{Automatic_taxobox | taxon = Faecalibacterium | authority = Duncan et al., 2002 | type_species = ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' | type_species_authority = (Hauduroy et al. 1937) Duncan et al. 2002 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }} '''''Faecalibacterium''''' is a genus of bacteria. The genus contains several species including ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'', ''Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans'', ''Faecalibacterium longum'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Yuanqiang |last2=Lin |first2=Xiaoqian |last3=Xue |first3=Wenbin |last4=Tuo |first4=Li |last5=Chen |first5=Ming-Sheng |last6=Chen |first6=Xiao-Hui |last7=Sun |first7=Cheng-hang |last8=Li |first8=Feina |last9=Liu |first9=Shao-wei |last10=Dai |first10=Ying |last11=Kristiansen |first11=Karsten |last12=Xiao |first12=Liang |date=2021-05-31 |title=Characterization and description of Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans sp. nov. and F. longum sp. nov., isolated from human faeces |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=11340 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-90786-3 |pmid=34059761 |issn=2045-2322 |doi-access=free |pmc=8166934 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111340Z}}</ref> ''Faecalibacterium duncaniae'', ''Faecalibacterium hattorii'', and ''Faecalibacterium gallinarum''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sakamoto |first1=Mitsuo |last2=Sakurai |first2=Naomi |last3=Tanno |first3=Hiroki |last4=Iino |first4=Takao |last5=Ohkuma |first5=Moriya |last6=Endo |first6=Akihito |date=2022 |title=Genome-based, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic classification of Faecalibacterium strains: proposal of three novel species Faecalibacterium duncaniae sp. nov., Faecalibacterium hattorii sp. nov. and Faecalibacterium gallinarum sp. nov. |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.005379 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=72 |issue=4 |page=005379 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005379 |pmid=35416766 |issn=1466-5034 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Its first known species, '''''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii''''' is gram-positive,<ref name="Functional Characterization of Nove">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martín R, Miquel S, Benevides L, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Hudault S, Chain F, Berteau O, Azevedo V, Chatel JM, Sokol H, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Thomas M, Langella P |display-authors=6 |title=Functional Characterization of Novel ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' Strains Isolated from Healthy Volunteers: A Step Forward in the Use of ''F. prausnitzii'' as a Next-Generation Probiotic |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=8 |article-number=1226 |date=2017 |pmid=28713353 |pmc=5492426 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01226 |doi-access=free}}</ref> mesophilic, rod-shaped,<ref name="Functional Characterization of Nove"/> and anaerobic,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan MT, Duncan SH, Stams AJ, van Dijl JM, Flint HJ, Harmsen HJ |title=The gut anaerobe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii uses an extracellular electron shuttle to grow at oxic-anoxic interphases |journal=The ISME Journal |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=1578–1585 |date=August 2012 |pmid=22357539 |pmc=3400418 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2012.5 |bibcode=2012ISMEJ...6.1578K}}</ref> and is one of the most abundant and important commensal bacteria of the human gut microbiota. It is non-spore forming and non-motile.<ref name="Complete Genome Sequence of Faeca">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bag S, Ghosh TS, Das B |title=Complete Genome Sequence of ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' Isolated from the Gut of a Healthy Indian Adult |journal=Genome Announcements |volume=5 |issue=46 |date=November 2017 |article-number=e01286-17 |pmid=29146862 |pmc=5690339 |doi=10.1128/genomeA.01286-17}}</ref> These bacteria produce butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids through the fermentation of dietary fiber. The production of butyrate makes them an important member of the gut microbiota, fighting against inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez-Siles M, Duncan SH, Garcia-Gil LJ, Martinez-Medina M |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: from microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics |journal=The ISME Journal |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=841–852 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28045459 |pmc=5364359 |doi=10.1038/ismej.2016.176 |bibcode=2017ISMEJ..11..841L}}</ref> == History == Formerly assigned to the genus ''Fusobacterium'' in the phylum Fusobacteriota, ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' was re-assigned to its own genus when phylogenetic analysis of isolates showed it to be a member of the phylum Bacillota. It now is regarded as a member of the Oscillospiraceae in Clostridium cluster IV.<ref name="Duncan_2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duncan SH, Hold GL, Harmsen HJ, Stewart CS, Flint HJ |title=Growth requirements and fermentation products of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 6 |pages=2141–2146 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12508881 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-6-2141 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although the Oscillospiraceae are largely gram-negative bacteria, ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' resembles a gram-positive bacterium in its staining.<ref name="Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and hu">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miquel S, Martín R, Rossi O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Chatel JM, Sokol H, Thomas M, Wells JM, Langella P |display-authors=6 |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health |journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=255–261 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23831042 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.003}}</ref> This can be ascribed to the fact that it lacks lipopolysaccharides in its outer membrane, so that, in its staining, it more closely resembles gram-positive bacteria, than gram-negative.

==Phylogeny== The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/faecalibacterium |title=Faecalibacterium |access-date=2023-09-09 |publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}}</ref> and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=Sayers |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=216851&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Faecalibacterium |access-date=2023-09-09 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024<ref>{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_all tree in newick format |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref> ! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=Genome Taxonomy Database |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1=''Faecalibacterium'' |1={{clade |1=''F. gallinarum'' |2={{clade |1=''F. hattorii'' |2={{clade |1=''F. prausnitzii'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''F. butyricigenerans'' Zou et al. 2021 |2=''F. longum'' }} |2={{clade |1=''F. duncaniae'' |2=''F. hominis'' Liu et al. 2023 non Afrizal et al. 2022 }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1=''Faecalibacterium'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''F. prausnitzii'' (Hauduroy et al. 1937) Duncan et al. 2002 |2={{clade |1=''F. longum'' Zou et al. 2021 |2={{clade |1=''F. duncaniae'' Sakamoto et al. 2022 |2=''F. hattorii'' Sakamoto et al. 2022 }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1="''Ca.'' F. intestinavium" Gilroy et al. 2021 |2=''F. gallinarum'' Sakamoto et al. 2022 }} |2={{clade |1="''Ca.'' F. avium" Gilroy et al. 2021 |2={{clade |1="''Ca.'' F. faecipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021 |2={{clade |1="''Ca.'' F. intestinigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 |2={{clade |1="''Ca.'' F. faecigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 |2="''Ca.'' F. gallistercoris" Gilroy et al. 2021 }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |}

Species incertae sedis: * "''F. faecis''" Hitch et al. 2024 * "''F. hominis''" Afrizal et al. 2022 non Liu et al. 2023 * "''F. intestinale''" Hitch et al. 2024 * "''F. langellae''" Plomp & Harmsen 2024 * ''F. taiwanense'' Liou et al. 2024 * "''F. tardum''" Hitch et al. 2024 * ''F. wellingii'' Plomp & Harmsen 2025

== Genetics == ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' has a genome 2,868,932 bp long and has a GC-content of 56.9%. The bacterium has been found to have 2,707 coding sequences, including 77 RNAs encoding genes.<ref name="Complete Genome Sequence of Faeca"/> 128 metabolic pathways have been reconstructed, as well as 27 protein complexes and 64 tRNAs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biocyc.org/GCF_002734145/organism-summary |title=Summary of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Strain A2-165, version 29.1 |website=BioCyc}}</ref> Phylogenetically, the strains of ''F. prausnitzii'' compose phylogroups I and II. Most of the new isolates of this species isolated by Muhammad Tanweer Khan belong to phylogroup II.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez-Siles M, Khan TM, Duncan SH, Harmsen HJ, Garcia-Gil LJ, Flint HJ |title=Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=420–428 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22101049 |pmc=3255724 |doi=10.1128/AEM.06858-11 |bibcode=2012ApEnM..78..420L}}</ref> A protein produced by this bacterium has been linked to anti-inflammatory effects.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Quévrain E, Maubert MA, Michon C, Chain F, Marquant R, Tailhades J, Miquel S, Carlier L, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Pigneur B, Lequin O, Kharrat P, Thomas G, Rainteau D, Aubry C, Breyner N, Afonso C, Lavielle S, Grill JP, Chassaing G, Chatel JM, Trugnan G, Xavier R, Langella P, Sokol H, Seksik P |display-authors=6 |title=Identification of an anti-inflammatory protein from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a commensal bacterium deficient in Crohn's disease |journal=Gut |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=415–425 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26045134 |pmc=5136800 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307649}}</ref> == ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' in laboratory conditions == Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is strictly anaerobic, and accordingly difficult to culture in the laboratory. However, with due attention to the requisite conditions and media, it is possible to culture the species in vitro. The rich medium YCFA is very suitable for the growth of this bacterium in anaerobic conditions.<ref name="Wrzosek_2013_2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wrzosek L, Miquel S, Noordine ML, Bouet S, Joncquel Chevalier-Curt M, Robert V, Philippe C, Bridonneau C, Cherbuy C, Robbe-Masselot C, Langella P, Thomas M |display-authors=6 |title=Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii influence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent |journal=BMC Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=61 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23692866 |pmc=3673873 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-11-61 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another media suitable for the growth of F. prausnitzii is YBHI.<ref name="Wrzosek_2013_2"/> Any liquid media or agar plates should be pretreated beforehand for 24 hours in an anaerobic chamber, to ensure they are completely anaerobic. == Clinical relevance == In healthy adults, ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' represent approximately 5% of the total fecal microbiota but this can increase to around 15% in some individuals, making it one of the most common gut bacteria.<ref name="Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and hu"/> The anti-inflammatory properties of its metabolites may alleviate imbalances between intestinal bacterial populations that lead to dysbiosis.<ref name="Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and hu"/> It is one of the main producers of butyrate in the intestine. Since butyrate inhibits the production of NF-kB and IFN-y, both involved in the pro-inflammatory response, ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' acts as an anti-inflammatory gut bacterium.<ref name="He_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=He X, Zhao S, Li Y |date=2021-03-05 |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: A Next-Generation Probiotic in Gut Disease Improvement |journal=Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology |language=en |volume=2021 |article-number=e6666114 |doi=10.1155/2021/6666114 |issn=1712-9532 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Inan MS, Rasoulpour RJ, Yin L, Hubbard AK, Rosenberg DW, Giardina C |title=The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-kappaB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=724–734 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10734024 |doi=10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70142-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jianbo |last2=Huang |first2=Yu-Ja |last3=Yoon |first3=Jun Young |last4=Kemmitt |first4=John |last5=Wright |first5=Charles |last6=Schneider |first6=Kirsten |last7=Sphabmixay |first7=Pierre |last8=Hernandez-Gordillo |first8=Victor |last9=Holcomb |first9=Steven J. |last10=Bhushan |first10=Brij |last11=Rohatgi |first11=Gar |last12=Benton |first12=Kyle |last13=Carpenter |first13=David |last14=Kester |first14=Jemila C. |last15=Eng |first15=George |date=January 2021 |title=Primary Human Colonic Mucosal Barrier Crosstalk with Super Oxygen-Sensitive Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Continuous Culture |journal=Med |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=74–98.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.medj.2020.07.001 |issn=2666-6340 |pmc=7839961 |pmid=33511375}}</ref> By blocking the NF-kB pathway, ''F. prausnitzii'' indirectly inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory IL-8, secreted by the intestinal epithelial cells.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Miquel S, Leclerc M, Martin R, Chain F, Lenoir M, Raguideau S, Hudault S, Bridonneau C, Northen T, Bowen B, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Sokol H, Thomas M, Langella P |display-authors=6 |title=Identification of metabolic signatures linked to anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii |journal=mBio |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25900655 |pmc=4453580 |doi=10.1128/mBio.00300-15 |doi-access=free|veditors=Blaser MJ |article-number=e00300-15}}</ref> Other research has shown that there is a correlation between high populations of ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'', low IL-12 abundance, and higher IL-10 production.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu X, Zhang M, Yang X, Hong N, Yu C |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii upregulates regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines in treating TNBS-induced colitis |journal=Journal of Crohn's & Colitis |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e558–e568 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23643066 |doi=10.1016/j.crohns.2013.04.002 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sokol_2008_2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, Grangette C, Vasquez N, Pochart P, Trugnan G, Thomas G, Blottière HM, Doré J, Marteau P, Seksik P, Langella P |display-authors=6 |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=105 |issue=43 |pages=16731–16736 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18936492 |pmc=2575488 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0804812105 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The upregulated IL-10 inhibits the secretion of IFN-y, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines.<ref name="Sokol_2008_2" /> Apart from butyrate, ''F. prausnitzii'' produce formate and D-lactate as byproducts of fermentation of glucose and acetate.<ref name="He_2021" /><ref name="Duncan_2002" /> Lower than usual levels of ''F. prausnitzii'' in the intestines have been associated with Crohn's disease, obesity, asthma and major depressive disorder.<ref name="Sokol_2008_2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7679347.stm |title=Bacterium 'to blame for Crohn's' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-10-21 |access-date=2008-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Newton RJ, McLellan SL, Dila DK, Vineis JH, Morrison HG, Eren AM, Sogin ML |title=Sewage reflects the microbiomes of human populations |journal=mBio |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e02574 |date=February 2015 |article-number=e02574-14 |pmid=25714718 |pmc=4358014 |doi=10.1128/mBio.02574-14 |doi-access=free|author-link6=A. Murat Eren}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z, Yin Y, Wang W, Tang W, Tan Z, Shi J, Li L, Ruan B |display-authors=6 |title=Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=48 |pages=186–194 |date=August 2015 |pmid=25882912 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Higher than usual levels of the F06 clade of ''F. prausnitzii'' have been associated with atopic dermatitis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Han |last2=Yoo |first2=Young |last3=Hwang |first3=Junghyun |last4=Na |first4=Yun-Cheol |last5=Kim |first5=Heenam Stanley |date=March 2016 |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=852–860 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.021 |issn=1097-6825 |pmid=26431583 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' can improve gut barrier function.<ref name="pmid26565087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stenman LK, Burcelin R, Lahtinen S |title=Establishing a causal link between gut microbes, body weight gain and glucose metabolism in humans - towards treatment with probiotics |journal=Beneficial Microbes |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26565087 |doi=10.3920/BM2015.0069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Supernatant of ''F. prausnitzii'' has been shown to improve the gut barrier by affecting the permeability of epithelial cells.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossi O, van Berkel LA, Chain F, Tanweer Khan M, Taverne N, Sokol H, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Harmsen HJ, Langella P, Samsom JN, Wells JM |display-authors=6 |title=Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165 has a high capacity to induce IL-10 in human and murine dendritic cells and modulates T cell responses |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=18507 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26725514 |pmc=4698756 |doi=10.1038/srep18507 |bibcode=2016NatSR...618507R}}</ref> Another way that ''F. prausnitzii'' improves the gut barrier is by improving the permeability and the expression of tightly bound proteins - e-cadherin and occludin. Both of them increase the tight junctions between cells, strengthen the gut barrier and alleviate inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laval L, Martin R, Natividad JN, Chain F, Miquel S, Desclée de Maredsous C, Capronnier S, Sokol H, Verdu EF, van Hylckama Vlieg JE, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Smokvina T, Langella P |display-authors=6 |title=Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 and the commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165 exhibit similar protective effects to induced barrier hyper-permeability in mice |journal=Gut Microbes |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |date=2015-01-02 |pmid=25517879 |pmc=4615674 |doi=10.4161/19490976.2014.990784}}</ref><ref name="He_2021" /> === ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' and other bacteria === Studies show that ''F. prausnitzii'' interacts with other bacteria, which affects its butyrate production, and survival. When ''F. prausnitzii'' is cultured with ''Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron'', it produces more butyric acid than standing alone,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Licht TR, Hansen M, Bergström A, Poulsen M, Krath BN, Markowski J, Dragsted LO, Wilcks A |display-authors=6 |title=Effects of apples and specific apple components on the cecal environment of conventional rats: role of apple pectin |journal=BMC Microbiology |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=13 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20089145 |pmc=2822772 |doi=10.1186/1471-2180-10-13 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wrzosek_2013_2"/> ''F. prausnitzii'' also benefits from growing with certain other bacteria. For example, in order to survive in the gut environment, it requires certain bacteria to be preexisting. ''B. thetaiotaomicron'' and ''Escherichia coli'' are needed to create a suitable environment for ''F. prausnitzii'' by reducing the redox potential and alter the composition of the nutrients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng L, Kiewiet MB, Logtenberg MJ, Groeneveld A, Nauta A, Schols HA, Walvoort MT, Harmsen HJ, de Vos P |display-authors=6 |title=Effects of Different Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth of ''Bifidobacteria'' in Monoculture and Co-culture With ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=11 |article-number=569700 |date=2020 |pmid=33193162 |pmc=7662573 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2020.569700 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wrzosek_2013_2" /> === Inflammatory bowel disease === In Crohn's disease, as of 2015 most studies (with one exception) found reduced levels of ''F. prausnitzii'';<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wright EK, Kamm MA, Teo SM, Inouye M, Wagner J, Kirkwood CD |title=Recent advances in characterizing the gastrointestinal microbiome in Crohn's disease: a systematic review |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1219–1228 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25844959 |pmc=4450900 |doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000000382}}</ref> this has been found in both fecal and mucosal samples.<ref name="El Hage_2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=El Hage R, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Van de Wiele T |title=Emerging Trends in "Smart Probiotics": Functional Consideration for the Development of Novel Health and Industrial Applications |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=8 |article-number=1889 |date=2017-09-29 |pmid=29033923 |pmc=5626839 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01889 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The lower abundance of these bacteria is not only associated to the chance of developing IBD, but also to the chance of relapsing after a successful therapy. People with lower abundance are six times more likely to relapse in the future.<ref name="Sokol_2008_2"/> However, it is a fastidious organism sensitive to oxygen and difficult to deliver to the intestine.<ref name="El Hage_2017" /> Exclusive enteral nutrition, which is known to induce remission in Crohn's, has been found to reduce ''F. prausnitzii'' in responders.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gerasimidis K, Russell R, Hansen R, Quince C, Loman N, Bertz M, Hanske L, Blaut M, McGrogan P, Edwards CA |display-authors=6 |title=Role of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Crohn's Disease: friend, foe, or does not really matter? |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=E18–E19 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24859302 |doi=10.1097/MIB.0000000000000079 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This could be due to the lack of specific nutrients, that the bacteria need to survive.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Diederen K, Li JV, Donachie GE, de Meij TG, de Waart DR, Hakvoort TB, Kindermann A, Wagner J, Auyeung V, Te Velde AA, Heinsbroek SE, Benninga MA, Kinross J, Walker AW, de Jonge WJ, Seppen J |display-authors=6 |title=Exclusive enteral nutrition mediates gut microbial and metabolic changes that are associated with remission in children with Crohn's disease |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=18879 |date=November 2020 |pmid=33144591 |pmc=7609694 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-75306-z |bibcode=2020NatSR..1018879D}}</ref> === Biomarker relevance === ''F. prausnitzii'' can also serve as a biomarker discriminating between different intestinal inflammatory conditions. It is a good biomarker to differentiate between Crohn's disease and colorectal cancer.<ref name="Lopez-Siles_2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez-Siles M, Martinez-Medina M, Abellà C, Busquets D, Sabat-Mir M, Duncan SH, Aldeguer X, Flint HJ, Garcia-Gil LJ |display-authors=6 |title=Mucosa-associated Faecalibacterium prausnitzii phylotype richness is reduced in patients with inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=81 |issue=21 |pages=7582–7592 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26296733 |pmc=4592880 |doi=10.1128/AEM.02006-15 |bibcode=2015ApEnM..81.7582L |veditors=Elkins CA}}</ref> An even better biomarker is ''F. prausnitzii'' in comparison to ''E. coli'' as a complementary indicator (F-E index). This index serves really well in differentiating between colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis.<ref name="Lopez-Siles_2015" /> Combining both the host serological data plus microbiological indicators could serve as good biomarker, since it has been reported that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be differentiated based on monitoring of ''F. prausnitzii'' in conjunction with leukocyte count.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V, Vaneechoutte M, Doerffel Y |title=Active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be specifically diagnosed and monitored based on the biostructure of the fecal flora |journal=Inflammatory Bowel Diseases |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=147–161 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18050295 |doi=10.1002/ibd.20330 |s2cid=46449782 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== See also == * IMPDH RNA motif, a transcription regulator in ''Faecalibacterium'' * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera

== References == {{Reflist}} {{Bacteria classification}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q3738294|from2=Q3738296}}

Category:Eubacteriales Category:Monotypic bacteria genera