{{Short description|Japanese fuel cell electric multiple unit train}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{About|the experimental hydrogen fuel cell unit|the experimental railcar KiYa E991|NE Train}} {{Infobox train | name = FV-E991 series<br/>''HYBARI'' | image = JRE Series FV-E991-1.jpg | imagesize = | caption = | service = | manufacturer = [[J-TREC]] | factory = Yokohama | family = | replaced = | yearconstruction = | yearservice = March 2022 | refurbishment = | yearscrapped = | numberconstruction = | numberbuilt = 1 set (2 vehicles) | numberservice = | numberpreserved = | numberscrapped = | formation = 2 cars per unit | fleetnumbers = HY | capacity = Non-passenger | operator = {{ric|JR East|name=y}} | depots = | lines = | carbody = | carlength = | width = | height = | floorheight = | doors = Three per side | maxspeed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | weight = | acceleration = {{convert|2.3|km/h/s|abbr=on}} | deceleration = | traction motors = VVVF inverter: 1C2M × 2 units | engine = | poweroutput = {{convert|95|kW|abbr=on}} per motor | transmission = | aux = | powersupply = | hvac = | bogies = | brakes = | safety = | coupling = | multipleworking = | gauge = {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}} }} The {{Nihongo|'''FV-E991 series'''|FV-E991系}}, nicknamed ''HYBARI'', is a hydrogen [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]] [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) train type operated by [[East Japan Railway Company]] (JR East) from 2022.<ref name="tetsudo">{{cite web |url=https://tetsudo-ch.com/7885472.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |location=Japan |language=ja |date=4 April 2019 |title=JR東日本、水素燃料電池試験車 FV-E991系2両を製造＿2021年度から実証試験}}</ref><ref name="toyota" />
This series will be used as a test unit to collect data for future development and deployment of fuel cell vehicles. Starting in 2021, JR East will conduct trials on the [[Tsurumi Line|Tsurumi]] and [[Nambu Line|Nambu]] lines and expects to have the technology ready for commercial application by 2024. On 4 June 2020, the company announced that it would invest ¥4 billion into the development of this series, which is the new generation of the [[NE Train|Fuel Cell New Energy Train]] experimental unit.<ref name="rg07062019">{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/asia/jr-east-to-trial-fuel-cell-multiple-unit/48671.article |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=JR East to trial fuel cell multiple-unit |date=7 June 2019 |website=railwaygazette.com |publisher=DVV Media International |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604144417/https://www.railwaygazette.com/asia/jr-east-to-trial-fuel-cell-multiple-unit/48671.article |archive-date=4 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The FV acronym (of the series numbering: FV-E991) stands for [[Fuel cell]] [[Vehicle]] and the E for East (because this series is to be operated by [[East Japan Railway Company]]). This series nickname ''HYBARI'' stands for "'''HY'''drogen-'''HYB'''rid '''A'''dvanced '''R'''ail vehicle for '''I'''nnovation".<ref name="toyota">{{cite web|url=https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/33954855.html|language=en|title=JR East, Hitachi and Toyota to Develop Hybrid (Fuel Cell) Railway Vehicles Powered by Hydrogen|date=October 6, 2021|access-date=February 19, 2021|publisher=Toyota}}</ref>
== Fuel cell system == This series is equipped with a [[hybrid train|hybrid]] system that uses [[hydrogen]] as [[fuel]] and an [[electric battery]] as a power source. It works by generating electricity with [[compressed hydrogen]] (stored in the train) and [[oxygen]] (from the air). Electricity is then stored on batteries that is to power the electric motors and other systems of the train. [[Fuel cell vehicle|Fuel cell vehicles]] only emit water and heat, so they are considered [[Zero emission vehicle|zero-emission vehicles (ZEV)]].<ref name="tetsudo" /> The maximum speed of these units is expected to be {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and the range {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} when the storage units are filled at {{convert|70|MPa|atm|abbr=on|0}}, the maximum filling pressure. When those are filled at {{convert|35|MPa|atm|abbr=on|0}} the expected range is {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tetsudo" />
The [[trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] car has the hydrogen storage units installed on the roof. There are 4 carbon fiber banks, each with five {{convert|51|L|sp=us|adj=on}} modules. That makes a total of {{convert|1020|L|0|sp=us}} per unit. There are two pumping units, one on the roof (near the hydrogen storage unit) and the other one under the floor (near the fuel cell device) to pump hydrogen from the banks to the fuel cell device. The fuel cell device has two 180 kW polymer fuel cell stacks installed under the floor. These can operate at temperatures down to {{convert|-10|C|F|abbr=on}} and supply electricity for two 25 kWh [[li-ion]] electric batteries under the powered car floor. The batteries power a [[VVVF]] converter with twin inverters to feed the four {{convert|95|kW|adj=on}} traction motors.<ref name="rg07062019" /> The series is equipped with regenerative brakes, which charge the batteries during braking.<ref name="toyota" /> [[Toyota Motor Corporation]] developed the fuel cell device, while [[Hitachi]] developed the hybrid system.<ref name="toyota" />
== Design == Based on the design of the [[EV-E301 series]] [[battery electric multiple unit]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-04-10 |title= |script-title=ja:水素ハイブリッド電車「HYBARI」に見る屋根上の変化 |trans-title=Changes on the roof of the FV-E991 series "HYBARI" |url=https://tetsudo-ch.com/12317281.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Tetsudo Channel |publisher=EXPRESS Co., Ltd. |language=ja}}</ref> the design of the train conveys a sense of speed and give a futuristic image. The train is painted in a blue splash pattern to represent the moistening of the earth and the water generated from the fuel cell device. The train has the ''HYBARI'' logo on the front and another on the side in the middle of the train, on a side of the junction between cars. This logo is to represent the introduction of new energy for vehicles as the breath of spring onto the land.<ref name="toyota" />
== Goals == {{NPOV-section|date=March 2023|talk=Goals section}}
=== Contributing to reduce carbon dioxide emissions === The main goal of this project is to create a [[rolling stock]] that operates using clean energy, such as hydrogen, to minimize the environmental impact. Hydrogen does not emit [[carbon dioxide]] or any other polluting substance to the atmosphere and can be produced using renewable energy. This will help to curb global warming and to diversify energy sources.<ref name="toyota" /> === Collaboration to develop hybrid fuel cell vehicles === Combining [[JR East]]'s railway rolling stock design and manufacturing, [[Hitachi]]'s railway hybrid systems, and [[Toyota]]'s technologies used to develop the [[Toyota Mirai|Mirai]] fuel cell electric automobile and [[Toyota Sora|SORA]] fuel cell bus, those three companies will adapt fuel cells for the railway industry. They will try to create hybrid fuel cell rolling stock, which needs a higher power output than cars and buses.<ref name="toyota" />
== Operations == Since March 2022, the FV-E991 series has operated on the [[Tsurumi Line]] and [[Nambu Line]] as a test unit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title= |script-title=ja:JR東日本「HYBARI」稲城長沼駅で展示「水素でGO!」イベント6/9開催 |trans-title=JR East to exhibit "HYBARI" at "Hydrogen GO!" event on 9 June |url=https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20240529-2955198/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Mynavi News |language=ja}}</ref> JR East plans to implement fuel cell rolling stock on from fiscal 2030 for use on traditionally diesel-operated services.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-28 |title= |script-title=ja:水素ハイブリッド電車「HYBARI」の走行試験公開 30年度導入目指す JR東日本 |trans-title=JR East conducts public test run of "HYBARI" hydrogen train |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20240228-VVUIVJ3KWJLF3B7KYXBCLSI7QE/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The Sankei Shimbun |language=ja}}</ref> == Formation == The FV-E991 series unit was delivered from the [[Japan Transport Engineering Company]] (J-TREC) factory in Yokohama in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title= |script-title=ja:JR東日本 FV-E991系が甲種輸送される |trans-title=JR East FV-E991 series undergoing delivery |url=https://railf.jp/news/2022/02/05/203000.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Japan Railfan Magazine Online |publisher=Koyusha Co., Ltd. |language=ja |publication-place=Japan}}</ref> It is formed as follows, consisting of two cars.<ref name="tetsudo"/> {| class="wikitable" ! Car No. ! 1 !! 2 |- ! Designation | Mzc || Tzc' |- ! Numbering | FV-E991 || FV-E990 |}
== See also == * [[Hydrail]] * [[Hydrogen vehicle]]
== External links == * [https://www.jreast.co.jp/E/development/theme/energy/energy04.html JR East website] * [https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/33954855.html Toyota website] * {{Commons category inline}}
== References == {{reflist}}
{{JR East EMU}}
[[Category:East Japan Railway Company]] [[Category:Train-related introductions in 2022]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of Japan]] [[Category:Fuel cell vehicles]] [[Category:Hydrogen rolling stock]] [[Category:J-TREC multiple units]]