{{short description|Indian artist (1924–2002)}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}} {{Infobox artist | name = F. N. Souza | image = F N Souza in London.jpg | caption = Souza in London, 1955 | birth_name = Francisco Victor Newton de Souza | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|04|12}} | birth_place = Saligão, Goa, Portuguese India | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|03|28|1924|04|12}} | death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India | citizenship = {{ubl| * Portuguese<br/>(until 1961) * Indian (from 1961)}} | burial_place = Sewri Christian Cemetery | field = Painting, Drawing | party = Communist Party of India | movement = Expressionism | works =''Birth'' (1955) | spouse = {{ubl| *{{marriage|Maria Figueiredo|1946|1964|end=divorced}} *{{marriage|Barbara Zinkant|1965|1977|end=divorced}}}} | partner = Liselotte Kristian (1954–1961)<br>Srimati Lal<br/>(1993–2002) | patrons = | awards = | url = | children = 5 | relatives = Lancelot Ribeiro<br/>(half-brother)<br> Solomon Souza (grandson) }}
'''Francisco Victor Newton de Souza''' (12 April 1924 – 28 March 2002), better known as '''F. N. Souza''', was an Indian artist of modern Indian painting, and a founding member of the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group. His style exhibited both decadence and primitivism.<ref name="Chopra"> {{cite book |first=Ashok |last=Chopra |date=2016 |isbn=9789352641123 |title=A Scrapbook of Memories |publisher=Harper Collins |location=India}}</ref>
==Early life and education== Francisco Victor Newton de Souza was born to Goan Catholic parents in the village of Saligão, Portuguese Goa. After his father and then his elder sister died, he and his mother moved to Bombay, British India, in 1929.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |title=Overlooked No More: F.N. Souza, India's Anti-Establishment Artist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/obituaries/fn-souza-overlooked.html |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601090746/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/obituaries/fn-souza-overlooked.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Souza's mother Lilia remarried, and his half-brother was the painter Lancelot Ribeiro.<ref>{{cite news |last=Buckman |first=David |title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Artist in the vanguard of the influx of Indian artists to Britain |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-vanguard-influx-indian-artists-britain-2261209.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |work=The Independent |date=23 October 2011 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516003044/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-vanguard-influx-indian-artists-britain-2261209.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-03 |first=David |last=Buckman |title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Artist in the vanguard of the influx of Indian |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-in-the-vanguard-of-the-influx-of-indian-artists-to-britain-2261209.html |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
Souza attended St. Xavier's College in Bombay,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Prinseps |date=2025-04-09 |title=FN Souza Biography Timeline {{!}} Life of Francis Newton Souza |url=https://prinseps.com/research/fn-souza-a-timeline/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Prinseps |language=en-in}}</ref> but he was expelled in 1939 for drawing obscene graffiti in the restrooms.<ref name="Maddox"/><ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Born rebel |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-born-rebel-2704586 |first=Ornella |last=D'Souza |date=6 January 2019 |work=DNA India (newspaper) |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120223521/https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-born-rebel-2704586 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then studied at the Sir J. J. School of Art in Bombay but was also expelled from that school in 1945, because of pulling down the Union Jack flag during a school ceremony and participating in the Quit India Movement.<ref name="DNA"/><ref name=Raaj>{{cite news |last=Raaj |first=Neelam |title=With $4m art record, Souza sizzles |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-4m-art-record-Souza-sizzles/articleshow/49011471.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=6 August 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922090235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-4m-art-record-Souza-sizzles/articleshow/49011471.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Souza joined the Communist Party of India soon after, and co-founded the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group in 1947.<ref name=Mirror>{{cite news |last1=Gehi |first1=Reema |title=Mr. Souza's baggage was always excess |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/mr-souzas-baggage-was-always-excess/articleshow/49121201.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 September 2015 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606115141/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/mr-souzas-baggage-was-always-excess/articleshow/49121201.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Move to London== In 1948, Souza's paintings were shown in London's Burlington House as part of an exhibition on Indian Art. However, his work was attacked by the Goan community in Bombay during an exhibition at Chemould Frames.<ref name="Maddox">{{cite news |first=Georgina |last=Maddox |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/an-exhibition-captures-fn-souzas-early-years-as-an-artist/article26212923.ece |date=9 February 2019 |title=An exhibition captures F N Souza's early years as an artist |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511115711/https://www.thehindu.com/society/an-exhibition-captures-fn-souzas-early-years-as-an-artist/article26212923.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Souza emigrated to London in 1949, following several complaints against him to the police from the Indian public for obscenity.<ref name="Khasnis">{{cite news |last=Khasnis |first=Giridhar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/28476/a-rebel-always.html |date=3 October 2009 |title=A rebel, always |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523050753/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/28476/a-rebel-always.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
He initially struggled to make an impact as an artist in the UK.<ref name="Khasnis"/> His Goan wife Maria took on multiple jobs in order to support their family.<ref name="Nair">{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Uma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/souza-the-heartless-husband/ |date=11 March 2014 |title=Souza – The Heartless Husband |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515110946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/souza-the-heartless-husband/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Institute of Contemporary Arts included his work in a 1954 exhibition.
His success as an artist took off following the publication in 1955 of his autobiographical essay ''Nirvana of a Maggot'' in English poet Stephen Spender's ''Encounter'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2025 |title=F.N. Souza: A Timeline of His Life, Art, and Legacy |url=https://prinseps.com/research/fn-souza-a-timeline/?srsltid=AfmBOooBlXDAsguRNoTy6NROJVrOyddPmuVTKJTJ72jV11gz0UwMx9-N |website=Prinseps}}</ref> Spender introduced Souza to the British art dealer Victor Musgrave. Souza's 1955 exhibit at Musgrave's Gallery One sold out, leading to ongoing success. Souza was one of five artists on the UK shortlist for the 1958 Guggenheim International Award for his 1955 painting ''Birth''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Svendsen |first1=Louise Averill |title=Guggenheim International Award, 1958 |date=1958 |publisher=Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum |location=New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/guggenheimintern1958sven/page/20/mode/2up |ol=OL16751796W}}</ref>
In 1959, Souza published his autobiographical ''Words and Lines''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Souza|first1=F. N.|title=Words and Lines|date=1959|publisher=Villiers / Scorpion Press|location=London|oclc=501036319}}</ref>
Souza's career developed steadily, and he participated in several shows, receiving positive reviews from English art critic John Berger. According to Berger, Souza's style "was deliberately eclectic: essentially Expressionist in character", but "also drawing on the post-war Art Brut movement and elements of British Neo-romanticism".<ref name="Chopra"/>
==Reputation== The Indian artist, M.F. Husain, recognized Souza as his mentor.<ref name=Singh>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Khushwant|title=A Maverick Painter|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-maverick-painter/cid/1025138|work=The Telegraph (India)|date=6 May 2006|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508081159/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-maverick-painter/cid/1025138|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years, Souza's paintings have been sold for over a million dollars.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sale of a painting by the late Indian painter Francis Newton Souza has set a record for an Indian work of art|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7452163.stm|access-date=20 December 2010|newspaper=BBC News|date=13 June 2008|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306201708/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7452163.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> His painting ''Birth'' (1955) depicting his mistress Liselotte posing naked while pregnant with their first daughter Keren,<ref name=Raaj /> set a world auction record in 2008 for the most expensive "Indian" painting sold till then when it was purchased by Tina Ambani for US$2.5 million (Rs 11.3 crore) at a Christie's auction. In 2015, the painting ''Birth'' was resold to Kiran Nadar at Christie's in New York, fetching more than US$4 million.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fn-souzas-birth-sets-new-record-sold-for-4-million-at-christies-new-york-auction/137827/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928061708/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fn-souzas-birth-sets-new-record-sold-for-4-million-at-christies-new-york-auction/137827/|date=28 September 2015}} FN Souza’s ‘Birth’ sets new record, sold for $4 million at Christie’s New York auction. The Financial Express, 18 September 2015.</ref>
In June 2010, Christie's held an auction of over 140 lots from the Souza estate. Many of Souza's works fetched very high prices, some several times Christie's estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/searchresults.aspx?intSaleID=22811 |title=Christie's – The Art of Souza: Property from the Estate of Francis Newton Souza |access-date=17 January 2011 |archive-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817234318/http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/searchresults.aspx?intSaleid=22811 |url-status=live }}</ref>
At an auction of Souza's painting ''The Last Supper'' (1990) held by Sotheby's in 2019, his former muse and fellow artist Nimisha Sharma interrupted the auction after the bidding had ended. She asked repeatedly who was the artist’s “+” in his signature for that painting. Observers later speculated it was her way of telling the art world that she had painted it along with him.<ref name=Gehi>{{cite news |last1=Gehi |first1=Reema |title=Souza's muse interrupts show, a Gaitonde painting goes unsold |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/souzas-muse-interrupts-show-a-gaitonde-painting-goes-unsold/articleshow/72079861.cms |access-date=21 August 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821075023/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/souzas-muse-interrupts-show-a-gaitonde-painting-goes-unsold/articleshow/72079861.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Personal life== thumb|Souza seen in Goa shortly before his death.
Souza met a Goan fashion designer Maria Figueiredo in 1945. They married soon after and had a daughter together.<ref name="Nair"/> In 1954, Souza met Liselotte Kristian Kohn, a married Jewish actress and Progressive League member, with whom he began a relationship.<ref name=Carvalho/><ref>{{cite web |title=Liselotte de Kristian (1919–1990), Actress; partner of F.N. Souza |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp128136/liselotte-de-kristian |website=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=22 November 2021 |location=London |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122111128/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp128136/liselotte-de-kristian |url-status=live }}</ref> They had three daughters together but they never got married: Souza remained married to Maria, while Liselotte remained married to Richard.<ref name=Singh /><ref name=Carvalho>{{cite web |title=A morning with F N Souza's daughters |first=Selma |last=Carvalho |date=2 September 2013 |url=https://blog.saffronart.com/2013/09/02/a-morning-with-f-n-souzas-daughters/ |work=State of the Art |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513090642/https://blog.saffronart.com/2013/09/02/a-morning-with-f-n-souzas-daughters/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They also aborted a pregnancy in 1959,<ref>{{Cite AV media notes |title= Liselotte Souza interviewed by Milenka Jackson |last1= Jackson |first1= Milenka |date= June 1989 |chapter=Part 5 |type=Audio recording summary |publisher= British Library |work=Living Memory of the Jewish Community |location= London |quote=''She had an abortion in 1959, three babies in these conditions at the age of 40 was too much.'' }}</ref> Souza thereby being automatically excommunicated from the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P57.HTM |title=Can. 1398 |access-date=2008-06-01 |work=Code of Canon Law |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203065937/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P57.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref>
Souza's relationship with Liselotte ended in 1961,<ref>{{cite web |title=A morning with F N Souza's daughters |first=Selma |last=Carvalho |date=2 September 2013 |url=https://blog.saffronart.com/2013/09/02/a-morning-with-f-n-souzas-daughters/ |work=State of the Art |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513090642/https://blog.saffronart.com/2013/09/02/a-morning-with-f-n-souzas-daughters/ |url-status=live |quote= ''The last one in 1961 at North Audley Street, where Musgrave had shifted the gallery, was hugely successful and in many ways marked the pinnacle of his career. But his relationship with Liselotte had all but collapsed.''}}</ref> with Liselotte alleging domestic violence.<ref>{{Cite AV media notes |title= Liselotte Souza interviewed by Milenka Jackson |last1= Jackson |first1= Milenka |date= June 1989 |chapter=Part 7 |type=Audio recording summary |publisher= British Library |work=Living Memory of the Jewish Community |location= London |quote=''Francis continued with the violence and threats, he tried to deprive her first of home, then of the three girls. He turned off her water supply. She tried to adopt her three girls (she never married Francis) to keep them safe with her. Camden Council prevented her; Anya was in care of the Mental Health Act because of Down's Syndrome. Francis refused his permission for her to adopt.'' }}</ref> He divorced Maria in 1964 in order to marry the 16-year-old Barbara Zinkant. He and Barbara moved to New York City in 1967 and their son was born in 1971. Barbara divorced Souza in 1977 in order to marry her lover.<ref name="Ribeiro"> {{cite book |title=Souza: The Artist, His Loves, and His Times |first=Victor |last=Rangel-Ribeiro |author-link=Victor Rangel-Ribeiro |date=2019 |publisher=Goa Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788190426527}}</ref>
Souza divided his time between India and the United States after his second divorce. He was in several relationships, including a young married woman from Bombay, and had sexual relationships with multiple prostitutes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Selfie with Souza, the painter who shot to international fame before Hussain |url=https://thenewsporter.com/selfie-with-souza-the-man-who-shot-to-international-fame-even-before-mf-hussain/ |date=20 October 2021 |first=N K |last=Sareen |work=The News Porter |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029013939/https://thenewsporter.com/selfie-with-souza-the-man-who-shot-to-international-fame-even-before-mf-hussain/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian artist and poet Srimati Lal was in a relationship with him from 1993 until his death.<ref name="Sanyal">{{cite news |first=Amitava |last=Sanyal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/francis-newton-souza-how-the-artist-s-libido-guided-him-in-art-as-in-life/story-OIMxSyKgc2WgEllePKARoM.html |date=9 April 2010 |title=Francis Newton Souza: How the artist's libido guided him in art as in life |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135614/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/francis-newton-souza-how-the-artist-s-libido-guided-him-in-art-as-in-life/story-OIMxSyKgc2WgEllePKARoM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Souza's eldest daughter by his partner Liselotte Kristian is the British-Israeli painter Karen (Keren) Souza-Kohn.<ref name=Singh /><ref name=Carvalho/><ref>{{Cite AV media notes |title= Liselotte Souza interviewed by Milenka Jackson |last1= Jackson |first1= Milenka |date= June 1989 |chapter=Part 9 |type=Audio recording summary |publisher= British Library |work=Living Memory of the Jewish Community |location= London |quote=''Her other daughter Karen took art training and has been successful.'' }}</ref> Karen's son is the British-Israeli street artist Solomon Souza, known best for his murals in the Mahane Yehuda Market.<ref name=Corman>{{cite news |last1=Corman |first1=Ruth |title=Solomon Souza follows in the footsteps of his grandfather, F.N. Souza |url=https://m.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/solomon-souza-follows-in-the-footsteps-of-his-grandfather-fn-souza-664523 |date=8 April 2021 |work=Jerusalem Post |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115055733/https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/solomon-souza-follows-in-the-footsteps-of-his-grandfather-fn-souza-664523 |url-status=live }}</ref> Anya Souza, his youngest daughter by Liselotte,<ref name=Carvalho/> was born with Down syndrome and is a trustee of the Down Syndrome Association, known for speaking out against the 2003 International Down Syndrome Screening Conference at Regents College in London.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title="I'm a person, not a disease" |first=Simone |last=Aspis |magazine=Mouth |date=July–August 2003 |page=31 |url=https://www.mouthmag.com/issues/78/30_souza.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609041104/http://www.mouthmag.com/issues/78/30_souza.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Death== Souza died on 28 March 2002 from a heart attack. Only a few people attended the funeral, none of them being his family members or members of Souza's Goan community. His remains were buried in Sewri Christian Cemetery in Mumbai.<ref name="Maddox"/><ref name="Khasnis"/>
==Public collections== *Birmingham Museum of Art, UK *British Museum, London, UK *Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham, UK *Glenbarra Art Museum, Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan *Haifa Museum, Israel *National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, India *National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia *Tate Gallery, London, UK *Progressive Art Gallery, New Delhi, India *Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK *The Hepworth Wakefield Art Gallery, UK<ref>{{cite web|title=Supper at Emmaus with the Believer and the Sceptic by Francis Newton Souza|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/supper-at-emmaus-with-the-believer-and-the-sceptic-22652|website=Art UK|access-date=23 November 2014|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314050334/http://artuk.org/discover/artworks/supper-at-emmaus-with-the-believer-and-the-sceptic-22652|url-status=live}}</ref> *Museum of Biblical Art (Dallas), Texas, USA *Sarmaya Arts Foundation, Fort, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=Supper at Emmaus - Sarmaya |url=https://sarmaya.in/objects/modern-contemporary-art/supper-at-emmaus/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=sarmaya.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
==References== <references/>
==External links== {{Commons category|F. N. Souza}} *{{cite web|title=Souza|url=http://www.fnsouza.com/}} (website on Souza by art critic Srimati Lal) *{{cite web|title=SOUZA, Francis Newton – Artist Profile (1924–2002)|url=http://grosvenorgallery.com/artists/souza-francis-newton/|website=Grosvenor Gallery|location=London}} *{{cite web|title=F N Souza|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/f-n-souza|website=Saffron Art Gallery|location=Mumbai}} *{{cite web|title=Francis Newton Souza|url=http://rukispaintings.blogspot.in/2010/11/francis-newton-souza-canvas-works.html|website=Ruki's Art Gallery|location=New Delhi}} *{{cite web |title=Virtual book release of Souza: The Artist, His Loves, & His Times |url=https://www.facebook.com/Sunaparanta/videos/listenin-episode-xxv-virtual-book-release-of-souza-the-artist-his-loves-his-time/511669083083175/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Sunaparanta, Goa Centre for the Arts |date=21 January 2021}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Souza, Francis Newton}} Category:1924 births Category:2002 deaths Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni Category:People from North Goa district Category:Painters from Goa