Everglades virus

{{Short description|Species of virus}} {{virusbox | name = Everglades virus | image = Emd-5563.jpg | image_caption = CryoEM reconstruction of the Everglades Virus. EMDB entry {{PDBe|EMD-5563}}<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sherman | first1 = M. B. | last2 = Trujillo | first2 = J. | last3 = Leahy | first3 = I. | last4 = Razmus | first4 = D. | last5 = Dehate | first5 = R. | last6 = Lorcheim | first6 = P. | last7 = Czarneski | first7 = M. A. | last8 = Zimmerman | first8 = D. | last9 = Newton | first9 = J. T. A. M. | last10 = Haddow | first10 = A. D. | last11 = Weaver | first11 = S. C. | doi = 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.12.007 | title = Construction and organization of a BSL-3 cryo-electron microscopy laboratory at UTMB | journal = Journal of Structural Biology | volume = 181 | issue = 3 | pages = 223–233 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23274136 | pmc =3593667 }}</ref> | parent = Alphavirus | species = Alphavirus everglades }}

'''Everglades virus''' (EVEV) is an alphavirus included in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex. The virus circulates among rodents and vector mosquitoes and sometimes infects humans, causing a febrile illness with occasional neurological manifestations.<ref name=pmid173 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Coffey | first1 = L. | last2 = Crawford | first2 = C. | last3 = Dee | first3 = J. | last4 = Miller | first4 = R. | last5 = Freier | first5 = J. | last6 = Weaver | first6 = S. | doi = 10.3201/eid1212.060446 | title = Serologic Evidence of Widespread Everglades Virus Activity in Dogs, Florida | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = 1873–1879 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17326938 | pmc =3291350 }}</ref><ref name=pmid156 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Coffey | first1 = L. L. | last2 = Carrara | first2 = A. S. | last3 = Paessler | first3 = S. | last4 = Haynie | first4 = M. L. | last5 = Bradley | first5 = R. D. | last6 = Tesh | first6 = R. B. | last7 = Weaver | first7 = S. C. | doi = 10.3201/eid1012.040442 | title = Experimental Everglades Virus Infection of Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus) | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 2182–2188 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15663857 | pmc =3323382 }}</ref> Although it is said to be rare in humans it is still debated if this is the case because of the possibility of underdiagnosing as well as being a unrecognized cause of other illnesses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coffey|first1=Lark|last2=Crawford|first2=Cynda|last3=Dee|first3=James|last4=Miller|first4=Ryan|last5=Freier|first5=Jerome|last6=Weaver|first6=Scott|date=2006|title=Serologic Evidence of Widespread Everglades Virus Activity in Dogs, Florida|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=12|pages=1873–1879|doi=10.3201/eid1212.060446|pmid=17326938|pmc=3291350|issn=1080-6040|doi-access=free}}</ref> The virus is named after the Everglades, a region of subtropical wetlands in southern Florida. The virus is endemic to the U.S. state of Florida, where its geographic range mirrors that of the mosquito species ''Culex cedecei''.<ref name=pmid173 /> Hispid cotton rat and cotton mouse are considered important reservoir hosts of Everglades virus. Most clinical cases of infection occur in and around the city of Miami.<ref name=pmid156 /> The abundance in clinical cases in certain parts of Florida comes from many factors such as population density and proximity to the hosts and their ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoyer|first1=Isaiah J.|last2=Acevedo|first2=Carolina|last3=Wiggins|first3=Keenan|last4=Alto|first4=Barry W.|last5=Burkett-Cadena|first5=Nathan D.|date=June 2019|title=Patterns of Abundance, Host Use, and Everglades Virus Infection in Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei Mosquitoes, Florida, USA|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=6|pages=1093–1100|doi=10.3201/eid2506.180338|pmid=31107225|pmc=6537747|issn=1080-6040|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms== Symptoms of infection include:<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/00007611-198011000-00044 | last1 = Calisher | first1 = C. H. |author1-link=Charles Calisher | last2 = Murphy | first2 = F. A. | last3 = France | first3 = J. K. | last4 = Lazuick | first4 = J. S. | last5 = Muth | first5 = D. J. | last6 = Steck | first6 = F. | last7 = Lindsey | first7 = H. S. | last8 = Bauer | first8 = S. P. | last9 = Buff | first9 = E. E. | last10 = Schneider | first10 = N. J. | title = Everglades virus infection in man, 1975 | journal = Southern Medical Journal | volume = 73 | issue = 11 | pages = 1548 | year = 1980 | pmid = 7444536 }}</ref> *Enlarged, tender lymph nodes *Fever *Headache *Malaise *Myalgia *Pharyngitis

==Transmission== The virus is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes of the genus ''Culex'',<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1603/033.046.0404 | last1 = Williams | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Savage | first2 = H. M. | title = Identification of Culex (Melanoconion) species of the United States using female cibarial armature (Diptera: Culicidae) | journal = Journal of Medical Entomology | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 745–752 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19645276 | doi-access = free }}</ref> specifically ''Culex cedecei''.<ref name=pmid173 /><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weaver | first1 = S. C. | last2 = Scherer | first2 = W. F. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = C. A. | last4 = Castello | first4 = D. A. | last5 = Cupp | first5 = E. W. | title = Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopatric Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 619–623 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3706626 | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.619 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Everglades Virus}} Category:Alphaviruses Category:Everglades