{{Short description|Species of plant in family Brassicaceae}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Speciesbox | image = Cakile maritima Radès beach.jpg | genus = Cakile | species = maritima | authority = Scop. | range_map = Cakile maritima GBIFDistMap1.png | range_map_caption = Occurrence data from GBIF<ref name=GBIF>''Cakile maritima'' GBIF.org (28 November 2018) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.h2gy2e</ref> | subdivision_ref = <ref name="POWO"/> | subdivision = {{Species list | Cakile maritima subsp. baltica | (Jord.) Hyl. ex P.W.Ball | Cakile maritima subsp. euxina | (Pobed.) Nyár. | Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia | (Hornem.) Hyl. ex Greuter & Burdet | Cakile maritima subsp. maritima | }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO |title=''Cakile maritima'' Scop. | id = 30179231-2 |access-date = 28 October 2024}}</ref> | synonyms = {{Collapsible list | title = Species | {{Species list | Bunias cakile | L. | Cakile cakile | (L.) H.Karst., not validly publ. | Crucifera cakile | (L.) E.H.L.Krause | Rapistrum cakile | (L.) Crantz | Rapistrum maritimum | (Scop.) Bergeret, nom. superfl. }} }} {{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''baltica'' | {{Species list | Cakile baltica | Jord. | Cakile maritima var. baltica | (Jord.) Paol. | Cakile maritima proles baltica | (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud }} }} {{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''euxina'' | {{Species list | Cakile euxina | Pobed. | Cakile maritima var. bipinnata | O.E.Schulz }} }} {{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''integrifolia'' | {{Species list | Cakile maritima var. edentula | P.Fourn., nom. illeg. | Cakile maritima var. integrifolia | Hornem. }} }} {{Collapsible list | title = subsp. ''maritima'' | {{Species list | Brassica ovalis | (Viv.) B.D.Jacks. | Bunias americana | Raf. | Bunias littoralis | Salisb. | Bunias ovalis | Viv. | Cakile aegyptia | (L.) Spreng. | Cakile aegyptia var. australis | (Coss.) Maire | Cakile aegyptia var. hispanica | (Jord.) Maire | Cakile aegyptia var. latifolia | (Desf.) Maire | Cakile aegyptia var. littoralis | (Jord.) Maire | Cakile aegyptia var. susica | (Maire, Weiller & Wilczek) Maire | Cakile aegyptiaca | Willd., nom. superfl. | Cakile aegyptica | (L.) Maire & Weiller | Cakile aegyptica var. australis | (Coss.) Maire | Cakile aegyptica var. edentula | (Loret) Maire | Cakile aegyptica var. hispanica | (Jord.) Maire | Cakile aegyptica var. latifolia | (Desf.) Maire | Cakile aegyptica var. susica | (Maire, Weiller & Wilczek) Maire | Cakile bauhini | Jord. | Cakile crenata | Jord. | Cakile cyrenaica | Spreng. | Cakile edentula | Jord., nom. illeg. | Cakile hispanica | L'Hér. ex DC., pro syn. | Cakile hispanica | Jord. | Cakile latifolia | (Desf.) Poir. | Cakile littoralis | Jord. | Cakile maritima var. aegyptia | (L.) Delile | Cakile maritima subsp. aegyptia | (L.) Nyman | Cakile maritima subsp. aegyptiaca | (Willd.) Nyman | Cakile maritima var. aegyptiaca | (Willd.) P.Fourn. | Cakile maritima proles aegyptiaca | (Willd.) Rouy & Foucaud | Cakile maritima var. amblycarpa | O.E.Schulz | Cakile maritima var. auriculata | Post | Cakile maritima var. australis | Coss. | Cakile maritima var. edentula | Loret | Cakile maritima proles edentula | (Loret) Rouy & Foucaud | Cakile maritima proles hispanica | (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud | Cakile maritima var. hispanica | (Jord.) Rouy | Cakile maritima var. integrifolia | Boiss., nom. illeg. | Cakile maritima var. laciniata | Hallier | Cakile maritima var. latifolia | Desf. | Cakile maritima subsp. latifolia | (Desf.) Arcang. | Cakile maritima var. littoralis | (Jord.) P.Fourn. | Cakile maritima var. littoralis | (Jord.) Coss. | Cakile maritima proles littoralis | (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud | Cakile maritima var. monosperma | (Lange) O.E.Schulz | Cakile maritima var. oxycarpa | O.E.Schulz | Cakile maritima var. pandataria | N.Terracc. | Cakile maritima f. pandataria | (N.Terracc.) O.E.Schulz | Cakile maritima var. pennatifida | Paol., nom. illeg. | Cakile maritima var. pinnatifida | Delile | Cakile maritima f. pygmaea | O.E.Schulz | Cakile maritima var. sessiliflora | O.E.Schulz | Cakile maritima var. sinuatifolia | (Stokes) DC. | Cakile maritima var. susica | Maire, Weiller & Wilczek | Cakile monosperma | Lange | Cakile pinnatifida | Stokes | Cakile serapionis | Gaertn. | Cakile sinuatifolia | Stokes | Isatis aegyptia | L. | Isatis pinnata | Forssk. }} }} }} [[File:Cakile maritima MHNT.BOT.2011.18.15.jpg|thumb|''Cakile maritima'' - MHNT]]
'''''Cakile maritima''''', '''sea rocket''' (Britain and Ireland)<ref name=Stace>Clive Stace, ''New Flora of the British Isles'' 4th edition 2019, p 441</ref> or '''European searocket''' (North America), is a common plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Europe, North Africa and western Asia, especially on coastlines. It can now be found in many other areas of the world where it has been introduced. It is present on the west and east coasts of North America, where it has the potential to become an invasive species.{{not verified in body|date=October 2024}} This is an annual plant which grows in clumps or mounds in the sand on beaches and bluffs. The shiny leaves are fleshy, green and tinted with purple or magenta, and long-lobed. It has white to light purple flowers and sculpted, segmented, corky brown fruits one to three centimetres long. The fruits float and are water-dispersed.
==Description== It is a glabrous, succulent annual, with a slender or stout taproot. It has a branched stem which is prostrate or ascending, growing up to {{convert|15|-|45|cm|abbr=on}} long. The lobed leaves,<ref name=Readers/> are flesh-like and alternately spaced on the stem. They are different at the top and bottom of the stem; the lower leaves are obovate or oblanceolate, while the upper ones are oblong.<ref name="Davy">{{cite journal | last1 = Davy | first1 = J. | last2 = Scott |first2=R.|last3=Cordazzo|first3=C. V.|title=Biological flora of the British Isles: ''Cakile maritima'' Scop.|journal=Journal of Ecology|date=3 May 2006|volume=94|issue=3|pages=695–711|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01131.x|url=http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/3424|doi-access=free| bibcode = 2006JEcol..94..695D }}</ref> It blooms in the UK, between June and August.<ref name=Readers>{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=50 |publisher=Reader's Digest |isbn=9780276002175}}</ref> The small flowers occur in shades of white, lilac-coloured or purple,<ref name="Davy"/><ref name=Readers/> with 4 petals measuring up to {{convert|25|mm|abbr=on}} across. Later it produces green maturing to brown, with short, stubby seed capsules. They contain two yellow or brown, smooth seeds.<ref name="Davy"/><ref name=Readers/> The seed oil contains a high level of erucic acid.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ali Ghars | first1 = Mohamed | last2 = Debez | first2 = Almed | last3 = Smaoui | first3=Abderrazzak|last4=Zarrouk|first4=Moktar|last5=Grignon|first5=Claude|last6=Abdelly|first6=Chedly|title=Variability Of Fruit And Seed-Oil Characteristics In Tunisian Accessions Of The Halophyte Cakile Maritima (Brassicaceae)|journal=Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants|date=2008|pages=55–67}}</ref><ref name=Munir> Münir Öztürk, Yoav Waisel, M. Ajman Khan, Güven Görk (Editors) {{google books|epKzO4chXzYC|Biosaline Agriculture and Salinity Tolerance in Plants|page=169}}</ref>
==Phytochemistry== Due to its highly efficient antioxidant system,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ksouria|first1=Riadh|last2=Megdiche|first2=Wided|last3=Debez|first3=Ahmed|last4=Falleh|first4=Hanen|last5=Grignon|first5=Claude|last6=Chedly|first6=Abdelly|title=Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte ''Cakile maritima''|journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry|date=March–April 2007|volume=45|issue=3–4|pages=244–249|doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.02.001|pmid=17408958|bibcode=2007PlPB...45..244K }}</ref> it can withstand even high doses of Cadmium pollution.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taamalli|first1=M.|last2=D'Alessandro|first2=A.|last3=Marrocco|first3=C.|last4=Gevi|first4=F.|last5=Timperio|first5=A..|last6=Zolla|first6=L.|title=Proteomic and metabolic profiles of ''Cakile maritima'' Scop. Sea Rocket grown in the presence of cadmium.|journal=Mol. Biosyst.|date=April 2015|volume=11|issue=4|pages=1096–109|doi=10.1039/c4mb00567h|pmid=25639878}}</ref>
==Taxonomy== It was published and described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 'Fl. Carniol.' edition 2, Vol.2 on page 35, in 1772.<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="Plantlist">{{cite web|title=Cakile maritima Scop. is an accepted name|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2690424|website=23 March 2012|publisher=theplantlist.org|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brassicaceae Cakile maritima Scop.|url=http://cwww.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=30179231-2|publisher=ipni.org|access-date=25 November 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Latin specific epithet ''maritima'' means "of the sea".<ref>Allen J. Coombes {{google books|capqDQYT_VYC&|The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants|page=51}}</ref>
===Subspecies=== {{As of |2024 | 10}}, POWO lists the following subspecies:<ref name="POWO"/> {{Species list | Cakile maritima subsp. baltica | (Jord.) Hyl. ex P.W.Ball | Cakile maritima subsp. euxina | (Pobed.) Nyár. | Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia | (Hornem.) Hyl. ex Greuter & Burdet | Cakile maritima subsp. maritima | }}
==Distribution and habitat== [[File:Cakile maritima (flowers).jpg|thumb|Plant found in the Ebro Delta, Catalonia, Spain]] ''Cakile maritima'' is native to temperate areas of North Africa, western Asia and Europe.<ref name="Grin">{{cite web|title= Taxon: Cakile maritima Scop. |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=8329 |publisher=ars-grin.gov|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref>
===Range=== It is found in Africa within Algeria, the Canary Islands, Egypt, Libya, the Madeira Islands, Morocco and Tunisia. In Western Asia, it is found in the Caucasus, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Syria and Turkey. In Eastern Europe, it is found in Estonia and Ukraine. In middle Europe, it is found within Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. In Northern Europe, in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. In South-eastern Europe, within Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. In Southwestern Europe, within France, Portugal and Spain.<ref name="Grin"/> It is also widely naturalised outside of its native range, in North America.<ref name="Grin"/>
===Habitat=== It grows on the foreshores near large dune systems,<ref name="Davy"/> and in shingle banks.<ref name=Readers/> It is tolerant of salt spray and transient seawater inundation. It is pollinated by a wide range of insects, from ''Apis mellifera'', ''Eristalis intricarius'' and ''Pieris rapae''.<ref name="Davy"/>
==Veterinary significance== As the seed oil contains a high level of erucic acid it can have pathological effects on the cardiac muscle of several animal species. However, orange-bellied parrots feed on its seed during their northward migrating journey from Tasmania and Australia.<ref name="Davy"/>
==Uses== The leaves are edible, preferably cooked, and not eaten in great quantity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nyerges|first=Christopher|title=Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods|publisher=Falcon Guides|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4930-2534-3|location=Guilford, CT|oclc=965922681}}</ref> The seed oil can be used for industrial applications.<ref name=Munir/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons}} *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2240,2335,2337 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CAMA USDA Plants Profile] *[http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/cruciferae/cakile-maritima.htm Plant-identification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182901/http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/skye/cruciferae/cakile-maritima.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Cakile+maritima Photo gallery]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q589913}}
Category:Brassicaceae Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of North Africa Category:Flora of Western Asia Category:Flora of the Canary Islands Category:Flora of Madeira Category:Flora of the Caucasus Category:Leaf vegetables Category:Plants described in 1772 Category:Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Category:Flora of Lebanon