Europe of 100 Flags

{{Short description|Proposed re-conception of Europe as a collection of small nationalist states}} {{Conservatism in Europe}} '''Europe of 100 Flags''' is a concept developed by Breton nationalist Yann Fouéré in his 1968 book, ''L'Europe aux Cent Drapeaux''.<ref name="kelly">Kelly, Mike (ndg) [https://www.southampton.ac.uk/publicpolicy/what-we-do/blogs/viewsoneurope/voe16-kelly.page "What the French really think about Brexit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330221323/https://www.southampton.ac.uk/publicpolicy/what-we-do/blogs/viewsoneurope/voe16-kelly.page |date=2019-03-30 }} University of Southampton website</ref><ref>Davies, Noel (ndg) [http://fondationyannfouere.org/english/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/future-based-on-a-100-flags-welsh-nation-1969.gif "Future based on a hundred flags" (review of ''L'Europe aux cent drapeaux'' by Yann Fouéré)] ''Welsh Nation''</ref> It proposes a redrawing of European borders away from already existing nations to smaller regional polities, in a way that more resembles a map of the region during the Middle Ages, including the creation of states for Basques, Bretons, and Flemings.<ref name="kelly"/><ref name="Rydgren2018">{{cite book|editor-last=Rydgren|editor-first=Jens|last=Bar-On|first=Tamir|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right|chapter=The Radical Right and Nationalism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9FDwAAQBAJ|date=March 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-027455-9|pages=26–27}}</ref>

The continent would "divide to unite" and "decentralize inwardly and federate outwardly". These regions would be designed to promote regionalism and European federalism as a replacement for nationalism, and redefine extreme European boundaries more strictly in terms of ethnically homogeneous "authentic" historic regions. These individually ethnically "pure" states would then be incorporated under a "post-liberal-pan-European framework".<ref name="BackesMoreau2011">{{cite book|last1=Backes|first1=Uwe|last2=Moreau|first2=Patrick|title=The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMkEZnJQHksC|date=7 December 2011|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-647-36922-8|page=340}}</ref><ref name="Rydgren2018"/><ref name="Schlembach2016">{{cite book|last=Schlembach|first=Raphael|title=Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMfeCwAAQBAJ|date=1 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-18388-4|page=99}}</ref>

It has been embraced by many in the far-right, such as those among the Identitarian movement<ref>Kelly, Mike (ndg) [https://www.southampton.ac.uk/publicpolicy/what-we-do/blogs/viewsoneurope/voe16-kelly.page "What the French really think about Brexit"] University of Southampton website</ref><ref>Davies, Noel (ndg) [http://fondationyannfouere.org/english/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/future-based-on-a-100-flags-welsh-nation-1969.gif "Future based on a hundred flags" (review of ''L'Europe aux cent drapeaux'' by Yann Fouéré)] ''Welsh Nation''</ref> and the ''Nouvelle Droite'' – the French New Right – and has been described as a "multiculturalism of the right", one based on exclusion,<ref>Spektorowski, Alberto (26 April 2012) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17449626.2011.635688?journalCode=rjge20 "The French New Right: multiculturalism of the right and the recognition/exclusionism syndrome"] ''Journal of Global Ethics'' v.8 n.1</ref> homogeneity,<ref>Bar-On, Tamir (9-10 February 2015) [http://www.bpb.de/system/files/dokument_pdf/Bar-On-DeBenoist-Fascismwithhumanface-2015.pdf "Alain de Benoist: Neo-fascism with a human face?"] Paper presented at the conference "Entgrenzter Rechtsextremismus? Internationale Perspektiven und Gegenstrategien". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</ref> and ethnoregionalism.<ref name="Rydgren2018"/> The ''Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right'' describes it as a minor exception to the radical right's preference for ethnic nationalism. Political scientist Alberto Spektorowski described it as a way for the radical-right to publicly recognize outsiders while preventing them from assimilating or gaining political power.<ref name="Rydgren2018"/> It has also been described as a form of "ultra-regionalism" as a re-framing of the ultra-nationalism common to fascism.<ref name="Rydgren2018"/><ref name="french">{{cite journal |last1=Bar-On |first1=Tamir |title=The French New Right's Quest for Alternative Modernity |journal=Fascism |date=1 January 2012 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=18–52 |doi=10.1163/221162512X631198 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Dictionary of Irish Biography noted however that Fouéré was influenced by the mutualist anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fouéré, Yann |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/fouere-yann-a9986 |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography}}</ref> ==See also== {{stack|{{portal|Conservatism|Europe}}}} * Ethnopluralism * Neo-nationalism * Right-wing populism * Ultranationalism

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Regionalism (politics) Category:Stateless nationalism in Europe Category:Identitarian movement Category:Breton nationalism Category:New Right (Europe)