Europa XS

{{Short description|British kit aircraft}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}}  {{Infobox aircraft |name = Europa XS series |image = EuropaXS.jpg |caption = |type = Kit aircraft |national_origin=United Kingdom |manufacturer = Europa Aircraft |designer = Ivan Shaw<ref>[http://www.flyer.co.uk/news/newsfeed.php?artnum=270 "Flyer" magazine, 19 Jun 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122190113/http://flyer.co.uk/news/newsfeed.php?artnum=270 |date=22 November 2010 }}</ref> |first_flight = 12 September 1992<ref name=JAWA99/> |introduction = |retired = |status = |primary_user = |more_users = |produced =1994<ref name=JAWA99/>-present |number_built = 495 by 2011<ref name="KitplanesDec2011">Vandermeullen, Richard: ''2011 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide'', Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, page 51. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851</ref> |unit cost = |developed_from = |variants = Liberty XL2 }} thumb|Europa Classic with mono-wheel landing gear thumb|Rotax 912ULS powered XS takes off showing its single mainwheel and outriggers thumb|Europa taildragger thumb|right|Europa Classic with monowheel gear and Subaru engine, flaps retracted and outriggers latched up The '''Europa XS''' and '''Europa Classic''' are a family of British composite two-place low-wing monoplane kit aircraft. Designed by Ivan Shaw, the Europa was introduced in the early 1990s. Europas are manufactured by Europa Aircraft and supplied as kits for amateur construction. More than 450 Europas have been completed.

The Europa was conceived as a modern kit aircraft for personal use within Europe. Its design aims were: high speed, low cost, able to be built and stored at home, easily transportable on a trailer, using Mogas fuel, able to be rigged for flight in under five minutes, carrying two people in comfort, and providing sufficient baggage for extended touring. Apart from "low cost", these objectives were largely met.<ref name="About">{{Cite web|url = http://www.europa-aircraft.com/about/|title = About|access-date =3 August 2011|last = Europa Aircraft|year = 2011}}</ref>

==Development== Ivan Shaw's design work on the Europa, as it was initially named, began in January 1990. The first prototype, G-YURO, first flew on 12 September 1992 and Popular Flying Association certification was gained in May 1993. Most Europas have been sold in kit form, although five factory-assembled aircraft were produced between 1994 and 1996. The first kit-built aircraft to be completed flew on 14 October 1995.<ref name=JAWA99>Jackson 1999</ref> By the autumn of 2007 450 Europas of all types had been completed and were flying.<ref name="KitPlanes">Kitplanes Staff: ''2008 Kit Aircraft Directory'', page 50, Kitplanes Magazine December 2007 Volume 24, Number 12, Belvior Publications, Aviation Publishing Group LLC.</ref>

The basic design was later developed by Ivan Shaw into a United States FAR certified aircraft, built by Liberty Aerospace in the US as the Liberty XL2.

The Europa is classified as a homebuilt in its home country of the UK and qualifies for a ''Permit to Fly''. This limits it to day and VFR flight. Previous restrictions of flying over built up areas were removed during 2008. In Canada the Europa is an amateur-built aircraft and qualifies for a ''Special Certificate of Airworthiness''.<ref>[http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/applications/exemptions/docs/en/1298.htm Transport Canada Website - EXEMPTION FROM SECTION 549.01 OF THE CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS AND CHAPTER 549 of THE AIRWORTHINESS MANUAL – AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS - AMATEUR-BUILT AIRCRAFT 2 February 2005, accessed 19 September 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312223530/http://www.tc.gc.ca/aviation/applications/exemptions/docs/en/1298.htm |date=12 March 2008 }}</ref>

In 1997 UK Prime Minister Tony Blair launched the Millennium Products competition to promote British industry in the 21st century.<ref name=MP1>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=12341 |title=Tony Blair Unveils Final Millennium Products |publisher=PR Newswire |access-date=2013-01-13}}</ref> This culminated in 1999 with a winners list of 1012 manufacturers and their products. One of these was the Europa XS, described as "A light aircraft which offers speed, economy and performance and can be stored on a trailer in your garage."<ref name=MP2>{{cite web|url=http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/Documents/Documents/About%20us/Millennium_Products.pdf|title=Millennium Products list|access-date=2011-04-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034537/http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/Documents/Documents/About%20us/Millennium_Products.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Europas are flown in Europe in the very light aircraft category. In the United States the Europa XS is currently awaiting light-sport aircraft certification and as of April 2017 the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.<ref name="SLSA">{{Cite web|url = http://www.sportpilot.org/learn/slsa/|title = Special Light-Sport Aircraft|access-date = 3 August 2011|last = Experimental Aircraft Association|author-link = Experimental Aircraft Association|year = 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140228070151/http://sportpilot.org/learn/slsa|archive-date = 28 February 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="FAASLSA">{{cite web|url = https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/gen_av/light_sport/media/SLSA_Directory.xlsx|title = SLSA Make/Model Directory|access-date = 4 April 2017|last = Federal Aviation Administration|author-link = Federal Aviation Administration|date = 1 March 2017}}</ref>

==Design== The streamlined composite design and the particularly low canopy give the Europa both high cruise speeds of {{cvt|200|mph|km/h}} and fuel efficiency of {{cvt|50|mpgimp|L/100 km}} due to its low drag.<ref name="Europa website">{{cite web |url = http://www.europa-aircraft.biz/products.htm |title = Product Specifications |author = Europa Aircraft (2004) Ltd |access-date = 2007-10-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080203100214/http://www.europa-aircraft.biz/products.htm |archive-date = 2008-02-03}}</ref> The Europa can be fitted with Rotax 912UL of {{convert|80|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, the {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Rotax 912ULS or the turbocharged {{convert|115|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Rotax 914 engine.<ref name="Europa website"/>

In the early stages of development, Shaw had proposed powering the Europa with a British-made MidWest twin-rotor wankel 110bhp engine which was lightweight, powerful, compact and very smooth. However Shaw became dissatisfied by its somewhat crude Tillotson carburettors. Eventually, a sophisticated TR7-derived fuel-injection system became available for the MidWest engine, but by this time Shaw's choice of a Rotax flat-four for the Europa was fixed. (Shaw had earlier built a Rutan "Twin-EZ", a canard kitplane with twin Norton Wankel engines).<ref>Note: At around the same time, some three ARV Soper2 kit aircraft were successfully fitted with the MidWest engine.</ref>

Europas first became available with a monowheel landing gear and a tailwheel. The wings had small castors on outriggers that were lowered with the flaps.<ref name="Europa website"/> Shaw chose the monowheel configuration for its perceived advantages of reduced weight and improved performance over a tricycle configuration. In practice, the monowheel Europa proved tricky in inexperienced hands and could be prone to prop-strikes and groundlooping (partly due to the lack of differential braking) so the company developed a tricycle undercarriage which has become the more popular version, particularly as any performance disadvantage has been slight.

Europas can be fitted with either normal (tourer) wings made out of fiberglass, with {{convert|102|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} wing area and 13.43 lb/ft<sup>2</sup> wing loading at MTOW, or motorglider wings, made from carbon fiber with a greater span. Since the fuselage is common to both motorglider and tourer then with both sets of wings the same fuselage can be configured as a tourer and a motorglider alternately. The wings can be removed for transportation or storage in five minutes.<ref name="Europa website"/>

The Europa touring wing uses a unique Dykins 12% thickness/chord ratio airfoil designed by Don Dykins, who had been deputy Chief Aerodynamicist at Hawker Siddeley Aviation, and later technical director of British Aerospace and chief aerodynamicist on the European Airbus.<ref name="Lednicer">{{cite web|url = http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads/aircraft.html|title = The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage|access-date = 2008-08-17|last = Lednicer|first = David|date = October 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515232025/http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads/aircraft.html|archive-date = 15 May 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The motorglider wing uses a different wing section, also designed by Dykins, with its center of pressure coincident with that of the smaller wing to ensure that the rudder and tailplane are equally effective with either. Wingspan is increased to {{convert|42|ft|m}} bringing the wing area to {{convert|135|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. The motorglider wings are fitted with airbrakes rather than flaps.<ref>'Kitplanes' magazine, July 1999</ref>

Development is also under way for wings suitable for a light-sport aircraft variant of Europa XS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa-aircraft.co.uk/item/europa-LSA|title=Europa Aircraft - Europa LSA (Light Sport Aircraft)|author=Europa Aircraft|work=europa-aircraft.co.uk|access-date=29 May 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820054811/http://europa-aircraft.co.uk/item/europa-LSA|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The fuel tanks are located in the fuselage and have a capacity of {{convert|18|u.s.gal}} standard and {{convert|28|u.s.gal}} optional. This gives a range of {{convert|841|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} standard or {{convert|1256|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} extended at economy cruise setting.<ref name="Europa website"/> The plane can use AVGAS or MOGAS depending on engine requirements and national regulations. It is also possible to upgrade fuel capacity with the addition of extra fuel tanks.

==Variants== ;Europa Classic :Originally called simply "Europa", this version is now known as the Classic and is easily recognised by its monowheel undercarriage. Kits for amateur building are no longer in production. The laminar-flow wings have foam cores that are skinned with glass fibre cloth and resin.<ref>Europa Club, [http://www.europa-aircraft.co.uk/upload/Classic%20Build%20Manuals%20-%20Introduction.pdf Classic Build Manuals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820055440/http://www.europa-aircraft.co.uk/upload/Classic%20Build%20Manuals%20-%20Introduction.pdf |date=20 August 2016 }}, retrieved 29 May 2016</ref> Some elements of the later Europa XS can be incorporated into a Classic and vice versa.<ref>[http://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/engineering/TADs/247%20EUROPA.pdf LAA Type Acceptance Data Sheet - TADS 247 & 247a Europa, Europa XS & Europa NG], retrieved 29 May 2016</ref> Europa builders invariably purchased the kit in stages, so some who had completed the fuselage were able to then opt for the quick-build Europa XS wings. ;Europa XS :Introduced in 1997,<ref name=JAWA99/> the Europa XS is available in two models – the Europa XS Monowheel and the Europa XS Trigear. The XS incorporates many incremental improvements over the Classic, including preformed hollow wings, a more streamlined cowling, extended tailwheel, enlarged baggage bay, and a smaller spinner that was easier to balance. These developments meant that Europa XS could now offer extra speed, range, baggage space and comfort. It was also designed to reduce the build-time and simplify building.<ref name="Europa website"/><ref name="WDLA11">Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12'', page 101. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X</ref><ref name="WDLA15">Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16'', page 106. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. {{ISSN|1368-485X}}</ref> ;Europa Motorglider :Introduced in 1997.<ref name=JAWA99/> Long span glider wings can be interchanged with the wings on the Europa XS Monowheel and Trigear.<ref>Europa Company Brochure</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayspilot.com/flight_tests/jul02/1p1.html|title=Latest & most up-to-date aviation information - Pilot Magazine|work=Pilot|access-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208000825/http://www.todayspilot.com/flight_tests/jul02/1p1.html|archive-date=8 February 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;Europa LSA :The Europa light-sport aircraft has a new carbon fibre wing incorporating a leading-edge slot. The result is a wing weight reduction of 30%. It reduces the maximum takeoff weight to {{convert|1320|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} with an empty weight of {{convert|520|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, giving a slightly increased payload.<ref name="WDLA11"/><ref name="WDLA15"/><ref name="LSA2">{{cite web |url=http://www.europa-aircraft.com/item/europa-LSA |title=Europa LSA |access-date=2011-04-05}}</ref> A concept version appeared at Sun 'n Fun in May 2010 and the production aircraft debuted at AirVenture 2012.<ref name="LSA3">{{cite web|url=http://www.customflightcreations.com/id5.html|title=Europa LSA Sun n Fun 2010|access-date=2011-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221040634/http://www.customflightcreations.com/id5.html|archive-date=21 February 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The LSA was launched in the US at Sun n Fun April 2011.<ref name="LSA4">{{cite web|url=http://www.europa-aircraft.com/news/item/europa-at-sun-n-fun-2011|title=Europa LSA Sun n Fun 2011|work=europa-aircraft.com|access-date=2011-04-05|archive-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824113038/http://www.europa-aircraft.com/news/item/europa-at-sun-n-fun-2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="KitplanesDec2012">Bernard, Mary and Suzanne B. Bopp: ''Europa Aircraft: Europa XS LSA Trigear'', Kitplanes, Volume 29, Number 12, December 2012, page 25. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851</ref> As of April 2017, the design does not appear on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.<ref name="FAASLSA"/> ;Europa Taildragger :Some Europas with conventional taildragger configuration have been built. These are not "factory" versions, but they do have LAA approval.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} They are said to have easier handling than the monowheel version.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Accidents== On 1 June 2007 a Europa Classic, registration G-HOFC, broke up during a flight over South Wales, United Kingdom, killing both occupants. The investigation indicated irregularities in the construction of the right wing attachment at the rear lift/drag pin. There was also evidence of movement of the tailplane surfaces beyond the normal range of movement.

As a result of the initial findings, the Light Aircraft Association released two Airworthiness Bulletins requiring immediate and repetitive inspections:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081022151808/http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/S3-2007%20G-HOFC.pdf AAIB Report on the 1 June 2007 Europa Accident]</ref>

*PFA 247/FSB006 ‘Europa Classic and Europa XS Tailplane Flutter Avoidance and Integrity Of Tailplane Attachment’ *PFA 247/FSB007 ‘Europa Classic Integrity of Wing Attachment’.

The content of these Airworthiness Bulletins was made mandatory in the UK by the issue of Mandatory Permit Directives. The final accident report concludes that these modifications and the mandated inspections of aircraft already completed, adequately address the construction issue.<ref name="final">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/Europa,%20G-HOFC%2005-08.pdf |title=AAIB Bulletin: 5/2008 G-HOFC |access-date=17 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023010522/http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/Europa,%20G-HOFC%2005-08.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This accident affects only Europa Classics, all of which should have now been modified, and not the XS model which has a different structure.

==Aircraft on display== *Yorkshire Air Museum - prototype Europa ''G-YURO'', painted in its Millennium Product colours.<ref name=WR22>Ellis 2010 p.262</ref><ref name="YAMuseum">{{Cite web|url = https://yorkshireairmuseum.org/europa-prototype/|title = Europa Prototype|accessdate =16 June 2024|publisher = Yorkshire Air Museum}}</ref>

==Specifications (Europa XS, tricycle undercarriage)==

{{Aircraft specs | ref = Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004<ref name="JAWA03 p489-0">Jackson 2003, pp. 489–490.</ref> | prime units? = met | crew = 2 | length m = 5.84 | length ft = 19 | length in = 2 | span m = 8.28 | span ft = 27 | span in = 2 | height m = 2.13 | height ft = 7 | height in = 0 | wing area sqm = 9.48 | wing area sqft = 102 | aspect ratio = 7.2:1 | empty weight kg = 354 | empty weight lb = 780 | gross weight kg = 621 | gross weight lb = 1370 | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = Rotax 912 ULS | eng1 kw = 74 | eng1 hp = 99 | cruise speed kmh = 250 | cruise speed mph = 155 | range km = 1355 | range miles = 732 | climb rate ms = 5.1 | climb rate ftmin = 1000 }}

==See also== {{aircontent  |see also= |related= |similar aircraft= *Dyn'Aéro Ban-Bi *Rans S-19 Venterra *Whisper Motor Glider *Europa Elite |lists=

}}

==References== {{Reflist}} * {{cite book |title= Wrecks & Relics|last=Ellis|first=Ken| year=2010|edition=22|publisher=Crecy |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-85979-150-2}} * {{cite book |title= Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1999-2000|last= Jackson |first= Paul |year=1999|publisher= Jane's Information Group|location= Coulsden, UK|isbn=0-7106-1898-0}} * Jackson, Paul (2003) ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004''. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. {{ISBN|0-7106-2537-5}}.

==External links== {{commons category|Europa Classic}} * [http://www.europa-aircraft.co.uk/ Europa Aircraft home page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022151808/http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/S3-2007%20G-HOFC.pdf Airworthiness Bulletins]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Europa Xs}} Category:1990s British sport aircraft Category:Homebuilt aircraft Category:Light-sport aircraft Category:Low-wing aircraft XS Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:Motor gliders Category:Aircraft first flown in 1992 Category:Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear Category:Single-engined piston aircraft