Euprenolepis procera

{{Short description|Species of ant}} {{Speciesbox | image = Euprenolepis procera feeding.jpg | image_caption = Workers of ''Euprenolepis procera'' feeding on a ''Pleurotus'' mushroom | genus = Euprenolepis | species = procera | authority = (Emery, 1900) | synonyms = *''Prenolepis (Euprenolepis) procera'' Emery, 1900 *''Paratrechina (Euprenolepis) procera'' (Emery, 1900) *''Camponotus (Myrmosphincta) antespectans'' Forel, 1913 *''Prenolepis (Euprenolepis) antespectans'' (Forel, 1913) *''Paratrechina (Euprenolepis) antespectans'' (Forel, 1913) *''Euprenolepis antespectans'' (Forel, 1913) | synonyms_ref = <ref name=lapolla>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02046p025.pdf|title=Taxonomic Revision of the Southeast Asian Ant Genus ''Euprenolepis''|author= John S. LaPolla|journal=Zootaxa|year=2009|pages=1–25|volume=2046|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2046.1.1 |s2cid=17593476 }}</ref> }}

'''''Euprenolepis procera''''' is a species of ant found in the rainforests of South East Asia.<ref name=Witte>{{Cite journal| last1 = Witte | first1 = V.| last2 = Maschwitz | first2 = U.| title = Mushroom harvesting ants in the tropical rain forest| journal = Naturwissenschaften| url = http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Witte2008MushroomHarvesting.pdf| volume = 95| issue = 11| pages = 1049–1054| year = 2008| pmid = 18633583| doi = 10.1007/s00114-008-0421-9|bibcode = 2008NW.....95.1049W | s2cid = 19228479}}</ref> It was first described by Carlo Emery, an Italian entomologist, in 1900.<ref>{{ITIS |id=576664 |taxon=''Euprenolepis procera'' (Emery, 1900) |accessdate=November 8, 2010}}</ref> In 2008, Witte & Maschwitz discovered that ''E. procera'' specialises in harvesting mushrooms in the rainforest for food, representing a new, previously unreported feeding strategy in ants.<ref name=Witte/>

==Distribution== ''Euprenolepis procera'' is endemic to South East Asia, being found in the rainforests of Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.<ref name=lapolla/> In Malaysia, where they have been studied, individual colonies were recorded to occur at a density of one nest per approximately 150 m2, but Witte & Maschwitz stated this may be an underestimate as they may not have discovered some colonies.<ref name=Witte/>

==Taxonomy== This species was first described in 1900 by Carlo Emery, under the name ''Prenolepis procera'';<ref name=lapolla/> Emery based his description on material collected by the Italian anthropologist Elio Modigliani in his travels in Malesia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Carlo Emery |year=1900 |title=Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei |language=Italian |trans-title=Ants collected by Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Enggano Island and the Mentawei Islands |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) |volume=20 |series=2 |issue=40 |pages=661–722 |url=https://archive.org/details/ants_03819}}</ref> Emery assigned the species to the subgenus ''Euprenolepis'' in 1905, and moved that subgenus to the genus ''Paratrechina'' in 1925. In 1995, Bolton raised the subgenus to the rank of genus, giving the species its current name.<ref name=lapolla/>

In 1913, Auguste-Henri Forel described a new species, ''Camponotus (Myrmosphincta) antespectans'', which was also moved to ''Euprenolepis'' by Emery. This is now considered a synonym of ''E. procera''.<ref name=lapolla/>

==Description==

===Workers=== The workers are polymorphic, consisting of a minor (body length = {{convert|3.5|-|4.5|mm|disp=or}}) and major caste (body length = {{convert|5|-|6|mm|disp=or|abbr=on}}); the major caste is relatively rare compared to the minor caste. The workers' heads are heart-shaped, broader than they are long and a "dark-reddish brown" colour. The antennae of both worker castes are made up of twelve segments and are a lighter colour than their heads, their mandibles have five teeth. The major workers superficially resemble species of ''Pseudolasius''.<ref name=lapolla/>

===Reproductive castes=== The queens and males have larger eyes than the workers, and also have three pronounced simple eyes as well. The queens are covered in a dense layer of hairs. The antennae of the males are made of thirteen segments, unlike twelve in workers, and their mandibles have only one well-developed tooth. The queens are a similar colour to the workers, but have mottled areas that are a lighter colour than the rest of the body.<ref name=lapolla/>

==Behaviour== ''Euprenolepis procera'' is nocturnal, only foraging for food at night, venturing up to {{convert|40|m}} from the nest, but on average around {{convert|12|m|-1|abbr=on}}. It lives in colonies of between 500 and 50,000 individuals, forming nests inside preformed cavities, rather than constructing nests themselves. They migrate regularly, staying in each location for between one and nine days; these migrations are thought to be necessary as the colony quickly depletes available food near its nest. Similar adaptations to unpredictable food resources are common to all harvester ants, but only seen in two other types of ant: army ants which migrate into new foraging areas and ''Dolichoderus'' transport their trophobiont mealybugs to parts of plants that are growing.<ref name=Witte/>

===Feeding=== Over 200 species of ants are known to eat fungi as a major part of their diet, but these ants in the Attini tribe have co-evolved with fungi, forming a mutualism that benefits both the fungus and the ants.<ref name=Mueller2005>{{Cite journal| last1 = Mueller | first1 = U. G.| last2 = Gerardo | first2 = N. M.| last3 = Aanen | first3 = D. K.| last4 = Six | first4 = D. L.| last5 = Schultz | first5 = T. R.| title = The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects| journal = Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics| volume = 36| pages = 563–595| year = 2005| doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626}}</ref> Unlike similar ants found in the New World, ''E. procera'' does not cultivate fungi in its nest, but instead harvests the sporocarp of fungi (mushrooms) from the rainforest in which it lives as its primary source of food. It is the only species of ant known to have such a feeding habit.<ref name=Witte/> When it was first reported in 2008, Bert Hölldobler, an expert on ants, called the discovery "sensational" and said "nothing like that was known before".<ref>{{cite web|last=Marcus |first=Adam |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mushroom-munching-ants-a-first-among-arthropods |title=Fungus-Loving Ants Live Primarily on Mushrooms |publisher=Scientific American |date=2008-07-30 |accessdate=2011-01-12}}</ref> They have been observed to eat over 30 species of mushroom, but they also ignore 50 species present in their habitat; of those that they do eat, the mushrooms often occurred near the roots of trees, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi form part of their diet. During field observations only two occurrences of them feeding on animals (a grasshopper and a snail) were recorded, compared to 266 mushrooms which were consumed. In a laboratory study, colonies thrived for over thirteen weeks on a diet consisting only of ''Pleurotus'' and ''Agaricus'' mushrooms. Thus, the natural diet is believed to consist almost entirely of mushrooms. Feeding experiments demonstrated that they are able to live off a diet of honey or insects as well.<ref name=Witte/>

Once they locate mushrooms which they consider edible in the wild, they harvest them efficiently, removing over 70% of the mushroom within four hours. In a laboratory study, they almost completely harvested a ''Pleurotus'' mushroom that weighed {{convert|40|g}} within three hours. Once they have harvested the mushrooms, they transport pieces of them back to their nest and arrange them into piles {{convert|1|-|4|cm|1|abbr=on}} in diameter. Over time these piles turn from white to black, losing mass as workers continuously chew and feed on the fungi and in turn feed the ant larvae. The pulp has a distinctive sweet-sour odour which may be due to fermentation occurring. This food processing continues for around a week, depending on the size of the original pile of pieces. If the fungal material is kept away from the ants it quickly spoils, becoming infested by bacteria and smelling unpleasant, but when processed by the ants no spoiling has been observed. The exact mechanisms of the processing of fungi are under investigation.<ref name=Witte/>

They are thought to have evolved this feeding habit because few other animals eat mushrooms and therefore there is little competition for the food resource. When mushrooms were placed near nests of ''E. procera'' they were by far the main consumer of the mushrooms with other animals barely feeding on them.<ref name=Witte/>

==Ecological significance== The effects that harvesting of mushrooms by ''E. procera'' has on the ecosystem is currently unknown. They may have similar effects as ants that harvest seeds of plants, by changing the relative abundance of different fungal species.<ref name=Witte/>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

Category:Formicinae Category:Insects described in 1900 Category:Hymenoptera of Asia Category:Taxa named by Carlo Emery