Etruscan cities

{{Short description|none}}  {{main|Etruscan civilization}} [[File:Etruscan civilization map.png|thumb|right|The area covered by the Etruscan civilisation.]] '''Etruscan cities''' were a group of ancient settlements that shared a common [[etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] language and culture, even though they were independent city-states. They flourished over a large part of the northern half of [[Italy]] starting from the [[Roman Iron Age|Iron Age]], and in some cases reached a substantial level of wealth and power. They were eventually assimilated first by [[Ancient Italic peoples|Italic]]s and ancient Greeks in the south, then by [[Celts]] in the north and finally in [[Etruria]] itself by the growing [[Roman Republic]].

The Etruscan names of the major cities whose names were later Romanised survived in inscriptions and are listed below. Some cities were founded by Etruscans in prehistoric times and bore entirely Etruscan names. Others, usually Italic in origin, were colonised by the Etruscans, who in turn Etruscanised their name (around 9 BC).

The estimates for the populations of the largest cities ([[Veii]], [[Volsinii]], [[Caere]], [[Vulci]], [[Tarquinia]], [[Populonia]]) range between 25,000 and 40,000 each in the 6th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turfa |first1=Jean MacIntosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5g3h5G16EkC&q=Tarquinia+40%2C000+people&pg=PT1774 |title=The Etruscan World |date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134055302 |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owY4AAAAIAAJ&q=etruscan+city+cerveteri+30%2C000+people&pg=PA54|title=An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330|isbn=9780521291262|access-date=24 October 2014|last1=Pounds|first1=Normal J. G.|date=16 December 1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies|format=PDF|title=The Process of Urbanization of Etruscan Settlements from the Late Villanovan to the Late Archaic Period (End of the Eighth to the Beginning of the Fifth Century B.C.) : Presentation of a Project and Preliminary Results|publisher=Scholarworks.umass.edu|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023613/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvsWZxKAa_4C&q=etruscan+city+Veii+had+up+to+32%2C000+people&pg=PA224|title=Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria During the Archaic and ...|isbn=9780549558491|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024131141/http://books.google.dk/books?id=nvsWZxKAa_4C&pg=PA224&lpg=PA224&dq=etruscan+city+Veii+had+up+to+32,000+people&source=bl&ots=dLn3myE8M1&sig=1ufDQL4v3K9X2PwtwjY6azVgZrw&hl=da&sa=X&ei=I9FDU5K4GcLq4gSf44HoDg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=etruscan%20city%20Veii%20had%20up%20to%2032%2C000%20people&f=false|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Twelve cities or nations== {{See also|Lega dei popoli}}

Of several [[Lega dei popoli|Etruscan leagues]], the '''Dodecapolis''' ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "twelve cities") of the [[Etruscan civilization]] is legendary amongst Roman authors, particularly [[Livy]].<ref>Livy VII.21</ref> However the dodecapolis had no fixed roster and if a city was removed it was immediately replaced by another.<ref>George Dennis, the Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria. London, Appendix to Chapter I, Note IV. Available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Periods/Roman/Archaic/Etruscan/_Texts/DENETR*/home.html</ref> By the time the dodecapolis had sprung into the light of history, the Etruscan cities to the north had been assimilated by invasions of the Celts, and those of the south by infiltration of the Italics.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Etruscan cities were autonomous states, but they were linked in the dodecapolis and had a federal sanctuary at the Fanum Voltumnae near Volsinii.<ref name="Cary">{{cite book|last=Cary|first=M.|author2=H.H. Scullard|title=A History of Rome|page=25|edition=3rd|year=1979|isbn=0-312-38395-9}}</ref>

==Table of cities in Etruscan, Latin and Italian== The table below lists Etruscan cities most often included in the Dodecapolis as well as other cities for which there is any substantial evidence that they were once inhabited by Etruscans in any capacity. Roman and Italian names are given, but they are not necessarily etymologically related. For sources and etymologies (if any) refer to the linked articles.<ref>The Bonfantes (2002) pages 222-223 have published a good overall list.</ref>{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {{refbegin}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ! [[Latin language|Latin]] ! [[Italian language|Italian]] |- !colspan=3|Dodecapolis candidates |- | '''Aritim, Arritim, Arreti, Areuthes''' | [[Arezzo#History|Arrētium]] | [[Arezzo]] |- | '''Chaire, Chaisrie, Caisra, Kisra'''{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} | [[Caere]], Agylla | [[Cerveteri]] and its ''[[frazione]]'' Ceri |- | '''Clevsin, Clevsi, Cleusina''' | [[Clusium]], Camars | [[Chiusi]] |- | '''Curtun, Curtna''' | [[Cortona|Cortōna]] | [[Cortona]] |- | '''Perusna, Persna, Pherusina''' | [[Perusia]] | [[Perugia]] |- | '''Pupluna, Fufluna, Pupuluna''' | [[Populonia|Populōnia]] | [[Populonia]] |- | '''Tarchuna, Tarchna''' | [[Tarquinii]] | [[Tarquinia]] (Corneto) |- | '''Vatluna, Vetluna, Vetaluna, Vatalu''' | [[Vetulonia|Vetulōnia]] | [[Vetulonia]] |- | '''Veia, Veina, Veis''' | [[Veii]] | [[Veio]] |- | '''Velathri, Velathera, Felathri''' | [[Volaterrae]] | [[Volterra]] |- | '''Velch, Velcal, Velcl''' | [[Vulci]] | [[Volci]] |- | '''Velzna, Velxe, Velsu, Velusna, Velznani''' | [[Volsinii]] | [[Bolsena]] or [[Orvieto]]? |- !colspan=3|Other Etrurian<ref>Parts of ancient Etruria near Rome are now in [[Lazio]]. This account accepts the ancient boundary along the [[Tiber]].</ref> |- | '''Aisinia, Asinia''' | [[Exinea]], Sinea | [[Signa]] |- | '''Ampiles, Ampli, Ampile''' | [[Emporium (Italy)|Emporium]], Empulum | [[Empoli]] |- | '''Amre, Cameria, Amerite''' | [[Amelia, Umbria|Ameria]] | [[Amelia, Umbria|Amelia]] |- | '''Aritma''' | [[Artiminum]] | [[Artimino]] |- | '''Arrantia''' | [[Ripa Arranciae]] | [[Pomarance]] |- | '''Aruina, Aruna, Priana''' | [[Piscia]] | [[Pescia]] |- | '''Bellona, Bellonia''' | [[Castrum Praedium]], Pregium | [[Preggio]] |- | '''Birent, Birenz, Firens, Firez''' | [[Florence#Roman origins|Florentia]] | Firenze ([[Florence]]) |- | '''Cahinias''' | [[Caninium]] | [[Canino]] |- | '''Cainxna, Canxna, Cainchna''' | [[Clantianum]] | [[Chianciano Terme]] |- | '''Caletra, Chalaitra''' | [[Marsiliana]] | [[Marsiliana d'Albegna]] |- | '''Capalu''' | [[Capalbium]] | [[Capalbio]] |- | '''Capna''' | [[Capena]] | [[Capena]] |- | '''Care, Careia, Careias''' | [[Careiae]], Careae | Galera, now abandoned |- | '''Carhara, Carhaira''' | [[Carraria]] | [[Carrara]] |- | '''Cassina''' | [[Cascina|Cassina]], Cascina | [[Cascina]] |- | '''Catuna''' | [[Cetona]], Scitonia | [[Cetona]] |- | '''Ceicna, Caicni''' | [[Cecina, Tuscany|Caecina]] | [[Cecina, Tuscany|Cecina]] |- | '''Cusi, Cuthi''' | [[Cosa]] | [[Ansedonia]] |- | '''Felcina, Hulchena''' | Fulginia | [[Foligno]] |- | '''Fernta, Frunth''' | [[Ferentum]] | [[Ferento]] |- | '''Ficline''' | [[Figulinae]] | [[Figline Valdarno]] |- | '''Ficrine''' | [[Fregenae]] | [[Fregene]] |- | '''Fullona''' | [[Fullonica]] | [[Follonica]] |- | '''Halethi, Halesi, Phlesnas''' | [[Falerii]] | [[Civita Castellana]] |- | '''Hepa, Heva''' | Heba | [[Magliano in Toscana]] |- | '''Hortia''' | [[Corchianum]] | [[Corchiano]] |- | '''Hurta, Hurt''' | [[Horta (Italy)|Horta]] | [[Orte]] |- | '''Icuvina, Ikuvina''' (Umbrian '''*Ikuvium''') | [[Iguvium]], Eugubinum | [[Gubbio]] |- | '''Larthial''' | [[Larcianum]] | [[Larciano]] |- | '''Liburna, Leburna''' | Labro | [[Livorno]] |- | '''Luca''' | [[Lucca|Luca]] | [[Lucca]] |- | '''Luna''' | [[Luni, Italy|Luna]] | [[Luni, Italy|Luni]] |- | '''Manthra''' | [[Marturanum]] | [[Barbarano Romano]] |- | '''Martha, Marath''' | [[Marta, Lazio|Marta]] | [[Marta, Lazio|Marta]] |- | '''Marturi''' | [[Podium Bonitii]] | [[Poggibonsi]] |- | '''Mevana, Mevania''' | [[Bevania]], Maevania | [[Bevagna]] |- | '''Narce''' | Narce | [[Mazzano Romano]] |- | '''Nepete, Nepet''' | [[Colonia Nepensis]] | [[Nepi]] |- | '''Northia''' | [[Nursia]] | [[Norcia]] |- | '''Nurcla, Orcla''' | [[Orclae]] | [[Norchia]] |- | '''Phlera, Velera, Plais''' | [[Blera]] | [[Blera]] |- | '''Pisna, Pise, Peithusa, Pithsa''' | [[Pisae]] | [[Pisa]] |- | '''Pisturim''' | [[Pistoriae]], Pistorium | [[Pistoia]] |- | '''Pulianu, Purthna, Pulthna''' | [[Mons Politianus]] | [[Montepulciano]] |- | '''Rasela, Rusle''' | [[Rusellae]] | [[Roselle, Italy|Roselle]], [[Grosseto]] |- | '''Raisne, Rasiniena''' | [[Rasinianum]] | [[Rosignano Marittimo|Rosignano]] |- | '''Ratumna''' | [[Balneum Regium]] | [[Bagnoregio]] |- | '''Ruvfna''' | [[Rufina]] | [[Rufina]] |- | '''Sabate''' | [[Trebonianum]] | [[Trevignano Romano]] |- | '''Sabatia''' | [[Angularia Sabatina]] | [[Anguillara Sabazia]] |- | '''Saena, Sena, Saina''' | [[Saena]] | [[Siena]] |- | '''Satria''' | [[Vicus Sartarianus]] | [[Sarteano]] |- | '''Scansna''' | [[Scansanum]] | [[Scansano]] |- | '''Sveama, Sveiam, Suana''' | [[Suana (city)|Suana]] | [[Sovana]] |- | '''Statna, Staitne, Statues, Staties''' | [[Statonia|Statōnia]] | Disputed<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/statonia_res-68e64f8c-66c5-11e1-b491-d5ce3506d72e_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/|title=Statonia|work=Enciclopedia dell'arte antica|publisher=[[Treccani]]|date=1997}}</ref> |- | '''Surha''' | Aquipendium | [[Acquapendente]] |- | '''Surina, Surrena, Surna'''{{anchor|Surina (Viterbo)}} | [[Surrina|Surrīna]], Vetus Urbs | [[Viterbo]] |- | '''Surina, Surrina, Surna'''{{anchor|Surina (Soriano)}} | [[Sorianum]] | [[Soriano nel Cimino|Soriano]] |- | '''Suthri''' | [[Sutrium]] | [[Sutri]] |- | '''Teramna''' | [[Interamna Nahars|Interamna]] | [[Terni]] |- | '''Thefarne''' | [[Tifernum Tiberinum]] | [[Città di Castello]] |- | '''Tlamu, Tlamun, Telmu, Tulumne, Tlamne''' | [[Telamon|Telamōn]] | [[Talamone]] |- | '''Trepla''' | Trebula | [[Trebula Suffenas|Trebula]] |- | '''Tular, Tuter''' | [[Tuder]] | [[Todi]] |- | '''Thulfa, Thulpha''' | [[Tulpha]] | [[Tolfa]] |- | '''Tusena''' | [[Tuscana]] | [[Tuscania]] |- | '''Ucrisla''' | [[Ocriculum]] | [[Otricoli]] |- | '''Urcia''' | [[Vetus Aula]], Veter Galla | [[Vetralla]] |- | '''Urcla, Orcla''' | [[Vicus Orclanus]] | [[Vitorchiano]] |- | '''Urina, Aurina, Aurinia''' | [[Saturnia]] | [[Saturnia]] |- | '''Veltha, Veltuna, Veltumna, Voltumna''' | [[Mons Faliscorum]] | [[Montefiascone]] |- | '''Velturei''' | [[Veclanum]] | [[Vecchiano]] |- | '''Vetumna''' | [[Vettona]] | [[Bettona]] |- | '''Vesnth, Vishnth''' | [[Visentium]] | Bisenzio |- | '''Vipena, Viplnei, Vipienas''' | [[Viblena]], Viblenium | [[Bibbiena]] |- | '''Visul, Vipsul, Visal, Viesul''' | [[Faesulae]] | [[Fiesole]] |- | '''Vrenth''' | [[Verentum]] | [[Valentano]] |} {{refend}} {{col-2}} {{refbegin}} {|class="wikitable" |- ! [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] ! [[Latin language|Latin]] ! [[Italian language|Italian]] |- !colspan=3|Northern (''[[Etruria Padana]]''){{anchor|Etruria Padana}} |- | '''Arciun''' | [[Artionis]], Vicus Popilius | [[Riccione]] |- | '''Arimna, Harimne''' | [[Ariminum]] | [[Rimini]] |- | '''Atria, Hatria''' | [[Adria]] | Adria |- | '''(Berua)''' | [[Vicentia]] | [[Vicenza]] |- | '''Cainua''' | [[Misa (Etruscan village)|Misa]], Misanum, Mysa | [[Marzabotto]] |- | '''Cainua, Kainua''', or '''Stalia, Stala''' | [[Genoa|Genua]] | Genova ([[Genoa]]) |- | '''Charumna, Carmna''' | [[Cremona]] | [[Cremona]] |- | '''Ceisna''' | [[Caesena]] | [[Cesena]] |- | '''Clavna''' | [[Clavenna]] | [[Chiavenna]] |- | '''Felsna, Felsina, Velzna''' | [[Bologna#History|Bonōnia]] | [[Bologna]] |- | '''Felthuri, Velhatre''' | [[Feltria]] | [[Feltre]] |- | '''Ficline''' | [[Forum Livii]] | [[Forlì]] |- | '''Ficocle''' | [[Phycocle]], Caervia | [[Cervia]] |- | '''Huthine, Huthina''' | Utina, [[Utinum]] | [[Udine]] |- | '''Manthva, Manthava''' | [[Mantua]] | Mantova ([[Mantua]]) |- | '''Melp, Melph, Melphe, Melpu''' | [[Melpum]], Meltium | [[Melzo]] |- | '''Methlan''' | [[Mediolanum]] | Milano ([[Milan]]) |- | '''Misala''' | [[Herberia]] | [[Rubiera]] |- | '''Muthice, Muntha''' | [[Modicia]] | [[Monza]] |- | '''Mutina, Mutna, Muthna''' | [[Mutina]] | [[Modena]] |- | '''Parma, Parmna, Paruma''' | [[Parma]] | [[Parma]] |- | '''Pathva''' | [[Patavium]] | Padova ([[Padua]]) |- | '''[Pauia]''' | [[Ticinum]], Papia | [[Pavia]] |- | '''Percumsna, Pergomsna, Percme, Percums''' | [[Bergomum]] | [[Bergamo]] |- | '''Permu''' | [[Firmum]] | [[Fermo]] |- | '''Pilthi, Pilithi''' | [[Bilitio]] | [[Bellinzona]] |- | '''Purthanas''' | [[Portus Naonis]] | [[Pordenone]] |- | '''Ravena, Ravna''' | [[Ravenna]] | [[Ravenna]] |- | '''Spina''' | [[Spina]] | abandoned |- | '''Tarcste''' | [[Tergeste]] | [[Trieste]] |- | '''Trenta''' | [[Trento|Tridentum]] | [[Trento]] |- | '''Uscla''' | [[Oscela]] | [[Domodossola]] |- | '''Verna, Veruna, Verunia''' | [[Verona]], Vernomagus | [[Verona]] |- | '''Vipitene, Vipitenas, Viptena''' | [[Vipitenum]] | [[Vipiteno]] |- | '''Vrixia''' | [[Brescia|Brixia]] | [[Brescia]] |- !colspan=3|Southern (''[[Etruria Campana]]''){{anchor|Etruria Campana}} |- | '''Achra, Acre''' | [[Acerrae (Campania)|Acerrae]] | [[Acerra]] |- | '''Aisarna''' | [[Aesernia]] | [[Isernia]] |- | '''Amina''' | [[Picentia]] | [[Pontecagnano]] |- | '''Anth''' | [[Antium]] | [[Anzio]] |- | '''Azcule''' | [[Ascoli Piceno|Asculum]] | [[Ascoli Piceno]] |- | '''Caithi''' | [[Caieta]] | [[Gaeta]] |- | '''Cale, Cali''' | [[Cales]] | [[Calvi Risorta]] |- | '''Calipulis''' | [[Gallipoli, Apulia|Callipolis]] | [[Gallipoli, Apulia|Gallipoli]] |- | '''Canuza''' | [[Canusium]] | [[Canosa di Puglia]] |- | '''Capua, Capeva, Capava, Capuva, Campeva''' | [[Capua]] | [[Capua]] |- | '''Cavi, Kavi''' | [[Gabii]] | Gabi |- | '''Cura''' | [[Cora (Ancient Latin town)|Cora]] | [[Cori, Lazio|Cori]] |- | '''Fanacni''' | [[Anagnia]] | [[Anagni]] |- | '''Frentina''' | [[Ferentinum]] | [[Ferentino]] |- | '''Frusna, Frusina, Fursina, Prusetna''' | [[Frusino]] | [[Frosinone]] |- | '''Galatia''' | [[Casa Irta]] | [[Caserta]] |- | '''Herclena''' | [[Herculaneum]] | [[Ercolano]] |- | '''Inarime''' | [[Pitecusa]], Greek Pithekoussai | [[Ischia]] |- | '''Irna''' | [[Salernum]] | [[Salerno]] |- | '''Irnthi''' | [[Surrentum]] | [[Sorrento]] |- | '''Marcina''' | [[Cava de' Tirreni|Marcina]] | [[Cava de' Tirreni]] and [[Vietri sul Mare]] |- | '''Nepulis''' | [[Naples|Neapolis]] | Napoli ([[Naples]]) |- | '''Nucra''' | [[Nuceria Alfaterna]] | [[Nocera Superiore]] |- | '''Nula''' (Oscan '''*Nuvla''') | [[Nola]] | [[Nola]] |- | '''Pumpai''' | [[Pompeii]] | [[Pompei]] |- | '''Regiu''' | [[Rhegium]] | [[Reggio di Calabria]] |- | '''Remnun''' | [[Tibur]] | [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]] |- | '''Ruma, (Rumna)''' | [[Rome|Roma]] | Roma ([[Rome]]) |- | | [[Suessula]] | abandoned |- | '''Tara''' | [[Taranto|Tarentum]] | [[Taranto]] |- | '''Tarchna, Tarkina''' | [[Tarracina]] | [[Terracina]] |- | '''Uvila''' | [[Bovillae]] | [[Frattocchie]] |- | '''Velkha''' | [[Volcei]] | [[Buccino]] |- | '''Veltri, Velthri''' | [[Velitrae]] | [[Velletri]] |- !colspan=3|[[Corsica]]n |- |'''Alalia''' | [[Aleria]] | [[Aleria]] |- !colspan=4|[[Sardinia]]n |- |'''Caralu''' | [[Caralis]] | [[Cagliari]] |} {{refend}} {{col-end}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==Sources== *{{cite book|author1=Bonfante, G.|author1-link=Giuliano Bonfante |author2=L. Bonfante|author2-link=Larissa Bonfante |title=The Etruscan Language. An Introduction|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2002}} *{{cite book|author=Dennis, George |author-link=George Dennis (explorer) | title=The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria |url=https://archive.org/details/citiesandcemete03denngoog | year=1848 | publisher=John Murray | location=London}} Available in the Gazetteer of Bill Thayer's Website at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Periods/Roman/Archaic/Etruscan/_Texts/DENETR*/home.html]

==Further reading== *Dennis, George. 1883. ''The cities and cemeteries of Etruria.'' 2nd ed. London: John Murray. *De Puma, Richard D., and J. Penny Small, eds. 1994. ''Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and society in ancient Etruria.'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. *Drago Troccoli, Luciana. 2006. ''Cerveteri.'' Rome: Libreria dello Stato. *Hall, John F., ed. 1996. ''Etruscan Italy: Etruscan influences on the civilizations of Italy from antiquity to the modern era.'' Provo, UT: Museum of Art, Brigham Young University. *Haynes, Sybille. 2000. ''Etruscan civilization: A cultural history.'' Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. *Leighton, Robert. 2004. ''Tarquinia: An Etruscan city.'' London: Duckworth. *Phillips, Kyle M., Jr. 1993. ''In the hills of Tuscany: Recent excavations at the Etruscan site of Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena).'' Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. *Riccioni, Giuliana. 1979. "Vulci: A topographical and cultural survey." In ''Italy before the Romans: The Iron Age, Orientalizing, and Etruscan periods.'' Edited by David Ridgway and Francesca R. Ridgway, 241–76. London and New York: Academic Press. *[[Turfa, Jean MacIntosh]], ed. 2013. ''The Etruscan World.'' Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

==External links== {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Etruscan cities |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }} * [http://www.itamerensuomi.net/etno/it_Etruscan_Leagues.pdf Names of the member-cities of the Etruscan Leagues (c. 750–270 BC) in Etruscan and Italian]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Etruscan Cities}} [[Category:Etruscan cities| ]] [[Category:Etruscans| ]]