Campylobacteria

{{Short description|Order of bacteria}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = ARS Campylobacter jejuni.jpg | image_caption = ''Campylobacter jejuni'' bacteria | taxon = Campylobacteria | authority = Waite et al. 2017 | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = * Campylobacterales * Nautiliales | synonyms = * "Epsilobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2002 * Epsilonproteobacteria Garrity et al. 2006 * "Nautiliia" Cavalier-Smith 2020 }}

The '''Campylobacteria''' are a class of Gram-negative bacteria. It used to be known as '''Epsilonproteobacteria'''.<ref name=waite17>{{cite journal |last1=Waite |first1=David W. |last2=Vanwonterghem |first2=Inka |last3=Rinke |first3=Christian |last4=Parks |first4=Donovan H. |last5=Zhang |first5=Ying |last6=Takai |first6=Ken |last7=Sievert |first7=Stefan M. |last8=Simon |first8=Jörg |last9=Campbell |first9=Barbara J. |last10=Hanson |first10=Thomas E. |last11=Woyke |first11=Tanja |last12=Klotz |first12=Martin G. |last13=Hugenholtz |first13=Philip |title=Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Class Epsilonproteobacteria and Proposed Reclassification to Epsilonbacteraeota (phyl. nov.) |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=2017 |volume=8 |page=682 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00682 |pmid=28484436 |pmc=5401914 |issn=1664-302X|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{efn|By taxonomic rules, the old "Epsilonproteobacteria" should be preferred and the newer name treated as a later synonym.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, Garrity GM | title = Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2021 | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 5056 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 | pmid = 34694987 | s2cid = 239887308 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The proposed name does have the effect of solidifying the class's removal from Proteobacteria.}} Only a few genera have been characterized, including the curved to spirilloid ''Wolinella'', ''Helicobacter'', and ''Campylobacter''.

Most of the known species inhabit the digestive tracts of animals and serve as symbionts (''Wolinella'' spp. in cattle) or pathogens (''Helicobacter'' spp. in the stomach, ''Campylobacter'' spp. in the duodenum). However, numerous environmental sequences and isolates of Campylobacteria have been recovered from hydrothermal vents and cold seep habitats. Examples of isolates include ''Sulfurimonas autotrophica'',<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02682-0 | issn = 1466-5026 | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 1801–1805 | last = Inagaki | first = F. | title = Sulfurimonas autotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing -proteobacterium isolated from hydrothermal sediments in the Mid-Okinawa Trough | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | date = 2003-11-01 | pmid=14657107}}</ref> ''Sulfurimonas paralvinellae'',<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.64255-0 | issn = 1466-5026 | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 1725–1733 | last = Takai | first = K. | title = Sulfurimonas paralvinellae sp. nov., a novel mesophilic, hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the Epsilonproteobacteria isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaete nest, reclassification of Thiomicrospira denitrificans as Sulfurimonas denitrificans comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Sulfurimonas | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | date = 2006-08-01 | pmid=16901999 | doi-access = free}}</ref> ''Sulfurovum lithotrophicum''<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.03042-0 |issn = 1466-5026 |volume = 54 |issue = 5 |pages = 1477–1482 |last = Inagaki |first = Fumio |author2 = Ken Takai |author3 = Kenneth H. Nealson |author4 = Koki Horikoshi |title = Sulfurovum lithotrophicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph within the ε-Proteobacteria isolated from Okinawa Trough hydrothermal sediments |journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date = 2004-09-01 |pmid = 15388698|doi-access= free}}</ref> and ''Nautilia profundicola''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Julie L. Smith |author2=Barbara J. Campbell |author3=Thomas E. Hanson |author4=Chuanlun L. Zhang |author5=S. Craig Cary |year=2008 |title=''Nautilia profundicola'' sp. nov., a thermophilic, sulfur-reducing epsilonproteobacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=58 |issue=7 |pages=1598–1602 |pmid=18599701 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65435-0|s2cid=12751566 }}</ref> A member of the phylum Campylobacterota occurs as an endosymbiont in the large gills of the deepwater sea snail ''Alviniconcha hessleri''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Suzuki | first1 = Yohey | last2 = Sasaki | first2 = Takenori | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = Masae | last4 = Nogi | first4 = Yuichi | last5 = Miwa | first5 = Tetsuya | last6 = Takai | first6 = Ken | last7 = Nealson | first7 = Kenneth H. | last8 = Horikoshi | first8 = Koki | year = 2005 | title = Novel Chemoautotrophic Endosymbiosis between a Member of the ''Epsilonproteobacteria'' and the Hydrothermal-Vent Gastropod ''Alviniconcha'' aff. ''hessleri'' (''Gastropoda'': ''Provannidae'') from the Indian Ocean | doi = 10.1128/AEM.71.9.5440-5450.2005 | pmid = 16151136 | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 71 | issue = 9| pages = 5440–5450 | pmc = 1214688 | bibcode = 2005ApEnM..71.5440S }}</ref>

Many Campylobacteria are motile with flagella.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beeby |first1=M |title=Motility in the epsilon-proteobacteria. |journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology |date=December 2015 |volume=28 |pages=115–21 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2015.09.005 |pmid=26590774|hdl=10044/1/27763 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Campylobacteria found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents characteristically exhibit chemolithotrophy, meeting their energy needs by oxidizing reduced sulfur, formate, or hydrogen coupled to the reduction of nitrate or oxygen.<ref>{{cite journal |url= |title=Enzymatic and genetic characterization of carbon and energy metabolisms by deep-sea hydrothermal chemolithoautotrophic isolates of ''Epsilonproteobacteria'' |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |year=2005 |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=7310–7320 |first=Ken |last=Takai |doi=10.1128/aem.71.11.7310-7320.2005|display-authors=etal |pmid=16269773 |pmc=1287660|bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.7310T }}</ref> Autotrophic Campylobacteria use the reverse Krebs cycle to fix carbon dioxide into biomass, a pathway originally thought to be of little environmental significance. The oxygen sensitivity of this pathway is consistent with their microaerophilic or anaerobic niche in these environments, and their likely evolution in the Mesoproterozoic oceans,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Barbara J.|last2=Engel|first2=Annette Summers|author-link2=Annette Summers Engel|last3=Porter|first3=Megan L.|last4=Takai|first4=Ken|date=2006-05-02|title=The versatile ε-proteobacteria: key players in sulphidic habitats|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=4|issue=6|pages=458–468|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1414|issn=1740-1526|pmid=16652138|s2cid=10479314}}</ref> which are thought to have been sulfidic with low levels of oxygen available from cyanobacterial photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1069651| volume = 297| issue = 5584| pages = 1137–1142| last = Anbar| first = A. D.| author2 = A. H. Knoll| title = Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry and Evolution: A Bioinorganic Bridge?| journal = Science| date = 2002-08-16| pmid=12183619| citeseerx = 10.1.1.615.3041| bibcode = 2002Sci...297.1137A| s2cid = 5578019}}</ref>

==Phylogeny== The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{lpsn3|class/Epsilonproteobacteria|Epsilonproteobacteria}}</ref> and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=Schoch CL |display-authors=et al. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=tree&id=3031852&lvl=3 |title=Epsilonproteobacteria |accessdate=2025-06-05 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024<ref>{{cite web|title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_all tree in newick format| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref> ! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1="Campylobacteria" |1={{clade |1=Nautiliales Miroshnichenko et al. 2004 |2=Campylobacterales Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2006 }} }} | {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1="Campylobacteria" |1={{clade |1=Nautiliales |2=Campylobacterales }} }} |}

==References== {{notelist}} {{Reflist|32em}}

==External links== * {{MeshName|Epsilonproteobacteria}}

{{Bacteria classification}} {{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q136797}} {{Authority control}} Category:Campylobacterota Category:Bacteria classes