{{Short description|Theological school in New York City}} {{Use American English|date=July 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox university | name = Episcopal Divinity School | image_name = | established = {{start date and age|1974}} | type = [[Private university|Private]] [[seminary]] | city = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] | country = United States | affiliation = {{hlist | [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]}} | campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] | campus_size = | endowment = $77.3 million (April 30, 2024) | president = Lydia Kelsey Bucklin | website = {{URL|https://www.eds.edu/|eds.edu}} }}
The '''Episcopal Divinity School''' ('''EDS''') is an unaccredited [[theological school]] in [[New York City]]. Established to train people for ordination in the American [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]], the seminary eventually began training students from other denominations. The school currently does not enroll any seminarians, and states that it is currently "exploring multiple models for theological education."
For most of its history, EDS was headquartered in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. From 2018 to 2023, it was affiliated with [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Important Development with Episcopal Divinity School |url=https://us9.campaign-archive.com/?u=dbf2093f2067ab735fe39eac8&id=90abe6ffc0&e=01846b6fa8 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=us9.campaign-archive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2017/05/19/episcopal-divinity-school-union-theological-seminary-agree-on-collaboration/|title=Episcopal Divinity School, Union Theological Seminary agree on collaboration|date=2017-05-19|website=Episcopal News Service|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref><ref>[https://utsnyc.edu/eds/ utsnyc.edu – EDS]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/05/19/episcopal-seminary-announces-new-affiliation/95lrbkxrOuPzwXbKf0dqGN/story.html|title=Episcopal seminary announces new affiliation |last=Wangsness|first=Lisa |website=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=August 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828213850/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/05/19/episcopal-seminary-announces-new-affiliation/95lrbkxrOuPzwXbKf0dqGN/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
EDS and its predecessors established a reputation for progressive teaching and action on issues of civil rights and social justice. Its faculty and students were directly involved in many of the social controversies surrounding the Episcopal Church in the latter half of the 20th century and at the start of the 21st. From 1930 to 1964, three out of the four [[List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America|presiding bishops]] of the Episcopal Church were alumni of EDS' predecessor Episcopal Theological School: [[James De Wolf Perry]], [[Henry Knox Sherrill]], and [[Arthur C. Lichtenberger|Arthur Lichtenberger]].
==History==
=== Predecessors === The Episcopal Divinity School (EDS) was founded in 1974 by combining the '''Episcopal Theological School''' ('''ETS''') and the '''Philadelphia Divinity School''' ('''PDS'''). ETS's first dean was John Seely Stone, a former PDS lecturer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stone, John Seely, Dd from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia. |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/S/stone-john-seely-dd.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}</ref>
==== Philadelphia Divinity School ==== The Philadelphia Divinity School was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1857 as the '''Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church''' by [[Alonzo Potter]], Bishop of Pennsylvania.<ref name="College in Massachusetts">{{cite web|title=Episcopal Divinity School Profile |url=http://www.collegeinmassachusetts.com/episcopal-divinity-school-profile/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701171818/http://www.collegeinmassachusetts.com/episcopal-divinity-school-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2013 |work=College in Massachusetts |access-date=1 July 2013 }}</ref>
==== Episcopal Theological School ==== [[File:1879DrakeEpiscopal.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Episcopal Divinity School, 19th century]]The Episcopal Theological School was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1867 by Boston businessman Benjamin Tyler Reed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1917-07-28 |title=Fifty Years of the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge |url=https://www.episcopalarchives.org/e-archives/the_witness/pdf/1917_Watermarked/Witness_19170728.pdf |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=The Witness |pages=4}}</ref> Although ETS' first dean, John Seely Stone, was part of the [[Evangelical Anglicanism|evangelical wing]] of the Anglican church,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slattery |first=Charles Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oMDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55 |title=Alexander Viets Griswold Allen, 1841-1908 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |year=1911 |location=Norwood, MA |pages=57|isbn=978-0-7950-0370-7 }}</ref> the school developed into a stronghold of the [[Broad church|Broad Church]] movement and welcomed liberal and progressive views.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeMille |first=George E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuZJAwAAQBAJ |title=The Catholic Movement in the American Episcopal Church |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-55635-152-5 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> It was "the first Episcopal theological seminary to welcome modern biblical scholarship,"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Episcopal Theological School (ETS) - An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/episcopal-theological-school-ets/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Episcopal Church}}</ref> and in 1924 its faculty asked its alumni priests to accommodate congregants who did not believe in the [[Virgin birth of Jesus|virgin birth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1924-01-06 |title=FACULTY SUGGESTS PERMISSIVE CREEDS; Cambridge Episcopal Theological School Plans to End Dispute Over Virgin Birth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/01/06/archives/faculty-suggests-permissive-creeds-cambridge-episcopal-theological.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1941, ETS became the first Episcopal seminary to appoint a female full-time faculty member ([[Adelaide Teague Case]]).<ref name=":1" />
According to one alumnus, the school's reputation for theological progressivism was so strong that "candidates for the Episcopal ministry who did not have independent financial means avoided the Cambridge seminary lest they become so infected with its social heresies that they could not hold suburban pulpits."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=C.K.S. |date=October 1962 |title=Henry Bradford Washburn |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525099.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society |pages=255}}</ref> In 1919, ETS offered its deanship to alumnus [[Charles Lewis Slattery|C. L. Slattery]], who declined the position;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1919-07-23 |title=Dr. Slattery Declines Call. |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1919/07/23/97104344.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> nine years later, a committee led by now-Bishop Slattery published a [[Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)|revision to the Book of Common Prayer]] which made "far-reaching, and in some instances radical," changes to both language and theology, decisively moving away from the concept of [[total depravity]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The New American Prayer Book, by E. Clowes Chorley (1929) |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/bcp/chorley1929/07.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=anglicanhistory.org}}</ref>
The founders chose Cambridge, Massachusetts for its proximity to [[Harvard University]]. ETS provided an Anglican alternative to Harvard's [[Harvard Divinity School|divinity school]] and [[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]],<ref name=":1" /> both of which were predominantly [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] at the time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1914-10-02 |title=Harvard and Episcopal School: Mutual Agreement Passed on Arranging Interchange of Courses |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1914/10/2/harvard-and-episcopal-school-pthe-board/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> ETS students were allowed to cross-register in Harvard courses and to use the divinity school library.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Divinity School at the Turn of the 20th Century |url=https://library.hds.harvard.edu/book/export/html/349506 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=library.hds.harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Glenn T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kjuJgpCRHsC |title=Piety and Profession: American Protestant Theological Education, 1870-1970 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. |year=2007 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |pages=147|isbn=978-0-8028-2946-7 }}</ref> After retiring from ETS, Henry Washburn served as the director of Harvard Memorial Church from 1940 to 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Henry Washburn Dies at 93 {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/4/26/henry-washburn-dies-at-93-phenry/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>
=== Merger and creation of EDS === PDS and ETS merged in 1974. Both institutions were facing bankruptcy at the time. Merging the two institutions and consolidating operations on ETS's Cambridge campus allowed the schools to save money while combining their financial endowments. PDS sold its five-acre campus to the University of Pennsylvania,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1977-04-13 |title=Penn to Buy Divinity School Sought by Moon Church |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/13/archives/penn-to-buy-divinity-school-sought-by-moon-church.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the PDS campus currently hosts an elementary school assisted by the University of Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Philadelphia Collaborative History - Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander and Her School |url=https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/sadie-tanner-mossell-alexander-and-her-school |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu}}</ref>
The unified EDS granted degrees until 2017. As an independent seminary, EDS offered [[Master of Divinity]] (M.Div.), [[Master of Arts in Theological Studies]] (MATS), and [[Doctor of Ministry]] (D.Min.) degree programs, as well as a certificate in Anglican studies program. It inherited ETS's relationship with [[Harvard Divinity School]], which included cross-registration. It was a member of the [[Boston Theological Institute]], a consortium of seminaries and divinity schools that share library and academic resources and allow cross-registration for courses.
In 2008, EDS sold seven of its thirteen buildings to [[Lesley University]] for $33.5 million to help pay off outstanding debts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic purchase completes Lesley University's Brattle Campus |url=https://lesley.edu/news/historic-purchase-completes-brattle-campus |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=lesley.edu}}</ref> The two institutions agreed to share part of the remaining EDS campus, offer cross-registration, and pool resources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episcopal News Service: Press Release # 030608-01 |url=https://episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/ENS/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=030608-01 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=episcopalarchives.org}}</ref>
Beginning in 2011, EDS allowed members of the [[Metropolitan Community Church]] to train at EDS for ordination in their church, receiving specific instruction on their church's [[polity]].<ref name="Prosecuting Jesus">{{cite book |last1=Osler |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXbjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=Prosecuting Jesus: Finding Christ by Putting Him on Trial |date=26 August 2016 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=9781611646733 |page=52 |access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
===Affiliation with Union Theological Seminary and move to New York=== In the 21st century, EDS was impacted by broader forces (primarily declining enrollment) affecting many Episcopal seminaries. For example, from 2022 to 2024, the [[General Theological Seminary]] leased its New York City campus to [[Vanderbilt University]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=The General Theological Seminary signs agreement to lease the Close to Vanderbilt University |url=https://www.gts.edu/press-releases/the-general-theological-seminary-signs-agreement-to-lease-the-close-to-vanderbilt-university |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=General Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref> refocused its course offerings on primarily-online masters' programs,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=The General Theological Seminary Sets Out its Plans for the Future |url=https://vts.edu/press-release/the-general-theological-seminary-sets-out-its-plans-for-the-future/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Virginia Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref> and agreed to an arrangement with deeper-pocketed [[Virginia Theological Seminary]] under which VTS' president took over GTS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petersen |first=Kirk |date=2022-12-07 |title=Partnership Ensures Survival of a Smaller GTS |url=https://livingchurch.org/news/partnership-ensures-survival-of-a-smaller-gts/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=The Living Church |language=en-US}}</ref>
Over time, EDS increasingly relied on its endowment to cover operating deficits.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-12 |title=Financial Considerations in Planning |url=http://eds.edu/sites/default/files/financial_considerations_in_planning_for_july_12_v1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713173533/http://eds.edu/sites/default/files/financial_considerations_in_planning_for_july_12_v1.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-13 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Episcopal Divinity School}}</ref> From 2011 to 2016, the endowment declined from $70.2 million to $53 million.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> The school warned that the endowment would eventually become unable to cover future deficits.<ref name=":5" />
In 2016, the school's board of trustees decided that the school would cease granting degrees after the end of the 2016–17 academic year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eds.edu/news/eds-stop-granting-degrees-2017 |title= EDS to Cease Granting Degrees at End of 2016-17 Academic Year |website=Episcopal Divinity School |date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206160548/https://eds.edu/news/eds-stop-granting-degrees-2017 |archive-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> At the time, the school had four full-time faculty and 35 full-time enrolled students.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Jeffrey |date=2017-02-24 |title=Episcopal Divinity School Pursues Union Merger |url=https://juicyecumenism.com/2017/02/24/episcopal-divinity-school-union-merger/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Juicy Ecumenism |language=en-US}}</ref> The school issued a statement explaining that "[e]nding unsustainable spending is a matter of social justice."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=mmacdonald |date=2016-07-21 |title=Episcopal Divinity School to stop granting degrees in June 2017 |url=https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2016/07/21/episcopal-divinity-school-to-stop-granting-degrees-in-june-2017/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Episcopal News Service |language=en-US}}</ref>
After several months of evaluating how it could continue to support the school's mission of theological education, the board of trustees decided to sell its Cambridge campus and to affiliate EDS with [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] (UTS) in New York City.<ref name="eds-union-affiliation">{{cite web |url=http://www.eds.edu/news/eds-union-affiliation |title=Episcopal Divinity School Votes to Pursue Affiliation with Union Theological Seminary in New York |website=Episcopal Divinity School |date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206160327/https://www.eds.edu/news/eds-union-affiliation |archive-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="eds-union-agreement">{{cite web |url=http://eds.edu/news/eds-union-agreement |title=Episcopal Divinity School to Affiliate with Union Theological Seminary |website=Episcopal Divinity School |date=May 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206161932/https://eds.edu/news/eds-union-agreement |archive-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> Through this arrangement, Episcopal seminarians would enroll at UTS in the "EDS at Union Anglican Studies Program," earn a M.Div. from UTS, and fulfill requirements for ordination in the Episcopal Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episcopal Divinity School at Union |url=https://utsnyc.edu/eds/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407213818/https://utsnyc.edu/eds/ |archive-date=2022-04-07 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Union Theological Seminary}}</ref> The institutions signed an 11-year affiliation agreement, starting in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-20 |title=EDS Lives On at Union |url=https://livingchurch.org/2017/05/19/eds-lives-union/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=The Living Church |language=en-US}}</ref> As of December 2022, EDS-at-UTS educated 21 students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rees |first=Ian |date=2022-12-19 |title=EDS at Union Newsletter {{!}} December 2022 |url=https://utsnyc.edu/eds-at-union-newsletter-december-2023/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Union Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref>
As part of the move from Cambridge, EDS terminated its employment contracts with all faculty and staff, and provided them with severance packages.<ref name=":3" /> In 2018, Lesley University exercised its [[right of first refusal]] to purchase the remainder of the EDS campus.<ref name="Camb Day partially occupied">{{cite news |last1=Levy |first1=Marc |date=20 June 2017 |title=Eagerness to build housing misses key fact: Divinity school acreage is partially occupied |url=http://www.cambridgeday.com/2017/06/20/eagerness-to-build-housing-misses-key-fact-divinity-school-acreage-is-partially-occupied/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |publisher=Cambridge Day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2018/07/23/lesley-expands-cambridge-footprint-buying-rest-of.html | title=Lesley expands Cambridge footprint, buying rest of Brattle campus | first=Max | last=Stendahl | website=Boston Business Journal | date=2018-07-23 | access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bostonrealestatetimes.com/lesley-university-expands-brattle-street-presence-with-purchase-of-historic-episcopal-divinity-school-buildings/|title=Lesley University expands Brattle Street presence with purchase of historic Episcopal Divinity School buildings|date=2018-07-19|website=Boston Real Estate Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref>
=== Independent, non-degree-granting institution === On March 31, 2023, Union and EDS announced that they were discontinuing their formal affiliation after 5 years, less than halfway into the initial term of the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vernet |first=Emmye |date=2023-03-31 |title=Union Theological Seminary and Episcopal Divinity School Announce New Directions for Leading Anglican Studies Program |url=https://utsnyc.edu/uts-eds-new-directions/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Union Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref> EDS discontinued its degree-granting programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=EDS Chooses 'Innovative Credentialing' Over '@Union' |url=https://livingchurch.org/2023/04/05/eds-chooses-innovative-credentialing-over-union/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=The Living Church |language=en-US}}</ref> M.Div. students in the EDS-at-UTS program transitioned into the UTS Anglican Studies Program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Important Development with Episcopal Divinity School |url=https://us9.campaign-archive.com/?u=dbf2093f2067ab735fe39eac8&id=90abe6ffc0&e=01846b6fa8 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=us9.campaign-archive.com}}</ref> In the meantime, EDS has relocated to temporary offices at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Episcopal Divinity School to Relocate Office in July |url=http://www.eds.edu/news/2/episcopal-divinity-school-to-relocate-office-in-july |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.eds.edu |language=en}}</ref> It offers some programming in New York and online.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EDS in Transition {{!}} November 2023 Update |url=http://www.eds.edu/news/15/eds-in-transition-november-2023-update |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.eds.edu |language=en}}</ref>
EDS is currently "exploring multiple models for theological education."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.eds.edu/faqs |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.eds.edu |language=en}}</ref> It states that it "seeks collaborative opportunities to prepare and equip clergy and lay people for transformative and diverse leadership roles."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=Mission and Core Values |url=http://www.eds.edu/missional-and-core-values |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.eds.edu |language=en}}</ref>
In August 2024, Lydia Kelsey Bucklin was appointed as EDS' new president and dean,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episcopal Divinity School Appoints the Very Rev. Lydia Kelsey Bucklin as New President and Dean |url=https://www.eds.edu/news/55/episcopal-divinity-school-appoints-the-very-rev-lydia-kelsey-bucklin-as-new-president-and-dean |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.eds.edu |language=en}}</ref> with a directive to "develop and implement a strategic and operational plan" for the school.<ref name=":7" /> Although EDS currently does not educate any students, its financial endowment stood at $77.3 million as of April 30, 2024, which includes the sale price of the Cambridge campus.<ref name=":7" />
==Social issues== [[File:St. John's Chapel Episcopal Divinity School-3 (Cambridge, MA).jpg|thumb|St. John's Chapel at EDS]]{{More citations needed section|date=June 2016}} PDS and ETS had both attempted to insulate themselves from affiliations with partisan factions within the church. Where other seminaries that existed or would come to exist within the Episcopal Church often affiliated themselves with either the [[high church]] or [[low church]] movements, PDS and ETS focused on broad social and academic matters rather than issues of churchmanship as such. This may affiliate them with [[broad church]] movements, although neither institution explicitly identified themselves as such. EDS has continued in that tradition.
PDS, ETS and EDS have all been known for their focus on pastoral action around progressive social issues.
===African-American education=== From its inception, PDS admitted and trained [[African-American]] students, which was not done anywhere else in the world.<ref name="UPenn former PDS">{{cite web |title=At the Former Philadelphia Divinity School Site: Discovering Inspiration from the Past and Creating Spaces to Learn and Grow |url=http://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/volumes/v56/n27/divinity.html |access-date=7 December 2017 |website=Almanac: Journal of record, opinion and news |publisher=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> The Episcopal Church itself, originally as the Church of England under the Bishop of London in British colonies in North America, had early seen several attempts from within at including African-American and indigenous American peoples in the full life of the church; the first person to be baptized in the Church of England in North America was a Native American person.<ref name="NC History">{{cite web|last1=Shaeffer|first1=Mathew|title=Virginia Dare (1587-?)|url=http://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/virginia-dare-1587/|website=North Carolina History Project|publisher=John Locke Foundation|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Social values, particularly with the rise of racial slavery in North America, meant that there were considerable obstacles to such practices, and debates over whether it was right to baptize African-American slaves were controversial. Clergy who baptized slaves were often expelled from their parishes by the wealthy vestries which held their contracts. The church was largely controlled by affluent whites and despite rare actions by clergy, African-American slaves and ex-slaves were largely excluded from participation in the life of the church.
In 1968, ETS hired its first African-American professor, [[Robert Avon Bennett]].
===Education and ordination of women=== In the 1880s, PDS begin training women as [[deaconess]]es. In 1929 women were first admitted at PDS in small numbers to theological education programs designed for those preparing to teach religion in colleges.
ETS became the first Episcopal seminary to hire a woman, in 1941, to its full-time faculty.<ref name="Talbot Case">{{cite web|last1=Kujawa-Holbrook|first1=Sheryl A.|title=Adelaide Teague Case|url=http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/protestant/adelaide_case/|website=Talbot School of Theology|publisher=Biola University|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref>
In 1974, after the formation of EDS, 11 women known as the [[Philadelphia Eleven]] were "irregularly" ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal Church. Several EDS faculty members took part in the ordination and two of the new priests, [[Carter Heyward]] and Suzanne Hiatt, were employed as EDS faculty.<ref name="Huff Po Remembering">{{cite news|last1=Adams|first1=Heather|title=Remembering The 'Philadelphia 11': Where The First Female, Episcopal Priests Are 40 Years Later|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/26/philadelphia-11-female-priests_n_5614911.html|access-date=8 December 2017|work=Huffington Post|agency=Religious News Service|date=26 July 2014}}</ref> The affiliation of EDS with this ordination would cause many bishops to refuse to send their postulants for ordination to EDS to receive a theological education. EDS retained a reputation for controversy stemming from this incident even after the Episcopal Church as a whole voted to ordain women to the priesthood in 1976. EDS quickly became the first Episcopal seminary to have women teaching in all fields of study.
===Civil rights=== In 1956, Bishop [[Henry Knox Sherrill]], who graduated from ETS in 1914, spoke out at a press conference on September 18, 1956, in favor of racial integration for the whole church. He said, “integration in the whole church is inevitable; it is fundamental to the heart of the Gospel.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neatnik2009.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/feast-of-henry-knox-sherrill-may-11/ |title="Feast of Henry Knox Sherrill." Retrieved December 30, 2016. |access-date=December 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075916/https://neatnik2009.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/feast-of-henry-knox-sherrill-may-11/ |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 1964, members of the ETS community marched in Boston to protest the racially motivated Birmingham church bombings. In the following year, ETS students and faculty traveled to Alabama to take part in the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]]. Several students sought to return to Alabama after the Selma marches to continue to work for racial integration in that state. [[Jonathan Myrick Daniels]], one of those students, was shot and killed outside a store in [[Hayneville, Alabama]], while trying to protect a young African-American woman, [[Ruby Sales]], from a gunman.<ref name="NPR White Seminarian">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/08/20/433257680/50-years-ago-a-white-seminarian-gave-his-life-to-the-civil-rights-movement |title=50 Years Ago, A White Seminarian Gave His Life To The Civil Rights Movement |publisher=NPR |date=2015-08-20 |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref><ref name="Reed Seminarian Slain">{{cite news | first=Roy | last=Reed | title=White Seminarian Slain in Alabama}}</ref> Sales would go on to attend ETS herself and work for civil rights, founding an inner-city mission dedicated to Daniels who is remembered as a [[martyr]] of the Episcopal Church and is remembered regularly at EDS.<ref name="Combs Selma to Montgomery">{{cite book|last1=Combs|first1=Barbara Harris|title=From Selma to Montgomery: The Long March to Freedom|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136173769|page=86}}</ref><ref name="WaPo Black activist recalls">{{cite news|last1=Ruane|first1=Michael E.|title=Black civil rights activist recalls white ally who took a shotgun blast for her|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/black-civil-rights-activist-recalls-white-ally-who-took-a-shotgun-blast-for-her/2015/08/16/4e562dd8-3b74-11e5-8e98-115a3cf7d7ae_story.html|access-date=8 December 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|date=16 August 2015}}</ref>
===LGBT rights=== [[File:Episcopal Divinity School (Cambridge, MA).JPG|thumb|right|Lawrence and Reed Halls on EDS's Flemish style quadrangle]] In the 1960s, ETS students who were suspected of being homosexual were dismissed, but as church and social opinion began to slowly turn in favor of tolerance of homosexuals, EDS would become a leading center of studies on LGBT issues within the Episcopal Church and the wider Anglican Communion. In 1974, ethics professor William Hayden McCallum came out as a gay man to the school community. Associate professor and priest Carter Heyward came out as a lesbian to the church in a nationwide publication in 1979. By the 1980s, EDS permitted same-sex couples to live in campus housing as it did heterosexual couples previously. In 1995, when St. John's Memorial Chapel was opened to marriage services by Dean William Rankin, both heterosexual marriages and same-sex unions were permitted, contrary to the trend in the Episcopal Church at the time.<ref name="Prosecuting Jesus" /> In 1999, the school's then dean, [[Steven Charleston]], was the author of the [[Cambridge Accord]], an attempt to reach consensus over the human rights of homosexual people, notwithstanding [[Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion|differences within the Anglican Communion]] over the moral status of homosexual acts.<ref name="Anglican Journal Bishops sign accord">{{cite news|last1=Blair|first1=Kathy|title=Bishops sign accord decrying violence against homosexuals|url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/articles/bishops-sign-accord-decrying-violence-against-homosexuals-938/|access-date=8 December 2017|work=Anglican Journal|date=1 March 2000}}</ref> In 2009, [[Katherine Hancock Ragsdale]] became the Dean of EDS, the first openly lesbian person to be dean of an Episcopal seminary. However, in 2015, she indicated she would not seek an extension to her term as Dean – which expired at the end of June – after disputes with faculty regarding changes to the residential seminary model.<ref name="WaPo dean to step down">{{cite news|last1=Bailey|first1=Sarah Pulliam|title=Controversial Episcopal seminary dean Katherine Hancock Ragsdale to step down|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/controversial-episcopal-seminary-dean-katherine-hancock-ragsdale-to-step-down/2015/01/06/f7d13d5c-95ee-11e4-8385-866293322c2f_story.html|access-date=8 December 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|agency=Religious News Service|date=6 Jan 2015}}</ref> ==Leadership== {{expand list|date=June 2020}}
===Episcopal Theological School - Deans=== * 1869–1876 John Seely Stone<ref name=":0" /> * 1876–1889 [[George Zabriskie Gray]]<ref name=":0" /> * 1889–1893 [[William Lawrence (bishop)|William Lawrence]] '75<ref name=":0" /> * 1894–1919 [[George Hodges (theologian)|George Hodges]] * 1920–1940 Henry Bradford Washburn * 1940–1944 [[Angus Dun]] * 1944–1956 Charles Taylor * 1957–1968 [[John Bowen Coburn|John B. Coburn]] * 1969–1974 Harvey H. Guthrie
===Episcopal Divinity School - Deans=== * 1974–1976 Harvey H. Guthrie and Edward Harris * 1976–1985 Harvey H. Guthrie * 1985–1993 [[E. Otis Charles]] * 1993–1998 William Rankin * 1999–2008 [[Steven Charleston]] * 2009–2015 [[Katherine Hancock Ragsdale]] * 2018–2023 [[Kelly Brown Douglas]]
=== Episcopal Divinity School - President-Deans === * 2023–2024 [[Kelly Brown Douglas]] (interim president) * 2024–present Lydia Kelsey Bucklin (dean and president)
==See also== {{Portal|Christianity|United States}} * [[List of Episcopal Divinity School people]]
==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *''A History of Episcopal Divinity School'': In celebration of its 25th anniversary by Matthew Peter Cadwell, published by The Trustees of the Episcopal Divinity School, 2000 *''Installation Address'' by Katherine Hancock Ragsdale, Dean and President of Episcopal Divinity School, October 23, 2009 *''A Brief History of the Episcopal Church'' by David L. Holmes
==External links== * [http://www.eds.edu/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101092112/http://www.eds.edu/ |date=January 1, 2017 }}
{{Episcopal Seminaries}} {{Boston Theological Institute}} {{Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston}} {{authority control}}
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