{{Short description|Phylum of archaea}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = RT8-4.jpg | image_caption = Archaea ''Sulfolobus'' infected with specific virus STSV-1. | taxon = Thermoproteota | authority = Garrity & Holt 2021<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, Garrity GM | title = Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | page = 5056 | date = Oct 2021 | pmid = 34694987 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 | s2cid = 239887308 | doi-access = free }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Classes | subdivision = * "Culexarchaeia" * Methanosuratincolia * Methanonezhaarchaeia * Thermoprotei | synonyms = * "Crenarchaeota" <small>Garrity and Holt 2001</small> * "Culexarchaeota" <small>Kohtz et al. 2022</small> * "Gearchaeota" <small>corrig. Kozubal et al. 2013</small> * "Martarchaeota" <small>corrig. Jay et al. 2018</small> * "Methanonezhaarchaeia" <small>Kohtz et al. 2025</small> * "Thermoproteaeota" <small>Oren et al. 2015</small> * "Thermoproteota" <small>Whitman et al. 2018</small> * "Methanosuratincolia" <small>Kohtz et al. 2024</small> }}
The '''Thermoproteota''' are archaea that have been classified as a phylum of the domain Archaea.<ref>See the NCBI [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28889 webpage on Crenarchaeota]</ref><ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Archaea?topic=49496 ''Archaea''. eds. E.Monosson & C.Cleveland, Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.]</ref><ref>Data extracted from the {{cite web | title = NCBI taxonomy resources | url = https://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information | access-date = 2007-03-19 }}</ref> Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment.<ref name="Brock">{{cite book | veditors = M M | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | year = 2005 | edition = 11th | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-144329-7 }}</ref> Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones.<ref name="Cubonova_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cubonova L, Sandman K, Hallam SJ, Delong EF, Reeve JN | title = Histones in Crenarchaea | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 187 | issue = 15 | pages = 5482–5485 | date = Aug 2005 | pmid = 16030242 | pmc = 1196040 | doi = 10.1128/JB.187.15.5482-5485.2005 }}</ref> Until 2005 all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C.<ref name="Blochl_1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blochl E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Hafenbradl D, Jannasch HW, Stetter KO | title = ''Pyrolobus fumarii'', gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113 °C | journal = Extremophiles: Life Under Extreme Conditions | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–21 | date = Feb 1997 | pmid = 9680332 | doi = 10.1007/s007920050010 | s2cid = 29789667 }}</ref> These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells.<ref name="Bergeys_2001">{{cite book | veditors = Garrity GM, Boone DR | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria | year = 2001 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-0-387-98771-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofs00boon }}</ref> Recent evidence shows that some members of the Thermoproteota are methanogens.
Thermoproteota were initially classified as a part of regnum '''Eocyta''' in 1984,<ref name="Lake_1984" /> but this classification has been discarded. The term "eocyte" now applies to either TACK (formerly Crenarchaeota) or to Thermoproteota.
==''Sulfolobus''== One of the best characterized members of the Crenarchaeota is ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4.<ref name="Zillig_1980">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zillig W, Stetter KO, Wunderl S, Schulz W, Priess H, Scholz I | title = The Sulfolobus-"Caldariellard" group: Taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases | journal = Arch. Microbiol. | volume = 125 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–269 | year = 1980 | doi = 10.1007/BF00446886 | bibcode = 1980ArMic.125..259Z | s2cid = 5805400 }}</ref> Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, ''Sulfolobus'' grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to ''Sulfolobus'' becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them.
{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022<ref>{{cite web | title = The LTP | url = https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP | access-date = 10 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = LTP_all tree in newick format | url = https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_06_2022.ntree | access-date = 10 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = LTP_06_2022 Release Notes | url = https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_06_2022_release_notes.pdf | access-date = 10 May 2023 }}</ref> ! colspan=1 | 53 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 10-RS226 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=ar53_r226.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release226/226.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r226.sp_labels.tree |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=Genome Taxonomy Database|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1="TACK" |1={{Clade |1=Nitrososphaerota |2={{Clade |label1=Thermoproteota |sublabel1=Thermoproteia |1={{Clade |1=Thermoproteales |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=Fervidicoccales |2=Desulfurococcales 1 }} |2={{Clade |1=Desulfurococcales |2=Sulfolobales }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1="Korarchaeota" |1={{Clade |label1="Korarchaeia" |1="Korarchaeales" }} }} |2={{Clade |label1=Promethearchaeati |1=Promethearchaeota |label2=Thermoproteota |2={{Clade |label1="BAT" |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1="Bathyarchaeia" |sublabel1=(MCG) |1={{Clade |1="Bifangarchaeales" [B24] |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1="Xuanwuarculales" [RBG-16-48-13] |2={{Clade |1="Hecatellales" [B25] |2="Houtuarculales" [40CM-2-53-6] }} }} |2={{Clade |1="Wuzhiqiibiales" [TCS64] |2={{Clade |1="Zhuquarculales" [EX4484-135] |2="Bathyarchaeales" [B26-1] }} }} }} }} }} |2={{Clade |label1=Nitrososphaeria_A |1="Caldarchaeales" |label2=Nitrososphaeria |2={{Clade |1="Geothermarchaeales" |2={{Clade |1=PSMU01 |2={{Clade |1=Conexivisphaerales |2=Nitrososphaerales }} }} }} }} }} |label2="Sulfobacteria" |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1=Methanosuratincolia |1={{Clade |1="Nezhaarchaeales" |2={{Clade |1="Culexarchaeles" |2=Methanosuratincolales }} }} |label2="Thermoproteia" |2={{Clade |1="Gearchaeales" |2={{Clade |1=Thermofilales |2=Thermoproteales }} }} }} |2={{Clade |label1="Sulfolobia" |1={{Clade |1="Marsarchaeales" (sic) |2=Sulfolobales }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |}
==Recombinational repair of DNA damage== Irradiation of ''S. solfataricus'' cells with ultraviolet light strongly induces formation of type IV pili that can then promote cellular aggregation.<ref name="Frols_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fröls S, Ajon M, Wagner M, Teichmann D, Zolghadr B, Folea M, Boekema EJ, Driessen AJ, Schleper C, Albers SV | title = UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation | journal = Molecular Microbiology | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 938–952 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18990182 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x | hdl = 11370/0dd2a8eb-0f4b-4382-805d-158a870be95e | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Ultraviolet light-induced cellular aggregation was shown by Ajon et al.<ref name="Ajon_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajon M, Fröls S, van Wolferen M, Stoecker K, Teichmann D, Driessen AJ, Grogan DW, Albers SV, Schleper C | title = UV-inducible DNA exchange in hyperthermophilic archaea mediated by type IV pili | journal = Molecular Microbiology | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 807–817 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21999488 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07861.x | hdl = 11370/d0b89cb5-9361-4579-a739-eca1d06c825b | hdl-access = free }}</ref> to mediate high frequency inter-cellular chromosome marker exchange. Cultures that were ultraviolet light-induced had recombination rates exceeding those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. ''S. solfataricus'' cells are only able to aggregate with other members of their own species.<ref name="Ajon_2011" /> Frols et al.<ref name="Frols_2008" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fröls S, White MF, Schleper C | title = Reactions to UV damage in the model archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus | journal = Biochemical Society Transactions | volume = 37 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 36–41 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19143598 | doi = 10.1042/BST0370036 }}</ref> and Ajon et al.<ref name="Ajon_2011" /> considered that the ultraviolet light-inducible DNA transfer process, followed by homologous recombinational repair of damaged DNA, is an important mechanism for promoting chromosome integrity.
This DNA transfer process can be regarded as a primitive form of sexual interaction.
==Marine species== Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Thermoproteota in marine environments.<ref name=Fuhrman_1992>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuhrman JA, McCallum K, Davis AA | title = Novel major archaebacterial group from marine plankton | journal = Nature | volume = 356 | issue = 6365 | pages = 148–149 | date = Mar 1992 | pmid = 1545865 | doi = 10.1038/356148a0 | bibcode = 1992Natur.356..148F | s2cid = 4342208 }}</ref><ref name="DeLong_1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeLong EF | title = Archaea in coastal marine environments | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 89 | issue = 12 | pages = 5685–5689 | date = Jun 1992 | pmid = 1608980 | pmc = 49357 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5685 | bibcode = 1992PNAS...89.5685D | doi-access = free }}</ref> Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Thermoproteota taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these "low temperature Crenarchaea" (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Thermoproteota are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thermoproteota Garrity & Holt, 2021 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/144094900 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> DNA sequences from Thermoproteota have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments.<ref name="Barns_1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barns SM, Delwiche CF, Palmer JD, Pace NR | title = Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 93 | issue = 17 | pages = 9188–9193 | date = Aug 1996 | pmid = 8799176 | pmc = 38617 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9188 | bibcode = 1996PNAS...93.9188B | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In 2005, evidence of the first cultured "low temperature Crenarchaea" was published. Named ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'', it is an ammonia-oxidizing organism isolated from a marine aquarium tank and grown at 28 °C.<ref name="Konneke_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Könneke M, Bernhard AE, de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Waterbury JB, Stahl DA | title = Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7058 | pages = 543–546 | date = Sep 2005 | pmid = 16177789 | doi = 10.1038/nature03911 | bibcode = 2005Natur.437..543K | s2cid = 4340386 }}</ref>
== Possible connections with eukaryotes == {{Main|1 = Eocyte hypothesis|2 = Two-domain system#Asgards are the last eukaryotic common ancestor|l2 = Two-domain system}} The research about two-domain system of classification has paved the possibilities of connections between crenarchaea and eukaryotes.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Yutin N, Makarova KS, Mekhedov SL, Wolf YI, Koonin EV | title = The deep archaeal roots of eukaryotes | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 25 | issue = 8 | pages = 1619–1630 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18463089 | pmc = 2464739 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msn108 }}</ref>
DNA analysis from 2008 (and later, 2017) has shown that eukaryotes evolved from thermoproteota-like organisms. Other candidates for the ancestor of eukaryotes include closely related asgards. This could suggest that eukaryotic organisms possibly evolved from prokaryotes.
These results are similar to the eocyte hypothesis of 1984, proposed by James A. Lake.<ref name="Lake_1984">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lake JA, Henderson E, Oakes M, Clark MW | title = Eocytes: a new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 81 | issue = 12 | pages = 3786–3790 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6587394 | pmc = 345305 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786 | bibcode = 1984PNAS...81.3786L | doi-access = free }}</ref> The classification according to Lake, states that both crenarchaea and asgards belong to Kingdom Eocyta. Though this has been discarded by scientists, the main concept remains. The term "Eocyta" now either refers to the TACK group or to Phylum Thermoproteota itself.
However, the topic is highly debated and research is still going on.
{{Clear}}
==See also== *Euryarchaeota * List of Archaea genera * Two-domain system * Asgard (archaea)
==References== {{reflist|25em}}
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| pages = 1118-1123 | year = 2024 | pmid = 39048824 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-024-07631-6 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Krukenberg, Kohtz, Jay, Hatzenpichler | title = Methyl-reducing methanogenesis by a thermophilic culture of Korarchaeia | journal = Nature | volume = 632 | pages = 1131-1136 | year = 2024 | pmid = 39048017 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-024-07829-8 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Kohtz, Nupp, Hatzenpichler | title = Cultivation of Methanonezhaarchaeia, the third class of methanogens within the phylum Thermoproteota | journal = Science Advances | volume = 11 | article-number = eaea0936 | year = 2025 | pmid = 41385625 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.aea0936 | doi-access = free }} {{refend}}
===Scientific handbooks=== {{refbegin|colwidth=25em|small=yes}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Garrity GM, Holt JG | chapter = Phylum AI. Crenarchaeota phy. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofs00boon/page/169 169] | year = 2001 | edition = 2nd | editor1 = DR Boone | editor2 = RW Castenholz | publisher = Springer Verlag | isbn = 978-0-387-98771-2 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofs00boon | url = https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofs00boon/page/169 }} {{refend}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{cite web | title = Crenarchaeota | url = http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=97&page=1 | publisher = University of Wisconsin | website = Virtual Microbiology (bact.wisc.edu) }} * {{cite web | title = Comparative analysis of crenarchaeal genomes | url = http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&phylum=Crenarchaeota | publisher = United States Department of Energy | series = Integrated Microbial Genomes System | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100901130050/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&phylum=Crenarchaeota | archive-date = 2010-09-01 }}
{{Archaea classification}} {{Life on Earth}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q21447237|from2=Q499078|from3=Q79918695}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Thermoproteota Category:Archaea phyla Category:Polyextremophiles