{{Short description|Species of bacterium}} {{Speciesbox | image = | image_caption = | genus = Enterococcus | species = raffinosus | authority = Collins et al. 1989 }}
'''''Enterococcus raffinosus''''' is a bacterial species of the Gram-positive genus ''Enterococcus'', named for its facultative anaerobic metabolism, including the ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Matthew D. |last2=Facklam |first2=Richard R. |last3=Farrow |first3=John A.E. |last4=Williamson |first4=Russel |date=February 1989 |title=Enterococcus raffinosus sp. nov., Enterococcus solitarius sp. nov. and Enterococcus pseudoavium sp. nov |url=https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/57/3/283/540907 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Oxford Academic |series=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=283–288 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03350.x|pmid=2721919 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This mesophilic microaerophile has optimal growth at 37°C in Columbia Blood Medium (agar mixture of trypticase soy and brain heart infusion).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Podstawka |first=Adam |title=Enterococcus raffinosus 1789/79 {{!}} Type strain {{!}} DSM 5633, ATCC 49427, NCTC 12192, CCUG 29292, CIP 103329, LMG 12888, JCM 8733, NBRC 100492, CCM 4216, CDC 1789-79, NCAIM B.02061, NCIMB 12901, VTT E-97812 {{!}} BacDiveID:5326 |url=https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/5326 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=bacdive.dsmz.de |language=en}}</ref> It has an ovoid morphology categorized as coccal with arrangement singly, in pairs, or short chains.<ref name=":1" />
According to analytical profile index results, this non-motile microbe is negative for urease and catalase but positive for Voges–Proskauer and pyrrolidonyl arylamidase. It hydrolyzes aesculin but not hippuric acid or starch. It lacks arginine deiminase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase.<ref name=":0" />
''Enterococcus raffinosus'' has been identified as a pathogen in ''Homo sapiens'' and ''Felis catus'' with vancomycin-resistant strains (VRE) involved in hospital-acquired infections that cause Crohn's disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Liam P. |last2=Wang |first2=Alethea D. |last3=Dylus |first3=David |last4=Meier |first4=Magda |last5=Pogacnik |first5=Grega |last6=Dessimoz |first6=Christophe |last7=Balloux |first7=François |date=10 May 2020 |title=The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates |journal=Molecular Ecology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=29 |issue=17 |pages=3361–3379 |doi=10.1111/mec.15463|pmid=32390272 |bibcode=2020MolEc..29.3361S |s2cid=196687946 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Hailan |last2=Peng |first2=Yao |last3=Cai |first3=Xunchao |last4=Zhou |first4=Yongjian |last5=Zhou |first5=Youlian |last6=Huang |first6=Hongli |last7=Xu |first7=Long |last8=Nie |first8=Yuqiang |date=2021-12-07 |title=Genome insights of Enterococcus raffinosus CX012922, isolated from the feces of a Crohn's disease patient |journal=Gut Pathogens |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71 |doi=10.1186/s13099-021-00468-8 |pmid=34876224 |pmc=8650288 |issn=1757-4749 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Additionally, this species uses ''Camelus dromedarius'' and ''Helix pomatia'' as hosts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wardeh |first1=Maya |last2=Risley |first2=Claire |last3=McIntyre |first3=Marie Kirsty |last4=Setzkorn |first4=Christian |last5=Baylis |first5=Matthew |date=2015-09-15 |title=Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=150049 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2015.49 |pmid=26401317 |pmc=4570150 |bibcode=2015NatSD...250049W |s2cid=28547532 |issn=2052-4463|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Sequencing of the CX012922 strain show genes divided between a 2.83 Mb circular genome for virulence factors like ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and a 0.98 Mb circular megaplasmid for substrate utilization enzymes like raffinose permease.<ref name=":2" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *Epidemiology of Enterococcus: {{cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=K.|last2=Phillips|first2=C.|title=The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus|journal=Microbiology|volume=155|issue=6|year=2009|pages=1749–1757|issn=1350-0872|doi=10.1099/mic.0.026385-0|pmid=19383684|doi-access=free}} *{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilke WW, Marshall SA, Coffman SL, Pfaller MA, Edmund MB, Wenzel RP, etal | title=Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus raffinosus: molecular epidemiology, species identification error, and frequency of occurrence in a national resistance surveillance program. | journal=Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 43–9 | doi=10.1016/s0732-8893(97)00059-x | pmid=9350415 }} *{{cite journal|last1=Savini|first1=V.|last2=Manna|first2=A.|last3=D'Antonio|first3=F.|last4=Talia|first4=M.|last5=Catavitello|first5=C.|last6=Balbinot|first6=A.|last7=Febbo|first7=F.|last8=Carlino|first8=D.|last9=Fioritoni|first9=F.|last10=Di Bonaventura|first10=G.|last11=D'Antonio|first11=D.|title=First report of vaginal infection caused by Enterococcus raffinosus|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2008|pages=672–673|issn=0022-2615|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.47773-0|pmid=18436605|doi-access=free}}
==External links== *{{EOL}} *[https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/enterococcus-raffinosus LPSN] *[https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/5326 Type strain of ''Enterococcus raffinosus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17119101}}
raffinosus Category:Bacteria described in 1989 Category:Gram-positive bacteria