{{Short description|none}} {{more citations needed|date=December 2013}} An '''English exonym''' is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym). Endonyms and exonyms are features of all languages, and other languages may have their own exonym for English endonyms, for example {{Lang|cy|Llundain}} is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London".
Romanization, or transcription of a non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms: "The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form" (Päll, 2002).<ref>Peeter Päll, Estonia, "Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?" UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Working Group on Romanization Systems (2002)</ref><ref>Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman - 2007- Page 16 "2.2.11 This brings us on to the question of romanization. Does the application of a romanization system turn an endonym into an exonym? In his GeoNames 2000 paper Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?, Peeter Päll argued convincingly.."</ref> However old romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese.<ref>M. B. Hooker ''Laws of South-East Asia: The pre-modern texts 1986 - Page 23 "Place names such as Rangoon, Mandalay, Pegu and Moulmein have been left in the English form which is familiar to the non-Burmese reader. Personal names also have been left in the old romanization which seems to be familiar to.."''</ref> This affects romanization of Arabic, romanization of Chinese, and many other non-Latin alphabet place names. Stripping diacritics of Latin alphabet names are also not regarded as exonyms.
Translations of non-proper nouns such as "river" and "lake" also do not qualify as exonyms.
A less common form of exonym is usage for names and titles. Personal exonyms are typically limited to regnal names such as popes (John Paul II) and monarchs (Charles V); less commonly, well-known historical authors (John Calvin, for French ''Jean Calvin'') are referred to by exonyms. The list does not include the list of English translated personal names.
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== General == This section lists English-language exonyms that are for places located in multiple countries, English names of countries, and typical patterns.
=== Countries and territories === The following is a list of countries and territories whose names in local languages differ from their (non-local) English ones. The list includes countries with limited recognition, autonomous territories of sovereign countries, and fully sovereign countries.
Country names are listed in their short form, and do not include names spelled identically in English. Near-identical names in pronunciation or spelling are included, but countries named with non-proper nouns (like Central African Republic or United Arab Emirates) are not. It is debatable whether the mere omission of a diacritical mark (as in several instances in the table below) creates an exonym.
The languages listed are official languages and/or prominent local languages, except if the name for the associated country is spelled the same as in English. Languages in ''italics'' are no longer spoken in the given country, but the name listed retains some use.
Likewise, exonyms in ''italics'' are obsolete or are disputed. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Countries and territories !English name !Endonym !Language |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Albania}} |Shqipëri(a) |Standard Albanian |- |Shqipyni(a) |Gheg Albanian |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Algeria}} |Al-Dzāyīr (الدزاير) |Maghrebi Arabic |- |Al-Jazā'ir (الجزائر) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} |Hayastan (Հայաստան) |Armenian |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |Österreich |Standard German |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Belgium}} |België |Dutch |- |Belgien |Standard German |- |Belgique |French |- |{{Flag|Bhutan}} |Druk Yul (འབྲུག་ཡུལ་) |Dzongkha |- |{{Flag|Bosnia & Herzegovina}} |Bosna & Hercegovina (Босна & Херцеговина) |Bosnian |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |Brasil |Portuguese |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |Balgariya (България) |Bulgarian |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |Kampuciə (កម្ពុជា) |Khmer |- |{{Flag|China}} |Zhōngguó (中国) |Mandarin |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Comoros}} |Comores |French |- |Juzur Al-Qamar (جزر القمر) |Standard Arabic |- |Komori |Comorian |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} |Hrvatska |Croatian |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Kıbrıs |Turkish |- |Kýpros (Κύπρος) |Greek |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}}, Czechia |Česká republika, Česko |Czech |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Danmark |Danish |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Dominica}} |Dominique |French |- |Wai'tu kubuli |''Island Carib'' |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Egypt}} |Maṣr (مَصر) |Egyptian Arabic |- |Miṣr (مِصر) |Standard Arabic |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Eritrea}} |Ertra (ኤርትራ) |Tigrinya |- |‘Iritriyā (إرتريا) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} |Eesti |Estonian |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |Itiyoophiyaa |Afar |- |Itoobiya |Somali |- |Itoophiyaa |Oromo |- | rowspan="2" |ʾĪtyōṗṗyā (ኢትዮጵያ) |Amharic |- |Tigrinya |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |Suomi |Finnish |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} |Sakartvelo (საქართველო) |Georgian |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |Deutschland |Standard German |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Elládha (Ελλάδα) |Greek |- |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |Xiānggǎng |Chinese |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |Magyarország |Hungarian |- |{{Flag|Iceland}} |Ísland |Icelandic |- | rowspan="22" |{{Flag|India}} |Bhaaratham (ഭാരതം) |Malayalam |- | rowspan="5" |Bhārat (भारत) |Marathi |- |Dogri |- |Hindi |- |Maithili |- |Nepali |- |Bhārat (ભારત) |Gujarati |- |Bhārat (بًارت \ भारत) |Kashmiri |- |Bhārat (بھارت \ ਭਾਰਤ) |Punjabi |- |Bhārat (ڀارت \ भारत) |Sindhi |- |Bhārat (بھارت) |Urdu |- |Bhārata (ಭಾರತ) |Kannada |- |Bhāratam (भारतम्) |Sanskrit |- |Bhārathadeśaṁ (భారతదేశం) |Telugu |- |Bhāratham (பாரதம்) |Tamil |- |Bharot (भारत) |Konkani |- |Bhārot (ভারত) |Bengali |- | rowspan="2" |Bhārôt (ভাৰত) |Assamese |- |Meitei |- |Bhārôt (भारत) |Bodo |- |Bhārôtô (ଭାରତ) |Odia |- |Siñôt (ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ) |Santali |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |Italia |Standard Italian |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |Nihon / Nippon (日本) |Japanese |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |Al-'Urdunn (الأردن) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |Qazaqstan (Қазақстан) |Kazakh |- |{{Flag|Laos}} |Lāo (ລາວ) |Lao |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Lebanon}} |Ləbnēn (لبنان) |Levantine Arabic |- |Lubnān (لبنان) | rowspan="2" |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Libya}} |Lībiyā (ليبيا) |- |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |Lietuva |Lithuanian |- |{{Flag|Madagascar}} |Madagasikara |Malagasy |- |{{Flag|Maldives}} |Dhivehi Raajje (ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ ) |Dhivehi |- | rowspan="7" |{{Flag|Mauritania}} |Agawej | rowspan="2" |Berber |- |Cengiṭ |- |Gànnaar |Wolof |- |Mauritanie |French |- |Moritani |Pulaar |- |Mūrītānyā (موريتانيا) |Standard Arabic |- |Murutaane |Soninke |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Mauritius}} |Maurice |French |- |Moris |Mauritian Creole |- |{{Flag|Moldova}} |Moldaviya (Молдавия) |Russian |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Monaco}} |Mónegue |Occitan |- |Mùnegu |Ligurian |- |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |Mongol Uls (Монгол Улс) |Mongolian |- |{{Flag|Montenegro}} |Crna Gora (Црна Гора) |Montenegrin |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Morocco}} |Al-Maġrib (المغرب) |Standard Arabic |- |lmeɣrib (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) |Standard Moroccan Tamazight |- |Maroc |French |- | rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Mozambique}} |Moçambique |Portuguese |- |Msumbiji |Swahili |- |Mozambiki |Chewa |- |Muzambhiki |Tsonga |- |{{Flag|Myanmar}} |Myǎma (မြန်မာ) |Burmese |- |{{Flag|Nauru}} |Naoero |Nauruan |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Nederland |Dutch |- |{{Flag|North Korea}} |Chosŏn (조선) |Korean |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |Maqedonia e Veriut |Albanian |- |Severna Makedonija (Северна Македонија) |Macedonian |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|Norway}} |Nöörja |Southern Sami |- |Noreg |Norwegian Nynorsk |- |Norga |Northern Sami |- |Norge |Norwegian Bokmål |- |Vuodna |Lule Sami |- |{{Flag|Oman}} |'Umān (عمان) |Standard Arabic |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Palau}} |Belau |Palauan |- |Parao (パラオ) |Japanese |- |{{Flag|Palestine}} |Filasṭīn (فلسطين) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |Pilipinas |Tagalog |- |{{Flag|Poland}} |Polska |Polish |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |Rossíya (Росси́я) |Russian |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |al-Suʿūdiyya (ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |Srbija |Serbian |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Singapore}} |Ciṅkappūr (சிங்கப்பூர்) |Tamil |- |Singapura |Malay |- |Xīnjiāpō (新加坡) |Mandarin |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |Slovensko |Slovak |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} |Hanguk (한국) |Korean |- |{{Flag|South Sudan}} |Paguot Thudän |Dinka |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|South Ossetia}} |Alaniya (Алания) |Russian |- |Allonston (Аллонстон) |Ossetian |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|Spain}} |Espainia |Basque |- | rowspan="2" |España |Galician |- |Spanish |- |Espanha |Occitan |- |Espanya |Catalan |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |Sverige |Swedish |- | rowspan="5" |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |Helvetia |''Latin'' |- |Schweiz |Standard German |- |Suisse |French |- |Svizra |Romansh |- |Svizzera |Standard Italian |- |{{Flag|Syria}} |Sūriyā (سوريا) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Tajikistan}} |Tojikiston (Тоҷикистон) |Tajik |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |Pratheṣ̄thịy (ประเทศไทย) |Thai |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Transnistria}} |Nistrenia (Нистрения) |Romanian |- |Pridnestrovye (Приднестровье) |Russian |- |Prydnistrovya (Придністров'я) |Ukrainian |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Tunisia}} |Tunest |Berber |- |Tunisie |French |- |Tūnis (تونس) |Standard Arabic |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Türkiye |Turkish |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |Ukrajina (Україна) |Ukrainian |- |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |Oʻzbekiston (Ўзбекистон) |Uzbek |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Vatican City}} |Stato della Città del Vaticano |Standard Italian |- |Status Civitatis Vaticanae |Latin |- |{{Flag|Yemen}} |Al-Yaman (اَلْيَمَنُ) |Standard Arabic |}
=== Other territories === The following is a list of other territories/regions which are not deemed as countries or sovereign states. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+Other territories !English name !Endonym !Language |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Alsace}} |Elsass |German |- |Elsàss |Alsatian |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Basque Country}} |País Vasco |Spanish |- |Euskadi |Basque |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Bavaria}} |Bayern |German |- |Boarn |Bavarian |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Bohemia}} |Čechy |Czech |- |Böhmen |German |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Brittany}} |Bretagne |French |- |Breizh |Breton |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Catalonia}} |Catalunya |Catalan |- |Cataluña |Spanish |- |{{Flag|Cornwall}} |Kernow |Cornish |- | rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Crimea}} |Krym (Крым) |Russian |- |Krym (Крим) |Ukrainian |- |Qırım |Crimean Tatar |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Faroe Islands}} |Færøerne |Danish |- |Føroyar |Faroese |- |{{Flag|Flanders}} |Vlaanderen |Dutch |- |{{Flag|Friesland}} |Fryslân |Frisian |- |{{Flag|Galicia}} |Galiza |Galician |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Greenland}} |Grønland |Danish |- |Kalaallit Nunaat |Greenlandic |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Kashubia}} |Kaszuby |Polish |- |Kaszëbë |Kashubian |- |{{Flag|Lombardy}} |Lombardia |Italian |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Moravia}} |Morava |Czech |- |Mähren |German |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Piedmont}} |Piemonte |Italian |- |Piemont |Piedmontese |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Pomerania}} |Pomorze |Polish |- |Pommern |German |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Sicily}} | rowspan="2" |Sicilia |Italian |- |Sicilian |- | rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Silesia}} |Śląsk |Polish |- |Slezsko |Czech |- |Ślōnsk |Silesian |- |Schlesien |German |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Tibet}} |Xīzàng (西藏) |Mandarin |- |Böd (བོད) |Tibetan |- |{{Flag|Wales}} |Cymru |Welsh |- |{{Flag|Wallonia}} |Wallonie |French |}
== Specific countries ==
=== Albania === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Albania}} Shqipëria |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Durazzo |Durrës |Albanian |Dated, Italian name |- |Tirana |Tiranë |Albanian |Tirana is Albanian for "''the'' Tirana" |}
===Algeria=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Algeria}} Al-Jazā'ir (الجزائر) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Algiers |Al-Jazā'ir (الجَزائر) | rowspan="3" |Standard Arabic | |- |Constantine |Qusanṭīnah (قسنطينة) | |- |Oran |Wahrān (وَهران) | |} Name of the country and its capital city in Arabic, ''Al-Jazā'ir'' (الجزائر), is Arabic for "the islands".<ref>{{Cite web |title=algeria {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=Algeria |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref>
===Armenia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Armenia}} Hayastan (Հայաստան) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Ararat Plain |Araratyan dasht (Արարատյան դաշտ) |Armenian | |- |Iğdır Ovası |Turkish | |}
===Austria=== {{See also|List of English exonyms for German toponyms}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Austria}} Österreich |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Ammergau Alps |Ammergebirge<ref name="Utrata">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xAIZAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Palatinate+Forest%22&pg=PA120 ''Utrata Fachwörterbuch: Geographie - Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch''] by Jürgen Utrata (2014). Retrieved 10 Apr 2014.</ref> | rowspan="14" |German | |- |Bavarian Prealps |Bayerische Voralpen<ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Carinthia |Kärnten<ref name="Langenscheidt">Worsch, Wolfgang (2004). ''Langenscheidt Muret-Sanders Großwörterbuch, Teil II, Deutsch-Englisch '', Langenscheidt KG, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Zurich, New York, pp. 1269-1272. {{ISBN|3-468-02126-7}}.</ref><ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Carpathian Basin |Karpatenbecken<ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Danube river |Donau<ref name="Langenscheidt" /> | |- |Drava | rowspan="2" |Drau<ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |''Drave'' |Dated |- |Lake Constance |Bodensee<ref name="Langenscheidt" /><ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Northern Limestone Alps |Nördliche Kalkalpen<ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Southern Limestone Alps |Südliche Kalkalpen<ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Styria |Steiermark<ref name="Langenscheidt" /><ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Tyrol |Tirol<ref name="Utrata" /> | |- |Vienna |Wien<ref name="Langenscheidt" /> | |- |Wetterstein |Wettersteingebirge<ref name="Utrata" /> | |}
===Azerbaijan=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} Azərbaycan |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Caucasus |Qafqaz | rowspan="2" |Azeri | |- |Sumgait |Sumqayıt |}
===Belgium=== Historically, English borrowed French names for many places in Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium. With a few exceptions this practice is no longer followed by most sources.<ref>Willemyns, Roland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JBu9lOijWYcC&q=bruges+english+uses+french+spelling&pg=PP27 Dutch: Biography of a Language]. Oxford University Press. 2013.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Belgium}} België/ Belgique |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Antwerp |Antwerpen | rowspan="3" |Dutch | |- |Bruges |Brugge |French name |- | rowspan="2" |Brussels |Brussel | |- |Bruxelles |French | |- |''Courtrai'' |Kortrijk | rowspan="8" |Dutch |Archaic, French name |- |''Filford'' |Vilvoorde |Archaic |- |Flanders |Vlaanderen | |- |''Gaunt'' | rowspan="2" |Gent |Archaic |- |Ghent | |- |''Louvain'' |Leuven |Archaic, French name |- |''Mechlin'' |Mechelen |Archaic |- |Ostend |Oostende | |- |Wallonia |Wallonie |French | |- |Ypres |Ieper |Dutch |French name |}
===Bosnia & Herzegovina=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Bosnia & Herzegovina}} Bosna & Hercegovina (Босна & Херцеговина) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Bosnia |Bosna (Босна) | rowspan="3" |Bosnian | |- |Herzegovina |Hercegovina (Херцеговина) |German spelling, English name pronounced the same |- |Narenta |Neretva (Неретва) |Italian name, sometimes used in English |}
===Bulgaria=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Bulgaria}} Balgariya (България) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Balkan Mountains |Stara Planina (Стара Планина) | rowspan="6" |Bulgarian | |- |Danube river |Dunav (Дунав) | |- |''Philippopolis'' |Plovdiv (Пловдив) |Archaic |- |Rhodope Mountains |Rodopi (Родопи) | |- |Southern Dobruja |Dobrudzha (Добруджа) |Bulgarian half of former Dobruja region |- |Thrace |Trakiya (Тракия) | |}
===Canada=== Numerous places in the predominantly French speaking province of Quebec have historically had English exonyms; in most cases, the English name was a straight translation of the place's French endonym, with only one major city{{Which|date=September 2023}} which ever had an English exonym. With a few exceptions, such as Quebec City, these are no longer widely used. Exonyms are also commonly seen with regard to First Nations and Inuit peoples and communities; although government and media sources have evolved in recent years toward using these places' native endonyms, common usage may still favour the older exonyms. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Canada}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Arctic Red River'' |Tsiigehtchic |Gwich'in |Archaic |- |Big Trout Lake |Kitchenuhmaykoosib |Oji-Cree | |- |Cambridge Bay |Iqaluktuuttiaq |Inuinnaqtun | |- |Chesterfield Inlet |Igluligaarjuk (ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒑᕐᔪᒃ) |Inuktitut | |- |''Fort Franklin'' |Délįnę |Sahtu |Archaic |- |''Fort Hope'' |Eabametoong |Ojibwe | |- |''Fort Norman'' |Tulita |Sahtu | rowspan="3" |Archaic |- |''Fraserville'' |Rivière-du-Loup |French |- |''Frobisher Bay'' |Iqaluit (ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) | rowspan="2" |Inuktitut |- |Gjoa Haven |Uqsuqtuuq (ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᖅ) | |- |''Holman'' |Ulukhaktok |Inuinnaqtun |Archaic |- |Harrington Lake |Lac Mousseau | rowspan="3" |French | |- |''Iroquois River'' |Rivière Richelieu |Archaic |- |''Island of Orleans'' |Île d'Orléans | |- |''Lansdowne House'' |Neskantaga |Oji-Cree | |- |Mount Royal |Mont-Royal | rowspan="2" |French | |- |Quebec City |Québec | |- |''Queen Charlotte Island'' |Haida Gwaii |Haida |Archaic |- |Rankin Inlet |Kangiqliniq (ᑲᖏᕿᓂᖅ) |Inuktitut | |- |''Saint Andrew'' |Saint-André-d'Argenteuil | rowspan="2" |French | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- |''Saint John'' |Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu |- |''Summer Beaver'' |Nibinamik (ᓃᐱᓇᒥᐦᐠ) |Ojibwe | |- | rowspan="2" |''The River Ouse'' |La Rivière Grand |French | style="border-style: solid solid none solid;" | Archaic |- |Kenhionhata:tie |Mohawk | style="border-style: none solid solid solid;" | |- |Whale Cove |Tikiraqjuaq (ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔪᐊᖅ) |Inuktitut | |}
=== Cambodia === During the Khmer Rouge period (1975–1979), the country was known in English as Democratic Kampuchea, closer to the endonym than its modern English exonym. The English exonym of Cambodia is based on the French exonym, ''Cambodge''. The endonym is sometimes used in English, but the exonym is far more common. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Cambodia}} Kampuchea (កម្ពុជា) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Phnom Penh |Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញគ) | rowspan="3" |Khmer | |- | rowspan="2" |Sihanoukville |Krong Preah Sihanouk (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) | |- |Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម) | |}
===China=== {{more citations needed section|date=May 2023}} Some of the apparent "exonyms" for China are the result of change in romanization of Chinese to modern pinyin, for example "Tientsin" to "Tianjin". Other apparent exonyms are the result of the English name being based on one of the other varieties of Chinese besides Mandarin. Additionally, certain names which may now be considered exonyms actually preserve older Mandarin pronunciations which have changed in the intervening centuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC&pg=PA52|first=Elisabeth|last=Kaske|title=The Politics of Language in Chinese Education|publisher=Brill|year=2008|page=52|isbn=978-9004163676}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp019_peking_beijing.pdf|first=Bosat|last=Man|title=Backhill/Peking/Beijing|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|issue=19|date=June 1990|page=5}}</ref> For all areas in mainland China, names written in Chinese are written in simplified characters. For all areas in the special administrative regions (SARs), the names will be written in traditional characters. {{See also|Pinyin|Chinese postal romanization}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|China}} Zhōngguó (中国) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |''Canton'' |Guǎngzhōu (广州) |Mandarin | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- |Gwong2 Zau1 |Cantonese |- |''Chengchow'' |Zhèngzhōu (郑州) | rowspan="7" |Mandarin | rowspan="4" |Archaic, change in romanization |- |''Chengtu'' |Chéngdū (成都) |- |''Chungking'' |Chóngqìng (重庆) |- |''Foochow'' |Fúzhōu (福州) |- |Forbidden City |Gùgōng (故宫), Zǐjìnchéng (紫禁城) |Means "Ancient Palace" and "Purple Forbidden City" respectively |- |''Fukien'' |Fújiàn (福建) |Archaic, change in romanization |- | rowspan="2" |Gobi Desert |Gēbì Shāmò (戈壁沙漠) | |- |Govi (ᠭᠣᠪᠢ) |Mongolian | |- |''Hangchow'' |Hángzhōu (杭州) | rowspan="2" |Mandarin | rowspan="3" |Archaic, change in romanization |- | rowspan="2" |''Heilungkiang'' |Hēilóngjiāng (黑龙江) |- |Khejluntszyan (Хэйлунцзян) |Russian |- | rowspan="2" |Hohhot |Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) |Mongolian | |- |Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) / Hūshì (呼市) |Mandarin | |- |''Hokkien'' |Fújiàn (福建) |Hokkien |Archaic, but survives in English name of the language |- | rowspan="2" |Hong Kong |Hoeng1 Gong2 (香港) |Cantonese | rowspan="2" | |- |Xiānggǎng |Mandarin |- | rowspan="2" |''Kwangchow'' |Gwong2 Zau1 |Cantonese | |- |Guǎngzhōu (广州) |Mandarin |Archaic, change in romanization |- | rowspan="2" |''Kweilin'' |Gveilinz |Zhuang | |- |Guìlín (桂林) |Mandarin |Archaic, change in romanization |- | rowspan="3" |Macau |Ou3 mun2 (澳門) |Cantonese | rowspan="2" | |- |Àomén (澳门) |Mandarin |- |Macau |Portuguese | |- | rowspan="2" |Mount Everest |Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng (珠穆朗玛峰) | | |- |Chomolungma (ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ) |Tibetan | |- |''Nanking'' |Nánjīng (南京) | rowspan="2" |Mandarin |Archaic, change in romanization |- | rowspan="2" |''Paotou'' |Bāotóu (包头) | rowspan="2" |Obsolete English spelling |- |Buɣutu qota (ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ) |Mongolian |- |''Peking'' |Běijīng (北京) | rowspan="8" |Mandarin |Archaic, change in romanization |- |''Port Arthur'' |Dàlián (大连) | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- |''Santow'' |Shàntóu (汕头) |- |Shaanxi |Shǎnxī (陕西) |Name spelled using Guoyeu Romatzyh romanization, as the name would be the same as Shanxi using pinyin without tones. |- |''Sian'' |Xī'ān (西安) | rowspan="3" |Archaic, change in romanization |- |''Sinkiang'' |Xīnjiāng (新疆) |- |''Soochow'' |Sūzhōu (苏州) |- |rowspan="2"|''Swatow'' |Shàntóu (汕头) | |- |Suan1tao5 (汕头) |Teochew |English orthography close to Teochew pronunciation (Teochew 'n' sound is nasal) |- |''Szechuan'' |Sìchuān (四川) |Mandarin |Archaic, change in romanization |- | rowspan="2" |Tibet |Bod (བོད) |Tibetan | |- |Xīzàng (西藏) | rowspan="5" |Mandarin | |- |''Tsingtao'' |Qīngdǎo (青岛) |Archaic, change in romanization |- |Yangtze River |''Cháng jiāng'' (長江／长江) |Based on the archaic name ''Yángzǐ Jiāng'' (揚子江／扬子江) |- |Yellow River |''Huáng Hé (黃河)'' | |- | rowspan="2" |''Yenchi'' ''Yenki'' |Yánjí (延吉) |Archaic, change in romanization |- |Yenji (옌지), Yŏn'gil (연길) |Korean | |}
===Croatia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Croatia}} Hrvatska ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Danube |Dunav | rowspan="5" |Croatian | |- |Dalmatia |Dalmacija | |- |Istria |Istra | |- |''Ragusa'' |Dubrovnik | rowspan="2" |Historical exonym |- |''Zara'' |Zadar |}
===Cuba=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Cuba}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Havana |(La) Habana |Spanish | |}
===Cyprus=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Cyprus}} Kýpros/ Kıbrıs |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Place !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Famagusta |Ammokhóstos (Αμμόχωστος) |Greek | |- |Gazimaǧusa | rowspan="2" |Turkish | |- | rowspan="2" |Kyrenia |Girne | |- |Kerýneia (Κερύνεια) | rowspan="2" |Greek | |- | rowspan="2" |Limassol |Lemesós (Λεμεσός) | |- |Limasol | rowspan="2" |Turkish | |- | rowspan="2" |Nicosia |Lefkoşa | |- |Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) |Greek | |}
===Czech Republic=== Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With some exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder rivers, both of which flow into Germany) this is no longer done by most sources.<ref>Webb, Adrian. [https://books.google.com/books?id=omjBEYM3IK4C&q=english+uses+czech+german+%22pilsen%22&pg=PR12 The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919]. 2008.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Czech Republic}} Česká republika ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Beskids |Beskydy | rowspan="23" |Czech | |- |Bohemia |Čechy |Latin name |- |Bohemian Forest |Šumava | |- |Bohemian Karst |Český kras | |- |Bohemian Paradise |Český ráj | |- |Bohemian Switzerland |České Švýcarsko | |- |''Budweis'' |České Budějovice | rowspan="2" |Archaic, German name |- |''Carlsbad'' |Karlovy Vary |- |Elbe river |Labe | rowspan="2" |German name |- |Fichtel Mountains |Smrčiny |- |''Franzensbad'' |Františkovy Lázně |Archaic, German name |- |Giant Mountains |Krkonoše | |- |''Hanakia'' |Haná |Archaic |- |Lachia |Lašsko | |- |''Marienbad'' |Mariánské Lázně |Archaic, German name |- |Moravia |Morava |Latin name |- |Moravian Slovakia |Slovácko | |- |Moravian Wallachia |Valašsko | |- |Oder river |Odra |German name |- |Ore Mountains |Krušné hory | |- |''Pilsen'' |Plzeň |Archaic, German name |- |Prague |Praha |French name |- | rowspan="2" |Silesia |Slezsko | |- |Ślōnsk |Silesian | |- |Sudetes, Sudeten, Sudeten Mountains |Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie, Sudety | rowspan="3" |Czech | |- |Sudetenland |Sudety | |- |Upper Palatine Forest |Český les | |}
===Denmark=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Denmark}} Danmark |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Copenhagen |København | rowspan="4" |Danish | |- |''Elsinore'' |Helsingør |Dated |- |Funen |Fyn | |- |Jutland |Jylland | |- | rowspan="2" |''Sleswick'' |Schleswig |Low German | |- |Slesvig | rowspan="3" |Danish | |- |''The Scaw'' |Skagen |Dated |- |Zealand |Sjælland | |}
====Greenland==== Several places were known under Danish names, or a variant of them. Now only the local Greenlandic is used. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Greenland}} Kalaallit Nunaat |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Frederikdshab'' |Paamiut | rowspan="6" |Greenlandic | rowspan="6" |Obsolete |- |''Godthab'' |Nuuk |- |''Jacobshaven'' |Ilulissat |- |''Sondre Stromfjord'' | rowspan="2" |Kangerlussuaq |- |''Sondrestrom'' |- |''Thule'' |Qaanaaq |}
===Egypt=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Egypt}} Miṣr (مصر) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="4" |Alexandria |Al-Iskandariyyah (الإسكندرية) |Egyptian Arabic | |- |Alexandria (ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) |''Coptic'' | |- |Eskendereyyah (اسكندرية) |Egyptian Arabic | |- |Rakote (ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ ) |''Coptic'' | |- | rowspan="2" |Cairo |Al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) |Standard Arabic | |- |Maṣr (مَصر) |Egyptian Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Giza |Al-Jīzah (الجيزة) |Standard Arabic | |- |El-Gīzeh (الجيزة) |Egyptian Arabic | |- | rowspan="3" |Luxor |Al-Uqṣur (الأقصر) |Standard Arabic | |- |Babe (ⲡⲁⲡⲉ) |''Coptic'' | |- |Loqṣor (الأقصر) |Egyptian Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Memphis |Manf (مَنْف) |Standard Arabic | |- |Memfi (ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ) |''Coptic'' | |- | rowspan="3" |Nile |An-Nīl (النيل) |Standard Arabic | |- |En-Nīl (النيل) |Egyptian Arabic | |- |Nilus |Latin | |- | rowspan="2" |Port Said |Būr Sa'īd (بور سعيد) |Standard Arabic | |- |Bor Sa'īd (بور سعيد) |Egyptian Arabic | |- |Suez |As-Suways (السوَيس) |Standard Arabic | |} The English name of Egypt derives from the French name, ''Egypte'', which is derived from the Greek name, ''Aigyptos'' (Αίγυπτος).<ref>{{Cite web |title=egypt {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=Egypt |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref>
=== Estonia === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Estonia}} Eesti |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Lake Peipus |Peipsi järv | rowspan="2" |Estonian | |- |Reval |Tallinn |Obsolete |}
===Finland=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Finland}} Suomi |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Karelia<ref name="finland">{{Cite conference |last=Paikkala |first=Sirkka |date=April 2023 |title=Toponymic guidelines for map editors and other editors: Finland |url=https://kotus.fi/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Toponymic_guidelines.pdf |conference=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, 22nd session, April 2004 |edition=4th, revised |pages=27–28 |access-date=2025-04-04 |archive-date=2025-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312085007/https://kotus.fi/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Toponymic_guidelines.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Karjala | rowspan="5" |Finnish |From Latin |- |Lapland<ref name="finland"/> |Lappi |From Swedish ''Lappland'' |- |Ostrobothnia<ref name="finland"/> |Pohjanmaa |From Latin, compare Swedish ''Österbotten'' |- |Savonia |Savo | rowspan="2" |From Latin |- |Tavastia<ref name="finland"/> |Häme |}
===France=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|France}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Bay of Biscay |Golfe de Gascogne | rowspan="2" |French | |- |''Bethwyn'' |Béthune |Archaic |- | rowspan="2" |Brittany |Breizh |Breton | |- |Bretagne | rowspan="3" |French | |- |Burgundy |Bourgogne | |- |''Camerick'' |Cambrai |Obsolete |- |Cressy |Crécy-en-Ponthieu |French | |- | rowspan="3" |''Dauphiny'' |Dalfinat |Occitan | |- |Darfenât |Arpitan | |- |Dauphiné | rowspan="6" |French |Archaic |- |Dunkirk |Dunkerque | |- |English Channel |La Manche | |- |Flanders |Flandre | |- |French Riviera |Côte d'Azur | |- | rowspan="2" |Gascony |Gascogne | |- |Gasconha |Gascon | |- | rowspan="2" |''Lyons'' |Liyon |Arpitan | |- |Lyon | rowspan="2" |French | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- | rowspan="2" |''Marseilles'' |Marseille |- |Marselha |Occitan | |- |''Rheims'' |Reims | rowspan="3" |French |Archaic |- |Rhine River |Rhin | |- |''Rone'' |Rouen |Obsolete |- | rowspan="2" |Ushant |Eusa |Breton | |- |Ouessant |French | |}
===Georgia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Georgia}} Sakartvelo (საქართველო) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Caucasus |Kavkasioni (კავკასიონი) | rowspan="2" |Georgian | |- |Tiflis |Tbilisi (თბილისი) |Obsolete |}
===Germany=== {{See also|List of English exonyms for German toponyms|Names of Germany}} This list does not include German place names with ß written with "ss" or umlauts being removed in some writing. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Germany}} Deutschland |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name<ref name="Utrata" /><ref name="Langenscheidt" /> !Language |- | rowspan="2" |''Aix-la-Chapelle'' |Aachen |Standard German |Archaic |- |Oche |Ripuarian | |- |Baltic Sea |Ostsee | rowspan="3" |Standard German | |- |Bavaria |Bayern | |- | rowspan="2" |''Brunswick'' |Braunschweig |Archaic |- |Brunswiek |Low Saxon | |- |''Cleves'' |Kleve | rowspan="2" |Standard German | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- |''Coblence'' |Koblenz |- | rowspan="2" |Cologne |Kölle |Ripuarian | |- |Köln | rowspan="3" |Standard German | |- |''Constance'' |Konstanz |Dated |- |Danube river |Donau | |- | rowspan="2" |Eastphalia |Oostfalen |Low Saxon | |- |Ostfalen | rowspan="2" |Standard German | |- | rowspan="2" |Franconia |Franken | |- |Frankn |Austro-Bavarian | |- |Franconian Jura |Frankenalb |Standard German |''Frankenjura'' also used in German |- | rowspan="2" |''Frankfort'' |Frangford (am Maa) |Hessian | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- |Frankfurt (am Main) | rowspan="2" |Standard German |- |Hamelin |Hameln | |- | rowspan="2" |Hanover |Hannober |Low Saxon | |- |Hannover |Standard German | |- | rowspan="3" |Heligoland |deät Lun |Heligolandic North Frisian | |- |Hälilönj |Bökingharde North Frisian | |- |Helgoland | rowspan="10" |Standard German | |- |Hesse | rowspan="2" |Hessen | |- |Hessia | |- |Hither Pomerania |Vorpommern | |- |Kaufungen Forest |Kaufunger Wald | |- |Kiel Canal |Nordostseekanal | |- |Knüll |Knüllgebirge |German name also used in English |- |Lake Constance |Bodensee | |- |Lower Bavarian Upland |Niederbayerisches Hügelland | |- | rowspan="3" |Lusatia |Lausitz | |- |Łužica |Upper Sorbian | |- |Łužyca |Lower Sorbian | |- |''Malborow'' |Marburg | rowspan="4" |Standard German | rowspan="2" |Archaic |- |''Mayence'' | rowspan="2" |Mainz |- |''Mentz'' |Archaic, British English |- | rowspan="2" |Moselle river |Mosel | |- |Musel |Moselle Franconian | |- | rowspan="2" |Munich |Minga |Austro-Bavarian | |- |München |Standard German | |- | rowspan="2" |Nuremberg |Narrnberch |East Franconian | |- |Nürnberg | rowspan="7" |Standard German | |- |Ore Mountains |Erzgebirge | |- | rowspan="2" |Palatinate |Palz | |- |Pfalz | |- |Pomerania |Pommern | |- |Prussia |Preußen | |- | rowspan="2" |''Ratisbon'' |Regensburg |Archaic |- |Rengschburch |Austro-Bavarian | |- |Rhenish Massif |Rheinisches Schiefergebirge | rowspan="4" |Standard German | |- |Rhine river |Rhein | |- |''Saxe-Coburg-Gotha'' |Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha |English now uses translation Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |- | rowspan="2" |Saxony |Sachsen | |- |Sassen |Low Saxon | |- |Swabia |Schwaben | rowspan="3" |Standard German | |- |Szczecin Lagoon |Stettiner Haff | |- | rowspan="2" |Thuringia |Thüringen | |- |Tréier |Moselle Franconian | |- |''Treves'' |Trier | rowspan="2" |Standard German |Archaic, French name |- |Western Pomerania |Vorpommern | |- | rowspan="2" |Westphalia | rowspan="2" |Westfalen |Low Saxon | |- |Standard German | |}
===Greece=== The exonym for Greece in English comes from Magna Graecia, which was a historical region in Italy colonized by the Greeks. The endonym ''Ellás'' comes from Hellen, the mythological ancestor of the Greeks. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Greece}} Elládha/ Ellás (Ελλάδα/ Ἑλλάς) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Attica |Attikí (Αττική) | rowspan="31" |Greek | |- |Athens |Athína (Αθήνα) | |- |Boetia |Voiotía (Βοιωτία) | |- |Corfu |Kérkyra (Κέρκυρα) | |- |Corinth |Kórinthos (Κόρινθος) | |- |Crete |Kríti (Κρήτη) | |- |Cyclades |Kykládhes (Κυκλάδες) | |- |Dodecanese |Dhodhekánisa (Δωδεκάνησα) | |- |Epirus |Ipeiros (Ήπειρος) | |- |Euboea |Evvoia (Εύβοια) | |- |Heraklion |Irákleio (Ηράκλειο) | |- |Ithaca |Itháki (Ιθάκη) | |- |''Lepanto'' |Náfpaktos (Νάυπακτος) |Archaic |- |Macedonia |Makedonía (Μακεδονία) | |- |Missolonghi |Mesológi (Μεσολόγγι) | |- |Naupactus |Náfpaktos (Νάυπακτος) |Greek name also used in English |- |''Navarino'' |Pýlos (Πύλος) |Archaic |- |Patras |Pátra (Πάτρα) | |- |Peloponnese |Pelopónnisos (Πελοπόννησος) | |- |Philippi |Fílippoi (Φίλιπποι) | |- |Piraeus |Peiraiás (Πειραιάς) | |- |Rhodes |Ródhos (Ρόδος) | |- |Rhodope Mountains |Rodhópi (Ροδόπη) | |- |''Salonica'' |Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) |Archaic |- |Samothrace |Samothráki (Σαμοθράκη) | |- |Sparta |Spárti (Σπάρτη) | |- |Thebes |Thíva (Θήβα) | |- |Thessalonica |Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) |Greek name also used in English |- |Thessaly |Thessalía (Θεσσαλία) | |- |Thrace |Thráki (Θράκη) | |- |''Zante'' |Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) |Archaic |}
===Hungary=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Hungary}} Magyarország |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Carpathian Mountains |{{Lang|hu|Kárpátok}} | rowspan="4" |Hungarian | |- |''Comorn'' |{{Lang|hu|Komárom}} |Dated |- |Danube River |{{Lang|hu|Duna}} | |- |Pesth |{{Lang|hu|Pest}} |Archaic |}
===India=== {{See also|List of renamed Indian public places}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|India}} Bhārat (भारत) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Allahabad |Prayagraj (प्रयागराज) |Hindi |Officially amended to Prayagraj but still in use in popular culture. |- |''Allepey'' |Alappuzha (ആലപ്പുഴ) |Malayalam |Dated |- |Bangalore |Bengaluru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) |Kannada | |- |''Benares'' |Varanasi (वाराणसी) |Hindi | rowspan="3" |Dated |- |''Bombay'' |Mumbai (मुंबई) |Marathi |- |''Calcutta'' |Kolkata (কলকাতা) |Bengali |- |''Cawnpore'' |Kanpur (कानपुर) ||Hindi |Obsolete |- |Cochin |Kochi (കൊച്ചി) |Malayalam | |- |Delhi |Dilli (दिल्ली) | rowspan="2" |Hindi | |- |Ganges River |Ganga (गंगा) | |- |Indus River |Sindhū (सिन्धु) |Sanskrit | |- |''Jaypore'' |Jaipur (जयपुर) |Hindi | rowspan="2" |Obsolete |- |''Laccadive Islands'' |Lakshadweep (ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്) |Malayalam |- |''Madras'' |Chennai (சென்னை) |Tamil |Dated |- |''Palghat'' |Palakkad (പാലക്കാട്) |Malayalam |Obsolete |- |''Pondicherry'' |Puducherry (புதுச்சேரி) |Tamil | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |''Poona'' |Pune (पुणे) |Marathi |- |''Simla'' |Shimla (शिमला) |Hindi |Obsolete |- |Trivandrum |Thiruvananthapuram (തിരുവനന്തപുരം) |Malayalam | |}
=== Indonesia === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Indonesia}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Note |- !Name !Language |- |''Bencoolen'' |Bengkulu | rowspan="11" |Indonesian |Historical |- |''Billiton'' |Belitung |Obsolete |- |Borneo |Kalimantan |rowspan=2|These exonyms are also unofficially used in Indonesia. |- |''Celebes'' |Sulawesi |- |''Ceram'' |Seram | |- |rowspan=2|''Lesser Sunda Islands''<br>(Nusa Tenggara Islands) |Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara | |- |''Kepulauan Sunda Kecil'' | Historical |- |rowspan="3"|''New Guinea''<br>(Papua) |Papua | |- |''Irian Jaya'' |Historical |- |''Nugini'' |Fossil word, only in compounds. |- |''Tengaron'' |Tenggarong |Archaic |}
===Iran=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Iran}} Irān (اݐران) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Note |- !Name !Language |- |''Bushire'' |Bushehr (بوشهر) | rowspan="4" |Persian |Obsolete |- |Isfahan |Ešfahān (اصفهان) | |- |''Meshed'' |Mashhad (مشهد) |Obsolete |- |''Teheran'' |Tehran (تهران) |Obsolete |}
===Iraq=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Iraq}} Al-Irāq (العراق) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Ctesiphon |Ṭaysafūn (طيسفون) or Qaṭaysfūn (قطيسفون) | rowspan="2" |Standard Arabic | |- | rowspan="3" |Duhok |Dahūk (دهوك) | |- |Dihok (دهۆک) |Kurdish | |- |Beth Nohadra (ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ) |Syriac | |- | rowspan="3" |Euphrates River |Al-Furāt (الفُرات) |Standard Arabic | |- |Firat |Kurdish | |- |Pǝrāth (ܦܪܬ) |Syriac | |- | rowspan="3" |Mosul |Al-Mawṣil (المَوْصِل) |Standard Arabic | |- |Māwṣil (ܡܘܨܠ) |Syriac | |- |Mosil (مووسڵ) |Kurdish | |- | rowspan="3" |Tigris River |Deqlath (ܕܹܩܠܵܬ) |Syriac | |- |Dîcle (دیجلە) |Kurdish | |- |Dijla (دِجْلَة) |Standard Arabic | |}
===Ireland=== {{Main|Place names in Ireland}} The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicisations, or phonetic renderings, of Irish language names. The exceptions to this are listed here: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Ireland}} Éire |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Arklow |an tInbhear Mór | rowspan="24" |Irish | |- |Carlingford |Cairlinn | |- |''Connaught'' |Connacht |Dated |- |Dalkey |Deilginis | |- |Dursey |Baoi Bhéarra, Oileán Baoi | |- |Dublin |Baile Átha Cliath | |- |Fastnet |Carraig Aonair | |- |Haulbowline |Inis Sionnach | |- |Howth |Binn Éadair | |- |Killarney |Cill Airne | |- |Lambay |Reachrainn | |- |Leinster |Laighin | |- |Leixlip |Léim an Bhrádain | |- |Meath |Mí | |- |Munster |Mumhan | |- |Oxmantown |Baile Lochlannach | |- |Saltee |Na Sailtí | |- |Selskar |Seilsceir | |- |Skerries |Na Sceirí | |- |Ulster |Ulaidh | |- |Waterford |Port Láirge | |- |Wexford |Loch Garman | |- |Wicklow |Cill Mhantáin | |}
===Israel=== The below listing is only a summary. Modern Israeli transcription systems (romanization of Hebrew) vary from the spellings of many hundreds of place names of Ancient Israel adopted by Bible translations - both Christian, such as the King James Version (1611) and also Jewish versions such as the JPS (1917).<ref>Dorit Diskin Ravid ''Spelling Morphology'' 2012- Page 10 "For example, in the Hebraist tradition, current v would be transcribed as either w or b following Hebrew graphemes – so that official place names on road signs in Israel can be quite misleading to non-Hebrew readers traveling around Israel."</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Israel}} Yisrael (ישראל) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym !Notes |- !Name !Language ! |- |Acre |Ako (עכו) | rowspan="3" |Modern Hebrew |Greek name |- |Beersheba |Beer Sheva' (באר שבע) | |- |Capernaum |Kfar Nachum (כפר נחום) |Latin name |- | rowspan="2" |Dead Sea |Āl-Baḥrū l-Maytū (اَلْبَحْرُ الْمَيْتُ) |Standard Arabic | |- |Yam hamMelaḥ (ים המלח) | rowspan="4" |Modern Hebrew | |- |Galilee |haGalil (הגליל) | |- |Jaffa | rowspan="2" |Yafo (יפו) | |- |''Joppa'' |Greek name, dated |- | rowspan="2" |Jerusalem |Ūršalīm (أُورُشَلِيمَ) |Standard Arabic | |- |Yerushalayim (ירושלים) | rowspan="2" |Modern Hebrew |Latin name |- |Nazareth |Natzrat (נצרת) |Greek name |- | rowspan="2" |Sea of Galilee |Imat Tbria (بحيرة طبريا) |Standard Arabic | |- |Yamat haKineret (ימת הכינרת) | rowspan="3" |Modern Hebrew | |- |Safed |Tzfat (צפת) |Arabic name |- |Tiberias |Tverya (טבריה) |Greek name |}
===Italy=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ {{Flag|Italy}} Italia |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Apulia |{{lang|it|Puglia}} |Standard Italian | |- |{{lang|nap|Pùglia}} |Neapolitan | |- |Aventine Hill |{{lang|it|Aventino}} | rowspan="5" |Standard Italian | |- |Caelian Hill |{{lang|it|Celio}} | |- |Capitoline Hill |{{lang|it|Campidoglio}} | |- |Florence |{{lang|it|Firenze}} |French name |- | rowspan="2" |Genoa |{{lang|it|Genova}} | |- |{{lang|lij|Zêna}} |Ligurian | |- |Herculaneum |{{lang|it|Ercolano}} | rowspan="4" |Standard Italian |English uses different names for the ancient and modern places |- |Janiculum |{{lang|it|Gianicolo}} |Latin name |- |Latium |{{lang|it|Lazio}} |English uses different names for the ancient and modern places |- |''Leghorn'' |{{lang|it|Livorno}} |Obsolete |- | rowspan="2" |Lombardy |{{lang|lmo|Lombardéa}} |Lombard | rowspan="2" |French name |- |{{lang|it|Lombardia}} |Standard Italian |- | rowspan="2" |Montferrat |{{lang|it|Monferrato}} |Standard Italian | rowspan="4" |French name |- |{{lang|pms|Monfrà}} |Piedmontese |- | rowspan="2" |Naples |{{lang|it|Napoli}} |Standard Italian |- |{{lang|nap|Napule}} |Neapolitan |- | rowspan="2" |Padua |{{lang|it|Padova}} |Standard Italian | |- |{{lang|vec|Pàdova}} |Venetian | |- | rowspan="2" |Piedmont |{{lang|pms|Piemont}} |Piedmontese | |- |{{lang|it|Piemonte}} | rowspan="8" |Standard Italian | |- |Phlegraean Fields |{{lang|it|Campi Flegrei}} | |- |Pompeii |{{lang|it|Pompei}} |Latin name |- |Pontine Marshes |{{lang|it|Agro Pontino}} | |- |Rome |{{lang|it|Roma}} |French name |- |Rubicon River |{{lang|it|Rubicone}} | |- |Sardinia |{{lang|it|Sardegna}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Sicily | rowspan="2" |{{lang|it|Sicilia}} | |- |Sicilian | |- |''Sienna'' |{{lang|it|Siena}} |Standard Italian |Obsolete |- | rowspan="2" |Syracuse |{{lang|scn|Sarasusa}} |Sicilian | |- |{{lang|it|Siracusa}} | rowspan="4" |Standard Italian | |- |''The Marches'' |{{lang|it|Marche}} |Obsolete |- |Tiber |{{lang|it|Tevere}} |Latin name |- |Tuscany |{{lang|it|Toscana}} | |- |Tyrol |{{lang|it|Tirolo}} |Standard Italian | |- | rowspan="2" |Venice |{{lang|vec|Venesia}} |Venetian | rowspan="2" |French name |- |{{lang|it|Venezia}} |Standard Italian |- | rowspan="2" |Vesuvius | rowspan="2" |{{lang|nap|Vesuvio}} |Neapolitan | rowspan="2" |Latin name |- |Standard Italian |} Many English exonyms were derived from the French variations, such as Rome and Venice.
===Japan=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Japan}} Nihon, Nippon (日本) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Bonin Islands |Ogasawara Guntou (小笠原群島) | rowspan="3" |Japanese | |- |Iwo Jima |Iou-tou (硫黄島) |Alternative reading of endonym |- |Liancourt Rocks |Takeshima (竹島) | |} The English name for Japan derives from the Portuguese name for the country, Japão, which was based on a Chinese transcription of Japan's endonym, ''Nippon'' or ''Nihon'' (日本).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why is Japan called Japan? |url=https://www.jluggage.com/why-japan/called-english-nippon-japanese.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.jluggage.com}}</ref>
=== Laos === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Laos}} Lāo (ລາວ) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Louangphabang |Luang Prabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) | rowspan="4" |Lao |Also spelled ''Luangphabang'' |- |Savannakhet |Kaysone Phomvihane (ໄກສອນ ພົມວິຫານ) | |- |Viangchan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viangchan definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viangchan|access-date=2020-05-02|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |Wīang chan (ວຽງຈັນ) | |- |Vientiane |from French |} An older variant of the country's name in English uses the definite article, the Laos, which is now obsolete.
===Latvia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Latvia}} Latvija |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Courland |Kurzeme | rowspan="3" |Latvian | |- |''Lettgallia'' |Latgale | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |Semigallia |Zemgale |}
===Lebanon=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Lebanon}} Lubnān (لبنان) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Sidon |Ṣaydā (صيدا) | rowspan="3" |Standard Arabic | |- |Tyre |Ṣūr (صور) | |- |Tripoli |Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) | |}
===Libya=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Libya}} Libiyā (ليبيا) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Cyrenaica |Barqah (برقة) |Standard Arabic | |- |Sirte |Sirt (سرت) |Standard Arabic | |- | rowspan="3" |Tripoli |Ṭrables |Berber | |- |Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) |Standard Arabic | |- |Ṭrābləs (طرابلس) |Maghrebi Arabic | |- | rowspan="3" |Tripolitania |Ṭrables |Berber | |- |Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) |Standard Arabic | |- |Ṭrābləs (طرابلس) |Maghrebi Arabic | |}
===Lithuania=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Lithuania}} Lietuva |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Neman river | rowspan="2" |Nemunas | rowspan="6" |Lithuanian | |- |''Nieman river'' |Dated |- |Samogitia |Žemaitija | |- |Sudovia |Sudūva | |- |Yotvingia |Dainava | |- |Vilna or Wilna |Vilnius |Obsolete |}
===Malaysia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Malaysia}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Malacca |Melaka | rowspan="3" |Malay | |- |Penang Island |Pulau Pinang | |- |''Johore'' |Johor | |}
===Mexico=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Mexico}} México |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Kino Bay |Hermosillo |Spanish | |}
===Moldova=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Moldova}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Kishinev'' |Chișinău |Romanian |Obsolete |}
=== Mongolia === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Mongolia}} Mongγol Ulus (Монгол Улc/ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ) ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Gobi Desert |Govi (Говь/ ᠭᠣᠪᠢ) | rowspan="2" |Mongolian | |- |''Ulan Bator'' |Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар/ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) |Obsolete |}
===Morocco=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Morocco}} Al-Magrib (المغرب) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="3" |Casablanca |Ad-Dār Al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) |Standard Arabic | |- |Kaza (كازا)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-21 |title=Casablanca: Attractive places in the biggest city of morocco. |url=https://friendlymorocco.com/cities/casablanca-attractive-places-in-the-biggest-city-of-morocco/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Friendly Morocco. |language=en-US}}</ref> |Moroccan Arabic |Informal name for the city |- |Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) | rowspan="2" |Berber | |- | rowspan="2" |Fez |Fās (ⴼⴰⵙ) | |- |Fās (فاس) | rowspan="2" |Standard Arabic | |- |Marrakesh |Murrākush (مراكش) | |- | rowspan="2" |Tangier |Ṭanja (ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ) |Berber | |- |Ṭanjah (طنجة) |Standard Arabic | |} The English name for the country derives from the city name Marrakesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=morocco {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of morocco by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> The Arabic name for the country, al-Magrib (المغرب), is Arabic for "the west".
===Myanmar=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Myanmar}} Myanma (မြန်မာ) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Naypyidaw |Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) | rowspan="4" |Burmese | |- |''Pagan'' |Bagan (ပုဂံ) | rowspan="3" |Dated |- |''Rangoon'' |Yangon (ရန်ကုန်မြို့) |- |''Ummerapoora'' |Amarapura (အမရပူရ) |}
=== Nepal === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Nepal}} Nepāl (नेपाल) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Mount Everest |Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा) |Nepali | |}
===Netherlands=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Netherlands}} Nederland |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Brill'' |Brielle | rowspan="9" |Dutch | rowspan="3" |Obsolete |- |''Dort'' |Dordrecht |- |''Flushing'' |Vlissingen |- |''Guelders'' |Gelderland |Dated |- |''Leyden'' |Leiden |Dated |- |Meuse river |Maas |French name |- |Rhine river |Rijn | |- |''Ryswick'' |Rijswijk |Obsolete |- |The Hague |Den Haag | |}
=== North Korea === The inhabitants of North Korea prefer the official name of the country, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK),<ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Rob |date=2014-02-07 |title=Why is North Korea called the DPRK? {{!}} NK News |url=https://www.nknews.org/2014/02/why-is-north-korea-called-the-dprk/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=NK News - North Korea News |language=en-US}}</ref> Chosŏn, or simply Korea. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|North Korea}} Chosŏn (조선) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Diamond Mountain'' |Kŭmgang-san (금강산) | rowspan="3" |Korean |English now uses rough transliteration Mount Kumgang |- |Tumen River |Tuman-gang (두만강) | rowspan="2" |Mandarin name, as the river borders China |- |Yalu River |Amnok-kang (압록강) |}
=== Palestine === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Palestine}} Filasṭīn (فلسطين) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Bethany |Al-'Eizariya (العيزرية) |Standard Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Bethlehem |Beyt Laḥm (بيت لحم) |Levantine Arabic | |- |Bayta Laḥm (بيت لحم) |Standard Arabic | |- |Gaza City |Ghazzah (غَزَّة) | rowspan="4" |Standard Arabic | |- |Hebron |Al-Khalīl (الخليل) | |- |Jericho |Arīḥā (أريحا) | |- |Jerusalem |Al-Quds (القُدس) |Latin name |}
=== Philippines === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Philippines}} Pilipinas |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Cebu |Sugbo | rowspan="2" |Cebuano |- |Davao |Dabaw |- |Manila |Maynila |Tagalog | |}
===Poland=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Poland}} Polska |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Auschwitz'' |Oświęcim | rowspan="6" |Polish | rowspan="2" |Dated, German name |- |''Breslau'' |Wrocław |- |Carpathian Mountains |Karpaty | |- |''Cracow'' |Kraków | |- |''Danzig'' |Gdańsk |Dated, German name |- |Giant Mountains |Karkonosze | |- | rowspan="2" |Kashubia |Kaszëbë |Kashubian | |- |Kaszuby | rowspan="9" |Polish | |- |Kuyavia |Kujawy | |- |Mazovia |Mazowsze | |- |Mazuria |Mazury | |- |Oder river |Odra | |- |Pomerania |Pomorze | |- |Subcarpathia |Podkarpacie | |- |Sudetes, Sudeten, Sudeten Mountains |Sudety | |- | rowspan="2" |Silesia |Śląsk | |- |Ślōnsk |Silesian | |- |Vistula river |Wisła | rowspan="2" |Polish | |- |Warsaw |Warszawa | |}
===Portugal=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Portugal}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Azores |Açores | rowspan="5" |Portuguese |Spanish name |- |''Braganza'' |Bragança |Dated, Spanish name |- |Lisbon |Lisboa | |- |''Oporto'' |Porto |Obsolete |- |Tagus river |Tejo |Latin name |}
===Romania=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Romania}} România |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Bucharest |București | rowspan="7" |Romanian | |- |Carpathian Mountains |Carpați | |- |Danube River |Dunărea | |- |''Jassy'' |Iași<ref>Robert D. Kaplan. ''Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History.'' 1993. (Picador, 2014.) p. 119. {{ISBN|9781466868304}}</ref> |Obsolete |- |Northern Dobruja |Dobrogea, Dobrogea de Nord |Romanian part of the region of Dobruja |- |Transylvania |Transilvania | |- |Wallachia |Țara Românească, Valahia | |}
===Russia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Russia}} Rossiya (Россия) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Archangel'' |Arkhangelsk (Архангельск) | rowspan="2" |Russian |Dated |- |Caucasus |Kavkaz (Кавказ) | |- |Moscow |Moskva (Москва) | rowspan="5" |Russian | |- |''Orel'' |Oryol (Орёл) |Obsolete |- |''Plescow'' |Pskov (Псков) |Obsolete |- |Saint Petersburg |Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) | |- |Siberia |Sibir' (Сибирь) | |}
===Saudi Arabia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} As-Sa'ūdīyah (السعودية) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Jeddah |Jiddah (جِدَّة) | rowspan="3" |Standard Arabic | |- |Mecca |Makkah (مکة) | |- |Medina |Al-Madīnah (المدينة) | |- | rowspan="2" |Riyadh |Er-Riyāḍ (الرياض) |Najdi Arabic | |- |Ar-Riyāḍ (الرياض) |Standard Arabic | |}
===Serbia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Serbia}} Srbija (Србија) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Balkan Mountains |Stara Planina (Стара Планина) | rowspan="3" |Serbian | |- |Belgrade |Beograd (Београд) |French name |- |Danube river |Dunav (Дунав) | |}
===Slovakia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Slovakia}} Slovensko |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Carpathian Mountains |Karpaty | rowspan="6" |Slovak | |- |''Cassovia'' |Košice |Latin name |- |Danube river |Dunaj | |- |''Gerlach Peak'' |Gerlachovský štít | |- |Maple Mountains |Javorníky | |- |Slovak Ore Mountains |Slovenské rudohorie | |}
===Slovenia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Slovenia}} Slovenija |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Carinthia |Koroška | rowspan="8" |Slovene | |- |Inner Carniola |Notranjska | |- |Karawanks |Karavanke | |- |Karst |Kras | |- |Lower Carniola |Dolenjska | |- |Slovene Littoral |Primorska | |- |Styria |Štajerska | |- |Upper Carniola |Gorenjska | |}
=== Somalia === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Somalia}} Soomaaliya |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Baidoa |Baydhabo | rowspan="4" |Somali | |- |''Chisimaio'' |Kismaayo |Obsolete |- |Mogadishu |Muqdisho | |- |''Villabruzzi'' |Jowhaar |Dated |}
===South Africa=== Many South African towns have multiple names due to the number of languages. Additionally, some places have been renamed from English and Afrikaans. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|South Africa}} |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Aliwal North |Maletswai |Sotho | |- |Fish Hoek |Vishoek | rowspan="2" |Afrikaans | |- | rowspan="2" |''Grahamstown'' |''Grahamstad'' |Dated in Afrikaans and English |- | rowspan="2" |iRhini | rowspan="2" |Xhosa | |- |Makhanda | |- |Queenstown |Komani |Sotho | |}
=== South Korea === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|South Korea}} Hanguk (한국) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Liancourt Rocks |Dokdo (독도) | rowspan="4" |Korean | |- |Port Hamilton |Geomundo (거문도) | |- |''Pusan'' |Busan (부산시) |Dated |- |''Quelpart'' |Jeju (제주도) |Obsolete |}
===Spain=== English uses Spanish-language exonyms for some places in non-Spanish speaking regions of Spain. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Spain}} España |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Andalusia |Andalucía | rowspan="2" |Spanish | |- | rowspan="2" |Basque Country |País Vasco | |- |Euskadi | rowspan="2" |Basque | |- | rowspan="2" |Biscay |Bizkaia | |- |Vizcaya | rowspan="2" |Spanish | |- |Castile |Castilla | |- |Catalonia |Catalunya |Catalan |Latin name |- |''Corunna'' |A Coruña |Galician |Obsolete |- |Douro |Duero |Spanish |Portuguese name |- |''Majorca'' |Mallorca | rowspan="2" |Catalan | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |''Minorca'' |Menorca |- |Navarre |Nafarroa |Basque | |- |''Pampeluna'' |Pamplona | rowspan="5" |Spanish | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |''Saragossa'' |Zaragoza |- |Seville |Sevilla | |- |Tagus |Tajo |Latin name |- |''Teneriffe'' |Tenerife |Obsolete, French name |- |''The Groyne'' |A Coruña |Galician |Obsolete |- | rowspan="2" |''Vittoria'' |Vitoria-Gasteiz |Compound of the Spanish and Basque names (often used separately) | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |Vitorixe |Basque form of Spanish name |}
===Sri Lanka=== Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon in English until 1972. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} Shri Lanka (ශ්රී ලංකා)/ Ilaṅkai (இலங்கை) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Adam's Peak |Civaṉoḷipātam (சிவனொளிபாதம்) Civaṉaṭipātam (சிவனடிபாதம்) |Tamil | |- |Śrī Pāda (ශ්රී පාද) |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Batticaloa |Maṭṭakkaḷappu (மட்டக்களப்பு) |Tamil | |- |Madakalapuwa (මඩකලපුව) |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Chilaw |Cilāpam (சிலாபம்) |Tamil | |- |Halawta (හලාවත) | rowspan="2" |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Colombo |Kolamba (කොළඹ) | |- |Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) |Tamil | |- | rowspan="2" |Elephant Pass |Āṉaiyiṟavu (ஆனையிறவு) |Tamil | |- |Alimankada (අලිමංකඩ) | rowspan="2" |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Galle |Galla (ගාල්ල) | |- |Kāli (காலி) | rowspan="2" |Tamil | |- | rowspan="2" |Jaffna |Yāḻppāṇam (யாழ்ப்பாணம்) | |- |Yāpanaya (යාපනය) |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Kandy |Kaṇṭi (கண்டி) |Tamil | |- |Mahanuwara (මහනුවර) |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Kayts |Ūrkāvaṟtuṟai (ஊர்காவற்துறை) |Tamil | |- |Kayiṭs (කයිට්ස්) | rowspan="2" |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |''Mutwal'' |Modara (මෝදර) | |- |Mukattuvāram (முகத்துவாரம்) |Tamil | |- | rowspan="2" |Negombo |Meegumuwa (මීගමුව) |Sinhala | |- |Nirkolompu (நீர்கொழும்பு) | rowspan="2" |Tamil | |- | rowspan="2" |Point Pedro |Paruttittuṟai (பருத்தித்துறை) | |- |Pēduru Tuḍuva (පේදුරු තුඩුව) |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |''Pooneryn'' |Poonakary (பூநகரி) |Tamil | |- |Pūneriya (පූනෙරිය) |Sinhala | |- | rowspan="2" |Trincomalee |Tirukōṇamalai (திருகோணமலை) |Tamil | |- |Thrikunamalaya (ත්රිකුණාමළය) |Sinhala | |}
===Sudan=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Sudan}} As-Sūdān (السودان) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Khartoum |Al-Khurṭūm (الخُرطوم) |Standard Arabic | |- |El-Khortūm (الخرطوم) |Sudanese Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Nile River |An-Nīl (النيل) |Standard Arabic | |- |En-Nīl (النيل) | rowspan="2" |Sudanese Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Omdurman |Omm Dormān (أُم درمان) | |- |Umm Durmān (أُمّ دُرمان) | rowspan="2" |Standard Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Port Sudan |Būr Sūdan (بور سودان) | |- |Bar'uut |Beja |}
===Sweden=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Sweden}} Sverige |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Dalecarlia | rowspan="2" |Dalarna |Elfdalian | rowspan="2" |Latin name; Swedish name also used |- | rowspan="4" |Swedish |- |Gothenburg |Göteborg | |- |North Bothnia |Norrbotten |Swedish name also used |- |Scania |Skåne |Latin name |- | rowspan="2" |''The Dales'' | rowspan="2" |Dalarna |Elfdalian | rowspan="2" |Obsolete; translation of Swedish name |- |Swedish |- |West Bothnia |Västerbotten |Swedish |Swedish name also used in English |}
===Switzerland=== {{See also|List of English exonyms for German toponyms}}
Historically, English-language sources borrowed French-language names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This is no longer done, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places.<ref>Bewes, Diccon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hP9MkZky0_EC&q=swiss+place+name+french&pg=PT9 Swiss Watching: Inside the Land of Milk and Honey]. p.vii. 2012.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Switzerland}} Schweiz/ Suisse/ Svizzera/ Svizra |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Basle'' |Basel | rowspan="2" |Standard German | rowspan="2" |Obsolete |- |''Berne'' |Bern |- | rowspan="2" |Geneva |Genève |French | |- |Genf | rowspan="4" |Standard German | |- |Lucerne |Luzern | |- |Rhine River |Rhein | |- |Valais |Wallis | |}
===Syria=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Syria}} Sūrīyah (سورية) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Aleppo | rowspan="2" |Ḥalab (حَلَب) |Standard Arabic | |- |Levantine Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Damascus |Dimashq (دِمَشْق) |Standard Arabic | |- |Dimash' (دِمَشْق) |Levantine Arabic | |- |Euphrates River |Al-Furat (الفرات) | rowspan="2" |Standard Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Homs |Ḥimṣ (حِمْص) | |- |Ḥumṣ (حُمْص) |Levantine Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Palmyra | rowspan="2" |Tadmur (تَدْمُر) |Standard Arabic | |- |Levantine Arabic | |- | rowspan="2" |Latakia |Al-Lādhiqīyah (اللاذقية) |Standard Arabic | |- |El-Lādi'iyyeh (اللاذقية) |Levantine Arabic | |}
===Thailand=== Thailand was known as Siam in English until the Siamese revolution of 1932. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Thailand}} Prathet Thai (ประเทศไทย) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Bangkok |Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) | rowspan="7" |Thai |Bangkok was the name of a village built on the west bank of the Chao Phraya river before it grew and became the new capital of Siam, after the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangkok {{!}} Location, History, Population, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bangkok |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The city is called Krung Thep among Thai citizens, but Bangkok among non-Thai citizens. The Thai government has attempted to change the official English name to Krung Thep, but the unofficial name of Bangkok remains in common use. |- |''Junk Ceylon'' |Phuket (ภูเก็ต) |Obsolete; a corruption of the Malay ''Tanjung Salang'' |- |''Kanburi'' |Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี) |Obsolete |- |''Menam'' |Maenam Chao Praya (แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา) | rowspan="4" |Obsolete |- |''Odia'' |Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) |- |''Singora'' |Songkhla (สงขลา) |- |''Zimme'' |Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) |}
===Taiwan=== {{more citations needed section|date=May 2023}} The main island of Taiwan is also known in English as Formosa. All Chinese names below are written in traditional characters. As mentioned above in the China section, many place names in Taiwan use either pinyin or Wade-Giles.
{{see also|Chinese language romanization in Taiwan}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Taiwan}} (臺灣) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |''Pehoe'' |Phîⁿ-ô͘ |Hokkien | |- |Penghu (澎湖) |Mandarin |Obsolete, from Min Nan name ''Phênô'' |- | rowspan="2" |''Pescadores'' |Phîⁿ-ô͘ |Hokkien | |- |Penghu (澎湖) |Mandarin |Dated, Portuguese name |- | rowspan="2" |Quemoy |Kimoi |Hokkien | |- |Kinmen (金門) |Mandarin |Possibly a Spanish or Portuguese transcription of the Zhengzhou Hokkien name for the city, ''Kim-mûi''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-29|url=http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2009v18n2/12%20Jian-Feng%20Wei.pdf|access-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429181932/http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2009v18n2/12%20Jian-Feng%20Wei.pdf|title=The word Quemoy has existed for about 400 years|archive-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> |}
===Tunisia=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Tunisia}} Tūnis (تونس) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="3" |Sfax |Sifaks (ⵙⵉⴼⴰⴽⵙ) |Berber | |- |Ṣfāqes (صفاقس) |Maghrebi Arabic | |- |Ṣafaqis (صفاقس) |Standard Arabic | |- | rowspan="3" |Sousse |Susa |Berber | |- |Sūseh (سوسة) |Maghrebi Arabic | |- |Sūsah (سوسة) |Standard Arabic | |}
===Turkey=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Turkey}} Türkiye |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |''Adalia'' |Antalya | rowspan="37" |Turkish | rowspan="5" |Dated |- |''Adrianople'' |Edirne |- |''Alexandretta'' |İskenderun |- |''Anemurium'' |Anamur |- |''Antioch'' |Antakya |- |Bosphorus |Boǧaziçi | |- |''Byzantium'' |İstanbul |Obsolete |- |''Caeserea'' |Kayseri |Dated |- |Cappadocia |Kapadokya | |- |''Claudiopolis'' |Mut | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |''Constantinople'' |İstanbul |- |Dardanelles |Çanakkale Boǧazı | |- |''Edessa'' |(Sanlı)urfa | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |Ephesus |Efes |- |Euphrates River |Fırat | |- |''Gallipoli'' |Gelibolu | rowspan="4" |Dated |- |''Halicarnassus'' |Bodrum |- |''Heraclea Pontica'' |Karadeniz Ereǧli |- |''Iconium'' |Konya |- |Imbros |Gökçeada |Greek name |- |Istanbul |İstanbul |Some consider ''Istanbul'' to be an English exonym of ''İstanbul''.<ref>''Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names: Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction'' Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman, Vienna 2007 Page 210 [lists Istanbul, as an English exonym of İstanbul. Istanbul appears to be the only English exonym listed for any Turkish city].</ref>
Normally spelled without ''İ'' in English, even in sources which would otherwise use it.<ref>''Lonely Planet Turkey'' ed. Verity Campbell 2007 Page 233 "There are also flights between İzmir and Europe on various European airlines (see p672). With the launch of İzmir Airlines, direct flights to Europe will greatly increase, and İzmir is billed to become one of Turkey's biggest hubs." and Page 291 "Original İznik tiles are antiquities and cannot be exported from Turkey, but new tiles make great, if not particularly cheap, souvenirs."</ref> |- |''Kerasous'' |Giresun | rowspan="8" |Dated |- |''Laranda'' |Karaman |- |''Magnesia ad Sipylum'' |Manisa |- |''Nicaea'' |Iznik |- |''Nicomedia'' |Izmit |- |''Pergamon'' |Bergama |- |''Philadelphia'' |Alaşehir |- |''Prusa'' |Bursa |- |''Scutari'' |Üsküdar |Dated<ref>{{cite book|author=James Steele|title=Turkey - A Traveller's Historical and Architectural Guide|publisher=Scorpion|year=1990|isbn=0-905906-72-1|pages=161–162}}</ref> |- |''Seleucia'' |Silifke | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |''Smyrna'' |İzmir |- |Tenedos |Bozcaada |Greek name |- |Thrace |Trakya | |- |Tigris River |Dicle | |- |''Tralles'' |Aydın | rowspan="2" |Dated |- |''Trebizond'' |Trabzon |} In June 2022, the United Nations agreed to change the country's official name in English as Türkiye at the request of the Turkish government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Phillip M. |date=2023-02-16 |title=Why does Turkey want other countries to start spelling its name 'Türkiye'? |url=http://theconversation.com/why-does-turkey-want-other-countries-to-start-spelling-its-name-turkiye-199390 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the majority of English speakers still refer to the country as Turkey in daily use.
===Ukraine=== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Ukraine}} Ukrayina (Україна) |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Carpathian Ruthenia |Karpatska Rus' (Карпатська Русь) | rowspan="16" |Ukrainian | rowspan="2" |Historic region |- |Carpathian Ukraine |Karpatska Ukrayina (Карпатська Україна) |- |Chernobyl |Chornobyl (Чорнобиль) |Russian name |- |Crimea |Krym (Крим) |Region claimed by Russia, but many nations do not recognize it as part of Russia<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Assembly Adopts Resolution Urging Russian Federation to Withdraw Its Armed Forces from Crimea, Expressing Grave Concern about Rising Military Presence {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ga12108.doc.htm|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.un.org}}</ref> |- |Danube River |Dunai (Дунай) | |- |Galicia |Halychyna (Галичина) |Historic region |- |''Gorlovka'' |Horlivka (Горлівка) | rowspan="2" |Archaic, Russian name |- |''Kharkov'' |Kharkiv (Харків) |- |Kiev |Kyiv (Київ) |Russian name; though the Russian endonym Kiev prevailed after the Soviet Union ended in 1991, in the late 2010s media outlets and governments began using Kyiv at the request of the Ukrainian government. |- |''Krivoy Rog'' |Kryvyi Rih (Кривиі Ріг) |Archaic, Russian name |- |Podolia |Podillia (Поділля) | rowspan="3" |Historic region | |- |Subcarpathia |Pidkarpattia (Підкарпаття) |- |Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus |Pidkarpatska Rus' (Підкарпатська Русь) |- |Transcarpathia |Zakarpattia (Закарпаття) | |- |Transcarpathian Ukraine |Zakarpatska Ukrayina (Закарпатська Україна) | |- |Volhynia |Volyn' (Волинь) |Historic region |}
===Vietnam=== All cities and towns are often spelled without diacritics and/or as a single word without spaces. Such names are not listed here. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+{{Flag|Vietnam}} Việt Nam |- ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- |Annamite Range |Dãy Trường Sơn | rowspan="7" |Vietnamese | |- |Black River |Sông Đà | |- |''Faifo<ref>Jean-Pierre Duteil ''Alexandre de Rhodes' Histoire du royaume du Tonkin'' 1999 Page 37 "Tourane se développe aux dépends de Faifo à la fin du XVIfle siècle, et l'éclipsé à peu près complètement au XTXe. "Faifo" doit son nom au "marché" (phô) de Hôi an (Hôi-an phô). "Tourane" correspondrait à la pronunciation chinoise de .."</ref>'' |Hội An |Obsolete |- |Fansipan |Phan Xi Păng | |- |Marble Mountains |Ngũ Hành Sơn |Vietnamese name means "Five Elements Mountains" |- |Perfume River |Sông Hương |Vietnamese name means "Fragrant River" |- |West Lake |Hồ Tây | |}
=== Yemen === {| class="wikitable" |+{{Flag|Yemen}} al-Yaman (ٱلْيَمَنْ) ! rowspan="2" |English name ! colspan="2" |Endonym ! rowspan="2" |Notes |- !Name !Language |- | rowspan="2" |Socotra |''Suquṭrá'' (سُقُطْرَىٰ) |Standard Arabic | |- |''Saqatri'' (ساقطري) |Soqotri | |}
==See also== * List of European exonyms * List of European regions with alternative names * List of European rivers with alternative names * List of English exonyms for German toponyms—some no longer current * List of renamed Indian public places—some without current acceptance
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{exonyms per language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:English Exonyms}} Category:English exonyms Category:English language English