Energy in Ukraine

{{Short description|none}}  [[File:Газопровід через Дністер.jpg|thumb|Gas pipeline in [[Dniester Canyon National Nature Park]]]]

[[Ukraine]] mostly uses [[Primary energy|energy]] from [[Natural gas in Ukraine|gas]], followed by [[Nuclear power in Ukraine|nuclear]], [[Oil in Ukraine|oil]] and [[Coal in Ukraine|coal]]. The country has a diversified [[energy mix]]. Most gas and oil is imported, and [[energy policy]] prioritises [[energy security]] and diversifying [[energy supply]].<ref name="IEA1">{{Cite web |title=Ukraine - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/ukraine |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[International Energy Agency]] }}</ref> Integration with [[Energy policy of the European Union|EU energy]] is in the [[energy strategy]] to 2050, and [[Resilience (power system)|resilience]] and [[Net-zero emissions|net zero carbon emissions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Strategy {{!}} Міністерство енергетики України |url=https://mev.gov.ua/en/reforma/energy-strategy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825080712/https://mev.gov.ua/en/reforma/energy-strategy |archive-date=2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=mev.gov.ua |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The energy and [[Climate change in Ukraine|climate]] plan to 2030 includes [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine - Ukraine approves National Energy and Climate Plan on the day of the start of EU accession negotiations |url=https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/ukraina-zatverdyla-natsionalnyi-plan-z-enerhetyky-ta-klimatu-v-den-pochatku-peremovyn-pro-vstup-do-ies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425144930/https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/ukraina-zatverdyla-natsionalnyi-plan-z-enerhetyky-ta-klimatu-v-den-pochatku-peremovyn-pro-vstup-do-ies |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.kmu.gov.ua |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine|Ukraine’s gas network]] has much storage, which can be useful for storing Europe's gas to even out supply and demand,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Natural gas prices are rising after Russia attacked Ukrainian storage tanks |url=https://qz.com/russia-ukraine-natural-gas-missile-attacks-1851403201 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> and in the first quarter of the 21st century it transited much [[Natural gas in Russia|Russian natural gas]] to Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Laurence |date=2024-04-09 |title=Russia may target gas system if transit ends |url=https://montelnews.com/news/4be2e0c1-aa4b-44c2-9055-a66d5b55758b/russia-may-target-gas-system-if-transit-ends-eustream |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=MONTEL |language=en}}</ref> Energy infrastructure is much changed due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of Ukraine’s energy sector policy priorities, energy infrastructure stocktake and the potential for green hydrogen production |url=https://epg.eng.ox.ac.uk/media/euyjy0sl/executive-summary-ukraine-energy-sector.pdf}}</ref>—some has been [[Ukrainian energy crisis|destroyed by Russian attacks]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lock |first=Samantha |date=2022-02-27 |title=Russia-Ukraine latest news: missile strikes on oil facilities reported as some Russian banks cut off from Swift system|language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/27/russia-ukraine-latest-news-missile-strikes-on-oil-facilities-reported-as-some-russian-banks-cut-off-from-swift-system-live?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-621aff5f8f08db56730fd45f |access-date=2022-02-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Kira |date=2022-02-26 |title=Ukraine's energy system coping but risks major damage as war continues |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/ukraines-energy-system-coping-but-risks-major-damage-as-war-continues/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> but [[Wind power in Ukraine|wind farms]] and [[Solar power in Ukraine|solar power]] are thought to be resilient because they are distributed.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=8 April 2024 |title=Russia changes tack on targeting Ukraine's energy plants |url=https://www.ft.com/content/18882abd-6277-4aae-bc43-f3e5fa786445 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref> The coal industry has been disrupted by the war,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The paradox threatening Ukraine's post-coal future |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/the-paradox-threatening-ukraines-post-coal-future/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}</ref> and most [[Electricity in Ukraine|electricity generation]] is nuclear.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Peter |date=2024-11-05 |title=Ukraine needs Western support to boost its nuclear energy potential |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukraine-needs-western-support-to-boost-its-nuclear-energy-potential/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Policy == [[Energy policy]] includes aligning with the [[Energy policy of the European Union]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ukraine's energy sector is a key battleground in the war with Russia |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ukraines-energy-sector-is-a-key-battleground-in-the-war-with-russia/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Energy consumption by source by year in Ukraine.png|thumb|Energy consumption declined in the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union and in the 2010s and 2020s during war with Russia]]

==History== When Ukraine was part of the [[Soviet Union]], large energy systems were constructed to meet the needs of industry and to provide redundancy in case of a war with [[NATO]], and after independence it relied on cheap energy from Russia.<ref name=":1" /> But since the fall of [[Viktor Yanukovych|Yanukovych]] governments have tried to integrate with [[energy in the EU]], before the full scale invasion there were mostly monopolies.<ref name=":1" />

In 2011, Ukraine joined the [[European Energy Community]], however there has been slow progress on implementing European energy regulations.<ref name="wilsoncenter-20190506">{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/liberalizing-ukraines-electricity-market-benefits-and-risks |title=Liberalizing Ukraine's Electricity Market: Benefits and Risks |last=Prokip |first=Andrian |publisher=[[Wilson Center]] |date=6 May 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> Energy infrastructure is somewhat resilient due to overbuilding by the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine's energy sector is a key battleground in the war with Russia |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ukraines-energy-sector-is-a-key-battleground-in-the-war-with-russia/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Fossil fuel subsidies]] were USD 1.6 billion in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Review of energy subsidies in the context of energy sector reforms in Ukraine |url=https://www.oecd.org/publications/review-of-energy-subsidies-in-the-context-of-energy-sector-reforms-in-ukraine-0fdb33b3-en.htm}}</ref>

==Gas== {{Excerpt|Natural gas in Ukraine}}

==Oil== {{Excerpt|Oil in Ukraine|only=paragraphs}}

==Coal== {{excerpt|Coal in Ukraine}}

==Electricity== {{excerpt|Electricity in Ukraine}}

===Renewable energy=== {{Excerpt|Renewable energy in Ukraine}}

== Heating == [[District heating]] has been attacked and significantly damaged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Winter Heating Crisis: An Assessment of Ukraine's District Heating Needs and Damages, July 2024 - Ukraine|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/winter-heating-crisis-assessment-ukraines-district-heating-needs-and-damages-july-2024 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Odarchenko |first=Kateryna |date=2025-12-02 |title=A Rebirth in Flame: Ukraine’s Beleaguered Energy System |url=https://cepa.org/article/a-rebirth-in-flame-ukraines-beleaguered-energy-system/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=CEPA |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024 the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA) wrote about heat supply to Ukraine’s major cities. “Most attacks on heating infrastructure have occurred in regions close to the front lines. The Kharkiv region is now without large-scale heat generating capacity and other frontline regions – particularly Chernihiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Sumy and Mykolaiv – have suffered severe damage to their heat generation capacities. Heat supply is also at risk in Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite report |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/ukraines-energy-security-and-the-coming-winter |title=Ukraine's Energy Security and the Coming Winter – Analysis |date=September 2024 |website=[[International Energy Agency]]}}</ref>

== Efficiency and demand response == {{As of|2025}} it is much less [[Efficient energy use|energy efficient]] than the EU.<ref name=":1" /> In 2024 the IEA recommended engaging consumers in [[Energy conservation|energy saving]] and [[demand response]], while continuing investments in energy efficiency. They said that “a social tariff that safeguards a certain volume of consumption at subsidised rates, after which consumers pay a higher price, would help to incentivise efficient practices and investments, supported by public information campaigns that advise on energy efficiency measures for immediate impact as well as longer-term gains. Lowering the default temperature for district heating can also provide quick savings.”<ref name=":3" />

==Personnel and finance== Ukraine signed a loan agreement in-principle for $3.65 billion with the [[China Development Bank]] in 2012, during President [[Viktor Yanukovich]]'s term of office, contingent on the development of agreed projects in the coal and gas sectors. However, by 2017 Ukraine had not agreed any suitable projects due to a "lack of convergence in the positions of [Uglesintezgaz] and the energy ministry".<ref name=reuters-20170414>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-china-loan-exclusive-idUSKBN17G16A |title=Ukraine could miss out on up to $3.65 billion of China energy loans |author=Karin Strohecker, Pavel Polityuk |publisher=Reuters |date=14 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Elementum Energy Ltd owns the most power plants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Ukraine's energy security landscape mapped: where are the country's power plants located? |url=https://www.power-technology.com/features/ukraine-power-plants/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US|quote=The company with the largest ownership of power plants in country is Elementum Energy Ltd, which owns 12% of the power plants across Ukraine.}}</ref> In 2025 financial assistance is needed for emergency repairs.<ref name=":2" /> {{As of|2025}} households were still paying less than the market price.<ref name=":1" />

The [[European Investment Bank]] is financing municipal district heating and energy efficiency projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UKRAINE DISTRICT HEATING |url=https://www.eib.org/en/projects/pipelines/all/20240526 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.eib.org}}</ref> Although by 2024 more women were working in the energy sector than before they were still underrepresented in leadership positions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender Equality and Resilience in Ukraine's Energy Sector: Pathways to Transformative Employment and Leadership Amidst War |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-11/undp_gender_equality_and_resilience_in_ukraines_energy_sector.pdf}}</ref>

==External links== * [https://greendealukraina.org/gd-tracker/state-of-the-ukrainian-energy-system Dashboard: State of the Ukrainian Energy System]

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraine}} [[Category:Energy in Ukraine| ]]