{{short description|American photovoltaics manufacturer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox company | name = Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. | logo = EcdLogo1970.png | caption = | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{NASDAQ was |ENER}} (2003–2012) | genre = | fate = Bankruptcy | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = {{start date and age|1960}} | founder = [[Stanford R. Ovshinsky]] | defunct = {{end date and age|2012}} | location_city = [[Auburn Hills, Michigan]] | location_country = United States | location = | locations = | area_served = | key_people = [[Joi Ito]]<ref name="ecd-ovshinsky-joi">{{cite web | url=https://clacs.berkeley.edu/inventing-better-tomorrow-life-and-legacy-stanford-r-ovshinsky | title=Inventing a Better Tomorrow: The Life and Legacy of Stanford R. Ovshinsky | work=UC Berkeley Center for Latin American & Caribbean Studies | date=30 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213083035/https://clacs.berkeley.edu/inventing-better-tomorrow-life-and-legacy-stanford-r-ovshinsky | archive-date=2024-12-13 }}</ref><ref name="yahoo-ovshinsky-passes">{{ cite web | url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/2012-10-19-stanford-ovshinsky-inventor-nimh-battery-passed-away.html | title=Stanford Ovshinsky, inventor of the NiMH battery, passes away at 89 | date=19 October 2012 | access-date=8 Sep 2025 }}</ref><ref name="ovshinsky-joi-blog">{{ cite web | url=https://joi.ito.com/weblog/technology/energy/ | title=Earth Day Energy Summit 2018 in Hawaii | work=Joi Ito's Blog | access-date=8 Sep 2025 | date=22 April 2018 }}</ref> | industry = [[Alternative energy]] | products = | services = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = | footnotes = | intl = }}

'''Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.''' ('''ECD''') was an American [[photovoltaics]] manufacturer of [[thin-film solar cells]] made of [[amorphous silicon]] used in flexible [[laminate]]s and in [[building-integrated photovoltaics]]. The company was also a manufacturer of [[Nickel–metal hydride battery|rechargeable batteries]] and other [[renewable energy]] related products. ECD was headquartered in [[Rochester Hills, Michigan]].

Through its wholly owned [[Auburn Hills, Michigan]], subsidiary '''United Solar Ovonic, LLC''', better known as '''Uni-Solar''', ECD was at one time the world's largest producer of flexible solar panels. Uni-Solar panels consisted of long rectangular strips with wiring at one end, which could be glued to any suitable supporting surface. They were widely used on flat roofs, [[motorhome]]s, semi-trailer cabs and similar roles.

On February 14, 2012, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. and its subsidiaries, United Solar Ovonic LLC and Solar Integrated Technologies, Inc. filed for bankruptcy in the U.S. [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-solar.com/chapter-11-restructuring/|title = Chapter 11 Restructuring « Uni-Solar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308152851/http://www.uni-solar.com/chapter-11-restructuring/|archive-date=2022-03-08|access-date=8 Sep 2025}}</ref>

== Company ==

Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECD), through its United Solar Ovonic (USO) subsidiary, was engaged in building-integrated and rooftop photovoltaics (PV). The Company manufactured, sold and installed thin-film solar laminates that converted sunlight to electrical energy.

The Company operated in two segments: United Solar Ovonic and Ovonic Materials. The Company's USO segment consisted of its wholly owned subsidiary, United Solar Ovonic LLC, which was engaged in manufacturing<ref name="nasdaq.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/spos/company/energy-conversion-devices-inc-10951-47040|title=Energy Conversion Devices Inc (ENER) SPO|website=NASDAQ.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424162814/https://www.nasdaq.com/markets/spos/company/energy-conversion-devices-inc-10951-47040 | archive-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> of PV laminates designed to be integrated directly with [[Solar shingle|roofing materials]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0426/energy-solar-dow-chemical-cells-cigs-roofs-for-rich-green-people.html |title=Roofs for Rich Green People |first=Christopher |last=Helman |date=8 April 2010|work=Forbes |access-date=17 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140430202752/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2010/0426/energy-solar-dow-chemical-cells-cigs-roofs-for-rich-green-people.html |archive-date=2014-04-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ovonic Materials segment invented, designed and developed materials and products based on ECD's materials science technology. ECD, through its subsidiaries, commercialized materials, products and production processes for the alternative energy generation (primarily solar energy), energy storage and information technology markets.

[[File:OvonicsLogo1970.png|thumb|Energy Conversion Devices Ovonics logo 1970.]] Ovonics (coined from "Ovshinsky" and "electronics") is a field of electronics that uses materials able to change from an electrically nonconducting state to a semiconducting state shown by glass of special composition upon application of a certain minimum voltage. The most important example is [[phase change memory]].

Scientist-entrepreneur [[Stanford R. Ovshinsky]] pioneered the field and coined the term after he founded Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECD) in 1960 to further his research in amorphous semiconductors. ECD Ovonics worked to create non-polluting, non-climate-changing energy sources.

Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. (ECD):

*Was a producer of flexible solar panels. *Activity included [[Nickel–metal hydride battery|NiMH batteries]], solid-state hydrogen fuel storage, [[metal hydride fuel cell]]s, and solar. *Founder Stanford Ovshinsky was honored as "Hero for the planet" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 1999, and inducted into the U.S.-based Solar Energy Hall of Fame in 2005.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hornblower |first=Margot |date=1999-02-22 |title=Heroes For The Planet: Design |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,990303,00.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |issn=0040-781X | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126041629/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,990303,00.html | archive-date=2025-01-26 }}</ref> *ECD Ovonics stock was listed on the [[NASDAQ]] with symbol ENER in 2007<ref name="nasdaq.com"/> and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, before being delisted after filing for bankruptcy.

== Company structure ==

ECD Ovonics was divided into three parts, and had full or partial ownership of several other companies.<ref name="ovonics">{{cite web | url=http://www.ovonic.com/oc_core_all_chart.cfm | title=Energy Conversion Devices (ECD Ovonics) Core Businesses & Strategic Alliances. ECD Ovonics was a leader in the fields of alternative energy generation and storage, and advanced information technologies | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801162859/http://www.ovonic.com/oc_core_all_chart.cfm | archive-date=2008-08-01 }}</ref> *Energy generation **United Solar Ovonic Corp (100% owned): flexible [[photovoltaic]] laminates producer **Solar Integrated, Inc. (100% owned): Solar installations administration, system design, engineering, construction, operations and maintenance **Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC (100% owned) *Energy storage **Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC (100% owned) **Ovonic Battery Company (91.4% owned by ECD, 8.6% [[Honda]], [[Sanyo]] and Sanoh) ***Rare Earth Ovonic Inner Mongolia (19% owned by Ovonic Battery, 50% by [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]) ***[[Cobasys]] (50% owned by Ovonic Battery) *Information technology **Ovonic Media (100% owned) **Ovonyx Inc. (39.5% owned by ECD) **Ovonic Cognitive Computer (95% owned by ECD, 5% by Ovonyx[[File:P1010010-Cropped.jpg|thumb|Metal hydride fuel cell]][[File:Metal Hydride for Hydrogen Storage-Ovonic.jpg|thumb|Metal hydride for hydrogen storage]][[File:United Solar Ovonic thin-film PV building-integrated solar shingles.jpg|thumb|United Solar Ovonic thin-film PV building-integrated solar shingles]]

== United Solar Ovonic Corporation == [[File:Thin Film Flexible Solar PV Installation 2.JPG|thumb|Final installation and layout of Uni-Solar Ovonic's [[thin film solar cells|thin film]] Flexible Solar PV panels]] [[File:United Solar Ovonic roll-to-roll solar photovoltaic production line with 30 MW annual capacity.jpg|thumb|United Solar Ovonic roll-to-roll solar photovoltaic production line with 30 MW annual capacity]] The United Solar Ovonic Corporation was at one time the world's largest (2008) manufacturer of photovoltaic [[laminate]]s. In the broader category of [[thin film solar cell]]s, as of 2007 the company was the second-largest U.S. manufacturer, after [[First Solar]].<ref name="nrel">{{cite web | url=http://www.nrel.gov/pv/thin_film/docs/IEEE08off.pdf | title=Paper from the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007171626/http://www.nrel.gov/pv/thin_film/docs/IEEE08off.pdf | archive-date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> The solar cells are made of 11 [[multijunction solar cell|triple junction]] [[amorphous silicon]] [[solar cell]]s connected in series and have 11&ndash;13% in conversion efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-08 |title=Solar Integrated: United Solar Announces NREL Measurement of World Record 12% Efficient Thin-Film Silicon Cell |url=http://www.solarintegrated.com/singleview2011.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=186&cHash=9737cdc2fa4cd6e51f68bf0b2496d9ba |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618153834/http://www.solarintegrated.com/singleview2011.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=186&cHash=9737cdc2fa4cd6e51f68bf0b2496d9ba |archive-date=2011-06-18 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=solarintegrated.com}}</ref> The laminate encapsulation material was durable [[ETFE]], high light-transmissive [[polymer]]. The laminates were sold under the trademark "''UNI-SOLAR''". [[File:Solar PV Laminate Manufactured by United Solar Ovonic.jpg|thumb|Solar PV Laminate Manufactured by United Solar Ovonic]] [[File:Solarmine1.jpg|thumb|[[Chevron Solarmine]] solar PV system with United Solar Ovonic PV Laminates]] Manufacturing and global headquarters were in Auburn Hills, Michigan. A second campus was constructed in Greenville, Michigan in 2007. Much of the production was sold to manufacturers and suppliers of building envelope elements, such as metal roofs (Rheinzink, Corus "Kalzip") or polymer roof membranes (Alwitra, Solar Integrated technologies).<ref name="unisolar-partners">{{ cite web | url=http://www.uni-solar.com/interior.asp?id=94 | title=Unisolar list of strategic partners | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005122931/http://www.uni-solar.com/interior.asp?id=94 | archive-date=October 5, 2007 }}</ref> Flexible, thin-film solar PV products were also developed for space applications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beernink|first=Kevin|date=2007-02-01|title=Lightweight, Flexible Solar Cells on Stainless Steel Foil and Polymer for Space and Stratospheric Applications|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090022306|journal=Proceedings of the 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference"; P. 54-66; NASA/CP-2007-214494 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611112155/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090022306 | archive-date=2024-06-11 | access-date=2025-09-08 }}</ref>

== Solar Integrated, Inc. ==

Solar Integrated, Inc. was a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. and as an EPC contractor ([[Engineering, procurement, and construction|Engineering, Procurement, Construction]]), Solar Integrated took responsibility for the whole supply chain from administration, system design and engineering to purchasing, construction, operations and maintenance of Uni-Solar products.

== Ovonic batteries == [[File:GM Ovonic NiMH Battery Module 90 Ah.jpg|thumb|GM Ovonic NiMH Battery Module]] Ovonic [[Nickel–metal hydride batteries|nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries]] were used in the 1998 [[Chevrolet S-10 EV]] and the 1999 [[General Motors EV1]], as well as many other [[hybrid vehicle]]s in production today. [[Image:Ni-MH Battery 01.JPG|thumb|300px|The high-power [[Nickel–metal hydride battery|NiMH battery]] of a [[Toyota Prius]]]] The battery was also used in an [[auto rickshaw]] concept vehicle made for [[Bajaj Auto]], which [[Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle|burned hydrogen in an internal combustion engine]].<ref name="autorickshaw">{{cite web | url=https://thecityfix.com/blog/india-showcases-hydrogen-fuel-auto-rickshaws/ | title=India Showcases Hydrogen Fuel Auto-Rickshaws | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624193650/http://thecityfix.com/blog/india-showcases-hydrogen-fuel-auto-rickshaws/ | archive-date=24 June 2025 | access-date=2025-09-08 | url-status=live }}</ref> They made a report on it called "Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3-Wheel Transportation in India" and it stated that the performance was comparable with [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) autos.

=== Patent encumbrance === {{main|Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries}}

In 1994, [[General Motors]] acquired a controlling interest in Ovonics's battery development and manufacturing, including patents controlling the manufacturing of large [[Nickel metal hydride battery|nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries]].

On October 10, 2000, [[Texaco]] announced the purchase of General Motors' share in GM Ovonics,<ref name=cobasys1>[http://www.cobasys.com/news/2003/20001010.shtml Texaco To Acquire General Motor's Share of GM Ovonic Battery Joint Venture: Deal Reflects Technology's Potential For Broad Energy Applications] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120724060732/http://www.cobasys.com/news/2003/20001010.shtml |date=2012-07-24 }}. (Press release). Cobabsys, 2000-10-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.</ref><ref name=autonews>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20001023/ANA/10230771/gm-will-sell-its-60-stake-in-battery-maker-to-texaco|url-access=subscription|title = GM will sell its 60% stake in battery maker to Texaco|last=Miller|first=Joe|publisher=Automotive News|date = 23 October 2000 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007203250/https://www.autonews.com/article/20001023/ANA/10230771/gm-will-sell-its-60-stake-in-battery-maker-to-texaco | archive-date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref name=evuk>{{Cite web|url=http://www.evuk.co.uk/news/art1.html|title=Electric Vehicles UK | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402010951/http://www.evuk.co.uk/news/art1.html | archive-date=2025-04-02}}</ref> and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] announced its acquisition of Texaco six days later.<ref name=mergerannounced>{{cite web | url=https://shell2004.com/PDFs/TexacoChevronMergerOct2000.pdf | date=16 Oct 2000 | access-date=8 Sep 2025 | title=Chevron and texaco agree to $100 billion merger creating top-tier integrated energy company | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124055439/https://shell2004.com/PDFs/TexacoChevronMergerOct2000.pdf | archive-date=2019-01-24 }}</ref> In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems was restructured into [[Cobasys]], a 50/50 joint venture between Chevron and [[Energy Conversion Devices Ovonics|Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Ovonics]].<ref>Roberson, J. (March 14, 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001653/http://oesa.org/publications/articledetail.php?articleId=6528 "Supplier Cobasys exploring more hybrid batteries"] ''Detroit Free Press''</ref>

In addition to holding a 50% share of Cobasys, Chevron holds a 19.99% interest in ECD Ovonics.<ref>[http://investor.shareholder.com/ovonics/secfiling.cfm?filingID=32878-03-4 ECD Ovonics Definitive Proxy Statement] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419121734/http://investor.shareholder.com/ovonics/secfiling.cfm?filingID=32878-03-4 |date=April 19, 2012 }} of January 15, 2003</ref> Chevron maintains veto power over any sale or licensing of Cobasys' NiMH technology.<ref name=ecdowners>[http://investor.shareholder.com/ovonics/secfiling.cfm?filingID=950134-04-18744 ECD Ovonics Amended General Statement of Beneficial Ownership] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729003948/http://investor.shareholder.com/ovonics/secfiling.cfm?filingID=950134-04-18744 |date=July 29, 2009 }} of December 2, 2004</ref> In addition, Chevron maintains the right to seize all of Cobasys' intellectual property rights in the event that ECD Ovonics does not fulfill its contractual obligations.<ref name=ecdowners /> On September 10, 2007, Chevron filed a legal claim that ECD Ovonics has not fulfilled its obligations. ECD Ovonics disputes this claim.<ref>[http://investor.shareholder.com/ovonics/secfiling.cfm?filingID=32878-07-93 ECD Ovonics 10-Q Quarterly Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524065030/http://investor.shareholder.com/ovonics/secfiling.cfm?filingID=32878-07-93 |date=May 24, 2009 }} for the period ending September 30, 2007</ref>

In her book, ''Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America'', published in February 2007, [[Sherry Boschert]] argues that large-format NiMH batteries are commercially viable but that Cobasys refuses to sell or license them to small companies or individuals. Boschert reveals that Cobasys accepts only very large orders for these batteries. When Boschert conducted her research, major auto makers showed little interest in NiMH batteries. Since no other companies were capable of producing large orders, Cobasys was not manufacturing any NiMH batteries for automotive purposes.<ref>Boschert, S. (2007) ''Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that Will Recharge America'' (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers) {{ISBN|978-0-86571-571-4}}</ref>

In December 2006, Cobasys and General Motors announced that they had signed a contract under which Cobasys would provide NiMH batteries for the [[Saturn Aura#Aura Green Line|Saturn Aura hybrid sedan]].<ref name=bloggreen>{{cite web | url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/12/05/cobasys-providing-nimh-batteries-for-saturn-aura-hybrid/ | title=Cobasys providing NiMH batteries for Saturn Aura hybrid | work=Autobloggreen.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114124641/http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/12/05/cobasys-providing-nimh-batteries-for-saturn-aura-hybrid/ | archive-date=2007-11-14}}</ref> Although announced, the car was later scrapped and Saturn has been shut down. In March 2007, General Motors announced that it would use Cobasys NiMH batteries in the 2008 [[Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth|Chevrolet Malibu hybrid]] as well. Cobasys remains unwilling to produce and sell NiMH batteries in smaller quantities to individuals interested in building or retrofitting their own [[plug-in hybrid]] electric vehicles (PHEVs). In 2009 Mercedes had planned to release an ML450 hybrid SUV in the United States, but Chevron, the parent company, pulled funding from Cobasys and the batteries were not delivered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/legal/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=209901592|title=InformationWeek, serving the information needs of the Business Technology Community|access-date=2010-02-07|archive-date=2010-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103182419/http://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/legal/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=209901592|url-status=dead}}</ref> On July 14, 2009 Cobasys was bought by [[SB LiMotive]] a joint venture of [[Samsung]] and [[Robert Bosch|Bosch]] before later being folded into Bosch itself.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE56D1FI20090714|title = Samsung-Bosch battery venture buys U.S. Cobasys|newspaper = Reuters|date = 14 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004115846/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE56D1FI20090714 | archive-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> Although mistaken as owning the intellectual property to the large NiMH battery packs, according to CEO Tom Neslage they merely have an exclusive licensing deal with Chevron.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hybridcars.com/components/cobasys-ceo-defends-his-battery-company-0811.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811231259/http://www.hybridcars.com/components/cobasys-ceo-defends-his-battery-company-0811.html |archive-date=2008-08-11 |title=Cobasys CEO Defends His Battery Company {{!}} Hybrid Cars}}</ref> [[File:Aerospace Product-Flexible Thin-Film Solar PV-United Solar Ovonic.jpg|thumb|Flexible aerospace product from United Solar Ovonic]] In February 2012, ECD sold its majority owned subsidiary, Ovonic Battery Company to [[BASF]] Corporation for the gross purchase price of $58 million in cash before transaction fees, minority participations, and working capital and other adjustments.<ref name=unisolar-chap11>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-solar.com/2012/02/energy-conversion-devices-files-chapter-11-seeks-sale-of-businesses/|title = Energy Conversion Devices Files Chapter 11; Seeks Sale of Businesses « Uni-Solar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007151336/http://www.uni-solar.com/2012/02/energy-conversion-devices-files-chapter-11-seeks-sale-of-businesses/ | archive-date=2022-10-07}}</ref>

==See also== * [[Photovoltaic power stations]] * [[Sustainable energy]]

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

== External links == * [https://www.pbs.org/saf/1506/features/ovshinsky.htm ''Scientific American Frontiers'' on PBS.org: Meet the Ovshinskys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012091009/http://www.pbs.org/saf/1506/features/ovshinsky.htm |date=2015-10-12 }} * [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1852873 NPR: Entrepreneur Retools Combustion Engine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007203252/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1852873 | date=2022-10-07}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030417193400/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/ovshinsky.html Lemelson-MIT Inventor of the Week: Amorphous Semiconductor Materials] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218190648/http://www.time.com/time/reports/environment/heroes/heroesgallery/0,2967,ovshinsky,00.html ''Time'': Heroes for the Planet] * [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6969567.PN.&OS=PN/6969567&RS=PN/6969567 US Patent No. 6,969,567 - Multi-cell battery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105162752/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6969567.PN.&OS=PN/6969567&RS=PN/6969567 |date=2016-01-05 }}

[[Category:Oakland County, Michigan]] [[Category:Companies based in Oakland County, Michigan]] [[Category:Battery manufacturers]] [[Category:Thin-film cell manufacturers]] [[Category:Flexible electronics]] [[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Michigan]] [[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2012]]